Local characteristics and the Covid-19 pandemic: an analysis focused on the municipalities from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais

Firme, Vinícius de Azevedo Couto; Ribeiro, Hilton Manoel Dias; Taveira, Juliana Gonçalves

doi:10.1590/1982-3533.2022v31n3art09

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Original articles • Economia e Sociedade 31 (3) • Sep-Dec 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-3533.2022v31n3art09 copy

Local characteristics and the Covid-19 pandemic: an analysis focused on the municipalities from the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais

Características locais e a pandemia de Covid-19: uma análise voltada aos municípios do Estado brasileiro de Minas Gerais

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

In order to understand the reasons that led certain locations to face more/less difficulties in dealing with COVID-19, the effect of some municipal characteristics, on the main statistics related to the disease, was estimated. For this purpose, cross-section data (with cases/deaths accumulated up until April 21, 2021), on the municipalities of Minas Gerais were considered, and Ordinary Least Squares, Poisson and Negative Binomial estimators were used, in addition to the Extreme Bounds Analysis technique. Small towns, with a larger number of public health clinics (known in Brazil as “basic health units”) and more young people would have fewer cases/deaths. Urban, hot, polluted locations with higher inequality, as well as greater economic activity and movement of employees, presented the greatest problems. Incidence/mortality would increase in hot cities, with greater economic activity and a history of comorbidity. However, mortality would decrease among the youngest/most educated people. Furthermore, lethality would be lower among the younger population and in sparsely populated (up to 150,000 inhabitants) and rainless cities.

Keywords:
COVID-19; Regional policies; Socioeconomic determinants

	Variable	Acronym	Value	Average	Std. Dev.	Minimum	Maximum
COVID-19	Cases	CSE	Total	1516.89	7035.63	10.00	166187.00
	Deaths	DTH	Total	36.05	176.27	0.00	3967.00
	Incidence	INC	p/100,000 inhab.	4980.00	2676.83	83.81	22361.33
	Mortality	MRT	p/100,000 inhab.	109.28	74.26	0.00	416.44
	Lethality	LET	% of cases	2.30	1.43	0.00	10.00
Socioeconomic Factors
Economic Activity		GDP_pc	R$/2018: thousand	20.03	22.20	6.30	337.29
Formal employment		EMP.F	% of population	14.87	8.95	3.14	96.46
Inequality		GINI	Index: 0 to 100	48.12	5.37	32.88	78.32
University Education		EDUC	% of population	16.25	5.87	2.49	45.59
Demographic Factors
Gender		GEN	% of population	50.51	1.25	46.88	56.10
		AGE _19–	% of population	26.87	1.11	23.33	32.29
Age Group (AGE)		AGE _20–39	% of population	30.27	1.33	27.47	35.26
		AGE _40–59	% of population	25.65	0.59	23.65	27.65
		AGE ₆₀₊	% of population	17.21	1.28	11.55	20.04
Urban Population		URB	% of population	75.76	15.50	19.35	100.00
Population Density		DEN.P	Inhabitants/Km²	71.54	339.58	1.32	7607.03
		PS _10–	Binary (0 or 1)	0.56	0.50	0.00	1.00
Population Size (PS)		PS _10–50	Binary (0 or 1)	0.36	0.48	0.00	1.00
		PS _50–150	Binary (0 or 1)	0.06	0.24	0.00	1.00
		PS150+	Binary (0 or 1)	0.02	0.14	0.00	1.00
Pollution and Climate Factors
Vehicle Density		DVEL	Vehicles/Km²	38.17	256.28	0.16	6902.97
Industrial Pollution		IND	Industrial GDP (%)	13.34	14.15	1.90	80.80
Temperature		TEMP	Degrees °C	21.06	1.85	14.97	25.08
Rainfall		RAIN	Millimeters/month	113.39	18.74	64.91	152.57
Health indicators
Expenditure on Health		EoH_pc	R$ from 2019	953.08	385.72	417.71	3903.06
Basic Health Units		UBS	p/100 K people	50.42	27.97	6.53	256.08
Emergency Care Units		PRS	p/100 K people	0.73	2.77	0.00	42.68
Hospitals		HOSP	p/100 K people	3.07	5.19	0.00	60.64
Hospitals’ beds		BED	p/100 K people	112.96	152.54	0.00	1030.93
Respirators		RESP	p/100 K people	7.68	15.47	0.00	162.64
General Physicians		PHY.G	p/100 K people	38.27	33.65	0.00	275.39
Lung Physicians		PHY.L	p/100 K people	0.12	0.77	0.00	15.45
General Nurses		NUR.G	p/100 K people	56.74	38.16	0.00	332.01
Intense Care Nurses		NUR.IC	p/100 K people	0.08	0.68	0.00	12.37
Private Healthcare		PHC	% of population	4.98	6.29	0.00	51.74
Correlated Diseases		D.COR	% of total deaths	58.93	7.35	37.21	76.53

	Cases						Deaths						Incidence		Mortality		Lethality
	OLS⁽¹⁾	OLS⁽²⁾	POI⁽¹⁾	POI⁽²⁾	N. B. ⁽¹⁾	N. B. ⁽²⁾	OLS⁽¹⁾	OLS⁽²⁾	POI⁽¹⁾	POI⁽²⁾	N. B. ⁽¹⁾	N. B. ⁽²⁾	OLS⁽¹⁾	OLS⁽²⁾	OLS⁽¹⁾	OLS⁽²⁾	OLS⁽¹⁾	OLS⁽²⁾
GDP_pc	0.0002	NS	3.5e-06^**	3.5e-06^**	3.1e-06^*	2.8e-06^*	-0.00002	NS	5.2e-06^***	5.1e-06^***	3.8e-6^**	3.8E-06^***	0.0207^*	0.0225^**	0.0004^**	0.0004^***	3.0e-06	3.1e-06
EMP.F	61.980^**	73.153^***	0.0167^***	0.0167^***	0.0112^***	0.0112^***	1.2528^*	1.1274^**	0.0048	0.049	-0.0009	NS	35.706^*	39.366^**	-0.4388	NS	-0.0293^***	-0.0319^***
GINI	3950.3^***	3950.4^**	0.8824	0.8814	0.7280^*	0.7329^*	112.97^**	119.29^***	0.9778	0.9416	1.0886^**	1.0772^**	-417.58	NS	21.303	NS	0.3088	NS
EDUC	24.972	31.000	0.0025	0.0025	-0.0054	-0.0057	0.3055	NS	-0.0039	-0.0041	-0.0196^***	-0.0193^***	-8.0938	NS	-1.5189^***	-1.4979^***	-0.0266^***	-0.0251^***
GEN	10.127	NS	-0.0399	-0.0398	-0.0408^**	-0.0397^**	-0.3012	NS	-0.0542	-0.0519	-0.0549^**	-0.0545^**	-90.032	NS	-3.6988	-3.6057	0.0070	NS
AGE _19–	-526.66^**	-439.90^**	-0.2466^***	-0.2475^**	0.0547	0.0545	-16.104^**	-13.919^**	-0.3810^***	-0.3859^***	-0.0891^*	-0.0890^*	26.856	NS	-13.284^***	-14.169^***	-0.3184^***	-0.2951^***
AGE _20–39	-103.23	NS	0.2699^***	0.2697^***	0.4158^***	0.4201^***	-3.1567	NS	0.3168^***	0.3152^***	0.4166^***	0.4188^***	129.32	NS	2.7632	NS	-0.0632	NS
AGE _40–59	-280.79	NS	0.0017	NS	-0.1118	-0.1226	-4.2131	NS	-0.0611	-0.0658	-0.1583	-0.1565	19.277	NS	-8.2304	-11.637	-0.2131	-01925
AGE ₆₀₊	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
URB	-17.050^**	-13.398^*	0.0057^**	0.0058^**	0.0046^***	0.0045^**	-0.5552^***	-0.5770^***	0.0022	0.0025	0.0034	0.0036^*	21.998^***	24.663^***	0.2869	0.3686^**	-0.0026	NS
DEN.P	0.8926	NS	-0.0001	-0.0001	0.0002^*	0.0002^*	0.0730	0.0725	0.0000	0.0000	0.0002^**	0.0002^*	-0.2716	NS	0.0027	NS	0.0002	0.0001^*
PS _10–	-16115^***	-16378^***	-1.7256^***	-1.7262^***	-1.7570^***	-1.7555^***	-455.65^***	-445.10^***	-1.4860^***	-1.4870^***	-1.7950^***	-1.8203^***	171.77	NS	-19.702	-47.471^***	-0.6756^*	-0.3450
PS _10–50	-15523^***	-15893^***	-0.8836^***	-0.8843^***	-1.1711^***	-1.1695^***	-446.35^***	-437.24^***	-0.7811^***	-0.7823^***	-1.2317^***	-1.2549^***	326.55	NS	-18.714	-42.451^***	-0.6982^**	-0.4482^*
PS _50–150	-13269^**	-13769^***	-0.5761^***	-0.5759^***	-0.4028	-0.4023	-414.52^***	-410.93^***	-0.6758^***	-0.6753^***	-0.6057^***	-0.6170^***	957.90	857.62^**	-13.268	-24.635^*	-0.5560^*	-0.4833^*
PS ₁₅₀₊	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
DVEI	16.697^***	17.646^***	0.0005^***	0.0005^***	0.0002^**	0.0002^**	0.3312^***	0.3337^***	0.0004^***	0.0004^***	0.0002^**	0.0002^**	0.2236	NS	-0.0003	NS	-0.0002	NS
IND	8.0902	NS	0.0023	0.0023	0.0043^**	0.0042^**	0.0797	NS	-0.0014	-0.0014	0.0027	0.0026	15.828	19.189^**	0.2382	NS	0.0002	NS
TEMP	104.31	NS	0.0696^**	0.0695^**	0.0312^*	0.0296^*	4.4268^**	4.2927^***	0.1229^***	0.1172^***	0.0765^***	0.0748^***	136.94^*	139.47^*	7.6878^***	6.1902^***	0.0857^**	0.0794^**
RAIN	-15.752^*	-20.879^***	-0.0066^**	-0.0066^**	-0.0033	-0.0035^*	-0.1705	-0.1897	0.0008	NS	0.0041^*	0.0042^*	-24.186^***	-24.465^***	0.2011	NS	0.0128^**	0.0137^***
EoH_pc	0 2406	NS	0 0001	0 0001	-0 0001	NS	-0 0040	NS	-0 0001	-0 0001	-0 0002	-0 0002	0 6398	NS	-0 0005	NS	-0 0004**	-0 0004**
UBS	-11 584**	-9 9621**	-0 0094***	-0 0094***	-0 0027**	-0 0028***	-0 2838***	-0 02793***	-0 0099***	-0 0100***	-0 0035***	-0 0036***	-4 9626	-4 4896	-0 0949	NS	-0 0009	NS
PRS	-91405*	-91450*	-0 0080	-0 0080	0 0011	NS	-1 8582*	-1 8792*	0 0065	0 0067	0 0067	NS	-15 132	NS	0 9186	NS	0 0342*	0 0327
HOSP	-24 039	-18 236*	00119	00119	-0 0095	-0 0092	-0 8203	-0 6916**	0 0078	0 0082	-0 0096	-0 0102**	-10 289	NS	0 0251	NS	0 0139	NS
BED	0 0933	NS	-0 0008*	-0 0008*	0 0004	0 0003	0 0080	NS	-0 0009*	-0 0009**	-0 0001	NS	0 2331	NS	-0 0520	-0 0433**	-0 0010*	-0 0006
RESP	30 452**	30 894**	0 0007	0 0007	0 0005	NS	0 8049**	0 8195**	0 0018	0 0018	0 0014	NS	-3 7753	NS	0 1014	NS	0 0018	NS
PHY.G	3 2289	3 9175	0 0015	0 0015	-0 0006	NS	0 1374*	0 1361*	0 0030**	0 0030**	0 0000	NS	-4 0221	NS	-0 0844	NS	-0 0009	NS
PHY.L	306 50	278 74	0 1021***	0 1021***	0 0466	0 0482	7 8986	7 9296	0 0860***	0 0863***	0 0328	NS	196 57*	188 40*	1 6585	NS	-0 0473	NS
NUR.G	2 9786	NS	-0 0001	-0 0001	0 0003	NS	0 1234	0 1232	0 0011	0 0011	0 0012	0 0013*	-1 2922	NS	0 1127	NS	0 0032	0 0031*
NUR.IC	107 45	NS	0 0069	0 0069	-0 0058	NS	0 6173	NS	-0 0024	NS	-0 0300	NS	26 200	NS	-0 6210	NS	-0 0472	-0 0643**
PHC	-10 544	NS	-0 0005	-0 0005	0 0019	NS	-0 5376	-0 5291	-0 0029	-0 0029	-0 0001	NS	14 294	NS	-0 0744	NS	-0 0022	NS
D.COR	9 093	NS	0 0049	0 0049	0 0139***	0 0140***	-0 0052	NS	0 0005	NS	0 0138***	0 0137***	103 14***	105 07***	2 1695***	2 2507***	0 0055	NS
Constant	37152 4	28469 6***	6 0739	6 1469*	-3 3446	-3 2131	1004 6	724 76***	5 4963	5 9133	-2 7104	-2 8027	-4761 0	-4384 4*	481 82	744 40***	16 178**	13 452**
R²	0 783	0 782	0 944	0 944	0 151	0 151	0 778	0 778	0 916	0 916	0 239	0 239	0 272	0 264	0 189	0 180	0 080	0 076
AIC	16288 2	16267 7	235381 5	235379 7	11827 8	118155	10020 1	100001 1	9634 6	9630 2	5633 1	5620 1	15673 4	15645 1	9649 8	9625 0	3013 6	2991 7

	Cases - CSE		Deaths - DTH		Incidence - INC		Mortality - MRT		Lethality - LET
	Signif. Test (Min. to Max.)	Signal Test (Min. to Max.)	Signif. Test (Min. to Max.)	Signal Test (Min. to Max.)	Signif. Test (Min. to Max.)	Signal Test (Min. to Max.)	Signif. Test (Min. to Max.)	Signal Test (Min. to Max.)	Signif. Test (Min. to Max.)	Signal Test (Min. to Max.)
GDP_pc	0.027 to 0.047	0.009 to 0.066	0.0007 to 0.0008	0.0002 to 0.0013	0.0218 to 0.0457	0.0150 to 0.0525	0.0005 to 0.0006	0.0004 to 0.0007	NS	NS
EMP.F	66.46 to 318.50	18.07 to 366.89	1.836 to 7.702	0.606 to 8.932	57.940 to 122.800	41.775 to 138.965	1.229 to 1.859	0.938 to 2.150	NS	NS
GINI	11100.0 to 22500.0	7246.5 to 26353.5	284.40 to 540.80	188.98 to 636.22	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
EDUC	116.80 to 245.30	66.24 to 295.86	4.372 to 5.873	3.171 to 7.074	-91.640 to-63.550	-113.332 to-41.858	-2.721 to-1.775	-3.090 to-1.406	NS	NS
GEN	-1610.00 to -511.60	-1933.24 to-188.36	-40.440 to-12.840	-48.544 to -4.736	-460.00 to -278.40	-530.70 to-207.61	-11.160 to-8.213	-12.830 to-6.543	NS	NS
AGE _19–	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
AGE _20–39	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
AGE₄₀_₅₉	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
AGE ₆₀₊	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
URB	41.08 to 119.10	15.22 to 144.96	1.054 to 2.943	0.408 to 3.589	26.440 to 57.920	19.683 to 64.677	0.799 to 1.337	0.694 to 1.442	NS	NS
DEN.P	5.747 to 15.740	2.800 to 18.687	0.2090 to 0.3980	0.1555 to 0.4515	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
PS _10–	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
PS _10–50	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
PS _50–150	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
PS ₁₅₀₊	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
DVEI	12.940 to 21.470	10.492 to 23.918	0.2310 to 0.5140	0.1455 to 0.5995	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
IND	41.510 to 80.480	22.566 to 99.424	1.138 to 1.317	0.685 to 1.770	28.250 to 64.250	16.898 to 75.602	0.738 to 1.009	0.580 to 1.167	NS	NS
TEMP	NS	NS	NS	NS	228.80 to 444.20	124.07 to 548.93	6.436 to 12.270	2.714 to 15.992	NS	NS
RAIN	84.980 to 92.690	63.619 to 114.051	1.752 to 2.405	1.218 to 2.939	-31.840 to 49.230	-45.874 to 63.264	0.573 to 1.594	0.215 to 1.952	0.0112 to 0.0212	0.0087 to 0.0237
EoH_pc	1.681 to 3.815	0.731 to 4765	0.0453 to 0.0897	0.0218 to 0.1132	0.928 to 1.916	0.488 to 2.356	0.030 to 0.035	0.022 to 0.043	NS	NS
UBS	-73.250 to -21.570	-86.419 to -8.401	-1.799 to -0.564	-2.126 to -0.237	-24.850 to -13.380	-29.342 to -8.888	-0.510 to -0.403	-0.601 to -0.312	NS	NS
PRS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
HOSP	-398.00 to -189.70	-505.09 to -82.61	-9.988 to -4.723	-12.659 to -2.052	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
BED	4.022 to 18.580	-0.251 to 22.853	0.1080 to 0.4600	-0.0002 to 0.5682	2.475 to 4.198	1.699 to 4.974	NS	NS	NS	NS
RESP	76.16 to 179.50	52.30 to 203.36	1.906 to 4.525	1.308 to 5.123	24.150 to 32.250	17.519 to 38.881	0.679 to 0.779	0.535 to 0.923	NS	NS
PHY.G	18.660 to 51.430	8.883 to 61.207	0.511 to 1.279	0.265 to 1.525	11.240 to 15.150	7.681 to 18.709	NS	NS	NS	NS
PHY.L	845.90 to 1868.00	544.22 to 2169.68	20.640 to 47.260	13.034 to 54.866	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
NUR.G	18.140 to 49.620	9.944 to 57.816	0.441 to 1.282	0.237 to 1.486	NS	NS	0.274 to 0.302	0.230 to 0.346	NS	NS
NUR.IC	899.70 to 2756.00	317.15 to 3338.55	23.840 to 66.530	9.421 to 80.949	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
PHC	NS	NS	NS	NS	60.010 to 81.340	42.258 to 99.092	NS	NS	NS	NS
D.COR	NS	NS	NS	NS	47.38 to 110.30	31.21 to 126.47	1.652 to 3.340	1.305 to 3.687	NS	NS

	Cases			Deaths			Incidence			Mortality			LethalitY
	Sig. Test	Signal		Sig. Test	Signal		Sig. Test	Signal		Sig. Test	Signal		Sig. Test	Signal
	Sig. Test	+	-	Sig. Test	+	-	Sig. Test	+	-	Sig. Test	+	-	Sig. Test	+	-
GDP_pc	6/8	6/6	0/6	6/8	6/6	0/6	4/4	4/4	0/4	4/4	4/4	0/4	0/4	NS	NS
EMP.F	8/8	8/8	0/8	4/8	4/4	0/4	4/4	4/4	0/4	2/4	2/2	0/2	2/4	0/2	2/2
GINI	6/8	6/6	0/6	6/8	6/6	0/6	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS
EDUC	2/8	2/2	0/2	4/8	2/4	2/4^(a)	2/4	0/2	2/2	4/4	0/4	4/4	2/4	0/2	2/2
GEN	4/8	0/4	4/4	4/8	0/4	4/4	2/4	0/2	2/2	2/4	0/2	2/2	0/4	NS	NS
AGE _19–	4/6	0/4	4/4	6/6	0/6	6/6	0/2	NS	NS	2/2	0/2	2/2	2/2	0/2	2/2
AGE _20–39	4/6	4/4	0/4	4/6	4/4	0/4	0/2	NS	NS	0/2	NS	NS	0/2	NS	NS
AGE _40–59	0/6	NS	NS	0/6	NS	NS	0/2	NS	NS	0/2	NS	NS	0/2	NS	NS
AGE ₆₀₊	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
URB	8/8	6/8	2/8	5/8	3/5	2/5	4/4	4/4	0/4	3/4	3/3	0/3	0/4	NS	NS
DEN.P	4/8	4/4	0/4	4/8	4/4	0/4	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS	1/4	1/1	0/1
PS _10–	6/6	0/6	6/6	6/6	0/6	6/6	0/2	NS	NS	1/2	0/1	1/1	1/2	0/1	1/1
PS _10–50	6/6	0/6	6/6	6/6	0/6	6/6	0/2	NS	NS	1/2	0/1	1/1	2/2	0/2	2/2
PS _50–150	4/6	0/4	4/4	6/6	0/6	6/6	1/2	1/1	0/1	1/2	0/1	1/1	2/2	0/2	2/2
PS ₁₅₀₊	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC	EXC
DVEI	8/8	8/8	0/8	8/8	8/8	0/8	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS
IND	4/8	4/4	0/4	2/8	2/2	0/2	3/4	3/3	0/3	2/4	2/2	0/2	0/4	NS	NS
TEMP	4/8	4/4	0/4	6/8	6/6	0/6	4/4	4/4	0/4	4/4	4/4	0/4	2/4	2/2	0/2
RAIN	7/8	2/8	5/8	4/8	4/4	0/4	4/4	1/4	3/4	2/4	2/2	0/2	4/4	4/4	0/4
EoH_pc	2/8	2/2	0/2	2/8	2/2	0/2	2/4	2/2	0/2	2/4	2/2	0/2	2/4	0/2	2/2
UBS	8/8	0/8	8/8	8/8	0/8	8/8	2/4	0/2	2/2	2/4	0/2	2/2	0/4	NS	NS
PRS	2/8	0/2	2/2	2/8	0/2	2/2	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS	1/4	1/1	0/1
HOSP	3/8	0/3	3/3	4/8	0/4	4/4	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS
BED	4/8	1/4	3/4	4/8	1/4	3/4	2/4	2/2	0/2	1/4	0/1	1/1	1/4	0/1	1/1
RESP	4/8	4/4	0/4	4/8	4/4	0/4	2/4	2/2	0/2	2/4	2/2	0/2	0/4	NS	NS
PHY.G	2/8	2/2	0/2	6/8	6/6	0/6	2/4	2/2	0/2	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS
PHY.L	4/8	4/4	0/4	4/8	4/4	0/4	2/4	2/2	0/2	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS
NUR.G	2/8	2/2	0/2	3/8	3/3	0/3	0/4	NS	NS	2/4	2/2	0/2	1/4	1/1	0/1
NUR.IC	2/8	2/2	0/2	2/8	2/2	0/2	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS	1/4	0/1	1/1
PHC	0/8	NS	NS	0/8	NS	NS	2/4	2/2	0/2	0/4	NS	NS	0/4	NS	NS
D.COR	2/8	2/2	0/2	2/8	2/2	0/2	4/4	4/4	0/4	4/4	4/4	0/4	0/4	NS	NS

Instituto de Economia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Publicações Rua Pitágoras, 353 - CEP 13083-857, Tel.: +55 19 3521-5708 - Campinas - SP - Brazil
E-mail: publicie@unicamp.br

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[TFN1] Source: Authors’ own elaboration.