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Terapia com plasma convalescente em pacientes graves com COVID-19 nas fases avançadas dos ensaios clínicos e seus resultados preliminares

RESUMO

O objetivo deste estudo foi destacar o esforço científico global para combater o SARS-CoV-2 abordando os resultados preliminares da imunização passiva por plasma convalescente. Foi realizada uma busca nas principais bases de dados dos protocolos de ensaios clínicos intervencionistas sobre transfusão de plasma convalescente em pacientes com COVID-19, bem como artigos publicados (n≥25), utilizando a seguinte estratégia de busca: [(COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR nCoV-2019) AND (Convalescent plasma OR Plasma exchange) AND (Treatment OR Therapy)]. Um total de 24 protocolos de ensaios clínicos intervencionistas (avançados nas fases II-III, III e IV) foi incluído nesta revisão, assim como três estudos que tiveram resultados suficientes para avaliar a eficácia da terapia com plasma convalescente para pacientes com COVID-19. Todos os protocolos de ensaios clínicos intervencionistas aplicaram cerca de 500mL de plasma convalescente (de uma ou mais doações) em pacientes hospitalizados, principalmente naqueles com grau grave de doença associada à terapia-padrão para COVID-19 em comparação com placebo ou terapia-padrão mais medicamentos específicos. A maioria dos protocolos de ensaios clínicos intervencionistas é multicêntrica, e os estudos de fase IV estão recrutando em centros intercontinentais da América do Norte, Oceania e Europa, mas a maior parte dos centros de recrutamento está dentro de seu próprio país. Os três estudos publicados relataram abordagem semelhante de intervenção para plasma convalescente com redução do tempo de internação, mortalidade e menos de 4% de eventos adversos, principalmente para o tratamento de casos críticos com risco de vida. Todos os ensaios clínicos avançados focaram na terapia com plasma convalescente em pacientes com COVID-19 hospitalizados em condições graves, e os resultados preliminares fornecem fortes evidências para a terapia para esses pacientes com COVID-19.

Descritores:
COVID-19; Infecções por coronavírus; SARS-CoV-2; Betacoronavírus; Imunização; Imunização passiva; Plasma; Plasma convalescente

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to highlight the global scientific effort to fight the SARS-CoV-2, addressing the preliminary results of passive immunization through convalescent plasma. We performed a search at the major databases of interventional clinical trial protocols about the transfusion of convalescent plasma in patients with COVID-19, as well as, published articles (n≥25), using the following search strategy: [(COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR nCoV-2019) AND (Convalescent plasma OR Plasma exchange) AND (Treatment OR Therapy)]. A total of 24 interventional clinical trial protocols (advanced in phases II-III, III, and IV) were included in this review, as well as three studies that had enough outcomes to evaluate the efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with COVID-19. All interventional clinical trial protocols applied approximately 500mL of convalescent plasma (from single or more donations) in hospitalized patients, mainly in patients with severe disease associated with standard therapy for COVID-19, and compared to placebo or standard therapy plus specific drugs. Most of interventional clinical trial protocols are multicenter, and the phase IV studies are recruiting at intercontinental centers of North America, Oceania, Europe, but most are recruiting center inside their own county. The three studies published reported similar approach of convalescent plasma intervention with decrease in length of stay, mortality, with less than 4% of adverse events, mainly for treating critical cases with life-threatening disease. All advanced clinical trials focused on convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in severe conditions, and the preliminary results provide strong evidence for therapy for the COVID-19 patients.

Keywords:
COVID-19; Coronavirus infections; SARS-CoV-2; Betacoronavirus; Immunization; Immunization, passive; Plasma; Convalescent plasma

INTRODUÇÃO

No final de 2019, surgiu o coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resultando na doença pelo coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19), que causou uma emergência sanitária sem precedentes, sendo declarada pandemia pela Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) em 11 de março de 2020.(11. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2020; 39(6):1011-9.) Até setembro de 2020, essa pandemia afetara cerca de 28 milhões pessoas, com cerca de 920 mil mortes em todo o mundo.(22. Worldometer. COVID-19 Pandemic Data Update 2020. COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic. United States: Worldometer; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 26]. [Last update posted Oct 26, 2020]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
https://www.worldometers.info/coronaviru...
) No Brasil, até agora, já ocorreram mais de 5 milhões de casos com mais de 130 mil mortes.(33. Worldmeter. COVID-19 Pandemic Data Update. 2020. Brazil: Worldometer; 2020 [cited 2020 Sep 18]. [Last update posted Sep 18, 2020]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/brazil/
https://www.worldometers.info/coronaviru...
)

Novas abordagens para o desenvolvimento de transferência de imunidade foram rapidamente implementadas em estudos pré-clínicos, e, atualmente, surgem resultados interessantes de ensaios clínicos, com o objetivo de melhorar os sintomas da COVID-19, uma doença heterogênea.(22. Worldometer. COVID-19 Pandemic Data Update 2020. COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic. United States: Worldometer; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 26]. [Last update posted Oct 26, 2020]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/
https://www.worldometers.info/coronaviru...
) Ao mesmo tempo, diversas vacinas estão sendo desenvolvidas e testadas para a prevenção efetiva da doença.(44. Rego GN, Nucci MP, Alves AH, Oliveira FA, Marti LC, Nucci LP, et al. Current clinical trials protocols and the global effort for immunization against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(3):E474. Review.)

Antes da SARS-CoV-2, já tinha sido investigado o uso de plasma convalescente (PC), com desfechos positivos, em surtos de outras infecções virais,(55. Wong HK, Lee CK. Pivotal role of convalescent plasma in managing emerging infectious diseases. Vox Sang. 2020;115(7):545-7.) como a pandemia de gripe A (H1N1), em 2009,(66. Hung IF, To KK, Lee CK, Lee KL, Chan K, Yan WW, et al. Convalescent plasma treatment reduced mortality in patients with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(4):447-56.) e a gripe aviária A (H5N1),(77. Zhou B, Zhong N, Guan Y. Treatment with convalescent plasma for influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(14):1450-1.) entre outras. Além disso, há estudos que demonstram que os anticorpos do PC podem limitar a proliferação do vírus durante a infecção e promover a eliminação viral, favorecendo uma recuperação rápida da doença.(88. Cheng Y, Wong R, Soo YO, Wong WS, Lee CK, Ng MH, et al. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in SARS patients in Hong Kong. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24(1):44-6.)

Revisão recente sobre a terapia com plasma em pacientes com COVID-19 relatou baixa frequência de eventos adversos graves e melhora nos sintomas clínicos em alguns participantes após a terapia com plasma, mas os autores julgaram existir risco de viés de relatório.(99. Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Chai KL, Doree C, Monsef I, Wood EM, et al. Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;5(5):CD013600. Review.)

Os títulos altos ou baixos de anticorpos neutralizantes contra a COVID-19 podem ser manejados para reduzir os sintomas e a mortalidade do paciente. Existem 24 ensaios clínicos avançados nas fases II-III, III e IV relatados em vários países usando PC para tratar esses pacientes e responder a essa pergunta.(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) Embora a imunização passiva seja utilizada há mais de um século no tratamento de doenças infecciosas, resultados recentes apresentam desafios na definição do melhor momento de extração do plasma e na escolha do doador, além do custo de todo esse procedimento. Essa falta de informação potencializa os movimentos de grupos antivacina e antiplasma.(3434. Wadman M. Antivaccine forces gaining online. Science. 2020;368(6492):699.)

OBJETIVO

Destacar o esforço científico global na luta contra o SARS-CoV-2, abordando a imunização passiva por plasma convalescente e seus resultados preliminares.

MÉTODOS

Foi realizada uma pesquisa até 14 de setembro de 2020 em ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/), Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/abouten.aspx) e EU Clinical Trials Register (https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/) para ensaios clínicos de intervenção sobre transfusão de PC, em pacientes com COVID-19, usando a seguinte estratégia de pesquisa: [(COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR nCoV-2019) AND (Convalescent Plasma OR Plasma Exchange) AND (Treatment OR Therapy)]. Em seguida, a mesma estratégia foi usada para pesquisar estudos nas bases de dados PubMed® e Scopus sobre a eficácia da terapia com PC para tratar pacientes com COVID-19.

Critérios de inclusão e exclusão

Esta revisão incluiu protocolos de ensaios clínicos (PEC) nas fases III e IV que abordassem o desenvolvimento de terapias baseadas em PC para tratamento de pacientes com COVID-19 por imunização passiva e estudos que mostrassem a eficácia da terapia com PC aplicada em mais de 25 pacientes com COVID-19. Os motivos para exclusão de estudos foram os seguintes: PEC de estudos observacionais, PEC envolvendo vacinas e PEC cancelados ou não aprovados até a data da pesquisa nas bases de dados.

Elegibilidade dos estudos, extração de dados, coleta de dados e avaliação de risco de viés

A elegibilidade dos estudos seguiu as diretrizes Preferred. Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).(3535. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535.)

Análise dos dados

Todos os resultados foram descritos e apresentados por meio de distribuição percentual para todas as variáveis analisadas nas tabelas.

RESULTADOS

Seleção de estudos

Após a aplicação das estratégias de busca nas bases de dados, 170 PEC foram identificados (153 protocolos no ClinicalTrials.gov, 14 no Chinese Clinical Trial Registry e três no EU Clinical Trials Register). A estratégia de busca utilizou o PRISMA.(3535. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535.)

Com base nos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos, dentre os 170 protocolos identificados, 146 ensaios clínicos foram excluídos após a triagem (130 protocolos eram fases I e II, e 16 eram observacionais), restando 24 protocolos selecionados dessas bases de dados. No total, 24 PEC foram incluídos neste trabalho sobre imunização passiva para COVID-19 por meio de terapia com PC.(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
1313. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 5, 2020; Last update posted July 7, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418518
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418...
,1515. ClinicalTrials.gov. Treatment of severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia with convalescent plasma. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 16, 2020; Last update posted June 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432103
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432...
3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
)

Dentre os estudos selecionados publicados nas bases de dados citadas, apenas três estudos apresentaram dados suficientes que permitiam uma análise estatística dos desfechos, para avaliar a eficácia da terapia com PC devido ao número de pacientes com COVID-19 (n≥25).(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.3838. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, et al. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 after convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood. 2020;136(6):755-9.)

Visão geral dos protocolos de ensaios clínicos sobre imunização passiva para COVID-19

Dos 24 ensaios clínicos mais avançados sobre terapia com PC para pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, apenas um (4,2%) estava na fase IV, com taxa de progresso do estudo (TPE) de 58%, recrutando indivíduos em diferentes países pelo patrocinador holandês (barra verde da figura 1).(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
) Nos estudos de fase III (54,2%),(1111. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 2, 2020; Last update posted Aug 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332380
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332...
1313. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 5, 2020; Last update posted July 7, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418518
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418...
,1515. ClinicalTrials.gov. Treatment of severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia with convalescent plasma. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 16, 2020; Last update posted June 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432103
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432...
1919. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381858
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) quase metade dos PEC tinha TPE de mais de 40%, principalmente no México(1515. ClinicalTrials.gov. Treatment of severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia with convalescent plasma. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 16, 2020; Last update posted June 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432103
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432...
,1919. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381858
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) e nos Estados Unidos (barras azuis da figura 1),(1818. ClinicalTrials.gov. Passive immunity trial of the nation for COVID-19 (PassItOnII). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 24, 2020; Last update posted Aug 27, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362176
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362...
,2121. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma collection and treatment in pediatrics and adults. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 6, 2020; Last update posted May 6, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04376034
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04376...
) e, nos estudos de fase II-III (41,7%),(2424. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma as therapy for Covid-19 severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (CONCOVID Study). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 10, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342182
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342...
3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) um PEC tinha TPE de 100% na Holanda,(2424. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma as therapy for Covid-19 severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (CONCOVID Study). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 10, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342182
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342...
) e quase metade dos PEC tinha TPE de mais de 40% (barras vermelhas da figura 1), conforme mostrado na figura 1 e na tabela 1.

Figura 1
Análise do percentual da taxa de progresso do estudo de protocolos de ensaios clínicos sobre terapia de plasma convalescente para pacientes com COVID-19 hospitalizados distribuídos por suas fases (barra verde: fase IV; barras azuis: fase III; e barras vermelhas: fase II-III), com o correspondente país patrocinador
Tabela 1
Desenho do estudo, braços, intervenções e progresso do tempo de estudo

Intervenção com plasma convalescente

A intervenção com PC aplicada em todos os PEC foi para pacientes hospitalizados com diferentes graus de comprometimento da doença, principalmente para os casos graves internados em UTI (58,3%) com ou sem ventilação mecânica invasiva, e todos os pacientes receberam o TP para COVID-19. Os braços de intervenção aplicados nesses pacientes hospitalizados normalmente comparavam o PEC da terapia com plasma mais TP em relação a somente TP associado ou não a alguns medicamentos selecionados, como corticosteroides, antibióticos, antimaláricos (hidroxicloroquina), anticoagulantes, imunoglobulina humana, medicamentos antivirais, entre outros.(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
,2222. ClinicalTrials.gov. Australasian COVID-19 trial (ASCOT) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted July 23, 2020; Last update posted July 23, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483960
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483...
,2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
,2929. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma (PC) and human intravenous anti-COVID-19 immunoglobulin (IV anti COVID-19 IgG) in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28] [First posted May 20, 2020; Last update posted July 10, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395170
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395...
,3131. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a randomized, open label, parallel, controlled clinical study. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 3, 2020; Last update posted Sep 2, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332835
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332...
,3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) A terapia com PC foi aplicada principalmente por meio de dose única com diferentes volumes de transfusão (45,8%). O volume mais utilizado foi de 500mL, em 20,8%,(1313. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 5, 2020; Last update posted July 7, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418518
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418...
,1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
,1818. ClinicalTrials.gov. Passive immunity trial of the nation for COVID-19 (PassItOnII). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 24, 2020; Last update posted Aug 27, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362176
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362...
,3939. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 18, 2020; Last update posted May 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04391101
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04391...
) seguido de doses de 200 a 250mL em 8,3%,(1212. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients (PLASCOSSA). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 4, 2020; Last update posted Oct 26, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372979
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372...
,2121. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma collection and treatment in pediatrics and adults. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 6, 2020; Last update posted May 6, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04376034
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04376...
) 400mL em 8,3%,(1919. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381858
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
,3939. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for the treatment of severe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 18, 2020; Last update posted May 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04391101
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04391...
) 300mL em 4,2%,(2424. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma as therapy for Covid-19 severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (CONCOVID Study). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 10, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342182
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342...
) e 600mL em 4,2%.(2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
) Nos casos com mais de uma dose, o volume foi de duas doses de 250mL,(1313. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 5, 2020; Last update posted July 7, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418518
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418...
,1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
,1717. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 3, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425915
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425...
,2020. ClinicalTrials.gov. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody-containing plasma therapy (ESCAPE). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 24, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04361253
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04361...
,2929. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma (PC) and human intravenous anti-COVID-19 immunoglobulin (IV anti COVID-19 IgG) in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28] [First posted May 20, 2020; Last update posted July 10, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395170
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395...
,3131. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a randomized, open label, parallel, controlled clinical study. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 3, 2020; Last update posted Sep 2, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332835
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332...
,3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) utilizadas na maioria dos PEC, seguidas de 2x200mL(1919. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381858
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
,2525. ClinicalTrials.gov. Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma transfusion for patients with COVID-19 (EPCOvid-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 14, 2020; Last update posted Aug 26, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04388410
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04388...
,2828. ClinicalTrials.gov. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma in patients with high-risk COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 11, 2020; Last update posted June 11, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425837
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425...
,2929. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma (PC) and human intravenous anti-COVID-19 immunoglobulin (IV anti COVID-19 IgG) in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28] [First posted May 20, 2020; Last update posted July 10, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395170
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395...
,3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) e 2x300mL.(2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
,3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) As doses de plasma foram derivadas de um único doador(1313. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 5, 2020; Last update posted July 7, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418518
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418...
,1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
,2020. ClinicalTrials.gov. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody-containing plasma therapy (ESCAPE). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 24, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04361253
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04361...
,2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
) ou de até dois doadores diferentes em alguns PEC.(1313. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 5, 2020; Last update posted July 7, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418518
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418...
,1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
) Quase todos os PEC testaram a intervenção em indivíduos com mais de 18 anos, com exceção de dois PEC (Tabela 1).

Em relação às características do desenho do estudo desses PEC, a figura 2 mostra que a intervenção foi randomizada em sua maioria (87,5%), e poucos PEC utilizaram algum tipo de mascaramento (33,3%), como 4,2% com cegamento simples (participante), 12,5% com cegamento duplo (participante e avaliador dos desfechos), 8,3% com cegamento triplo (participante, prestador de cuidados e avaliador dos desfechos) e 8,3% com cegamento quádruplo (participante, prestador de cuidados, investigador e avaliador dos desfechos). No entanto, 12,5% dos PEC não adotaram nenhuma técnica utilizada para minimizar o viés nas alocações e no cegamento, mantendo-se open-label. A inscrição estimada em ensaios clínicos em fase IV é de 7.100 indivíduos,(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
) em fase III é de 36 a 2.400 indivíduos(1111. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 2, 2020; Last update posted Aug 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332380
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332...
2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
) e, em fase II-III, de 60 a 15 mil indivíduos.(2424. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma as therapy for Covid-19 severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (CONCOVID Study). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 10, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342182
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342...
3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
) O número estimado de voluntários em cada protocolo está representado pela barra de escala colorida na figura 2.

Figura 2
Desenhos de estudo de ensaios clínicos de imunização passiva contra a COVID-19 (terapia com plasma), distribuídos sistematicamente pelos diferentes tipos de alocação (randomizada ou não), mascaramento (nenhum, cegamento único, duplo, triplo e quádruplo), inscrição estimada (variada de 36 a 15 mil indivíduos) e países de estudo. A barra de escala colorida representa o número estimado de voluntários em cada protocolo

Rede global de pesquisa em protocolos de ensaios clínicos

Entre os PEC multicêntricos sobre PC,(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
,1212. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients (PLASCOSSA). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 4, 2020; Last update posted Oct 26, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372979
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372...
,1313. ClinicalTrials.gov. A trial of CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with acute COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 5, 2020; Last update posted July 7, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418518
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04418...
,1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
,1717. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 3, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425915
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425...
,2222. ClinicalTrials.gov. Australasian COVID-19 trial (ASCOT) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted July 23, 2020; Last update posted July 23, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483960
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483...
2424. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma as therapy for Covid-19 severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (CONCOVID Study). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 10, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342182
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342...
,2626. ClinicalTrials.gov. Early transfusIon of convalescent plasma in elderly COVID-19 patients. to prevent disease progression. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 5, 2020; Last update posted Oct 6, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04374526
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04374...
,3030. ClinicalTrials.gov. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28] [First posted May 8, 2020; Last update posted Aug 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04380935
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04380...
,3232. ClinicalTrials.gov. Hyperimmune plasma in patients with COVID-19 severe infection. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 12, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04385043
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04385...
) o de fase IV(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
) é o único com colaborações intercontinentais representadas pelas linhas pretas tracejadas no mapa-múndi (Figura 3), com 87 centros de recrutamento (cilindros verdes) distribuídos na América do Norte, na Europa e na Oceania. Os PEC de fase III também têm colaboração entre países e envolvem 48 centros de recrutamento (cilindros amarelos) nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá.(1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
) Os outros PEC multicêntricos envolvem um número variado de centros de recrutamento dentro do mesmo país, como Austrália com 79 centros (cilindros roxos),(2222. ClinicalTrials.gov. Australasian COVID-19 trial (ASCOT) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted July 23, 2020; Last update posted July 23, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483960
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483...
) Holanda com 18 centros (cilindros azuis),(2424. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma as therapy for Covid-19 severe SARS-CoV-2 disease (CONCOVID Study). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 10, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342182
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04342...
) Dinamarca com 12 centros (cilindros cinza escuro),(2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
) Itália com seis centros (cilindros laranja),(3232. ClinicalTrials.gov. Hyperimmune plasma in patients with COVID-19 severe infection. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 12, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04385043
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04385...
) destacados na figura 3, com a imagem ampliada para melhor visualização do centros de colaboração e outros com cerca de três centros.(1212. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients (PLASCOSSA). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 4, 2020; Last update posted Oct 26, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372979
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372...
,1717. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in patients with COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 3, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425915
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425...
,2626. ClinicalTrials.gov. Early transfusIon of convalescent plasma in elderly COVID-19 patients. to prevent disease progression. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 5, 2020; Last update posted Oct 6, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04374526
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04374...
,3030. ClinicalTrials.gov. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28] [First posted May 8, 2020; Last update posted Aug 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04380935
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04380...
) Os PEC de centro único concentram-se principalmente na América do Norte(1515. ClinicalTrials.gov. Treatment of severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia with convalescent plasma. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 16, 2020; Last update posted June 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432103
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04432...
,1818. ClinicalTrials.gov. Passive immunity trial of the nation for COVID-19 (PassItOnII). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 24, 2020; Last update posted Aug 27, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362176
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362...
2121. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma collection and treatment in pediatrics and adults. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 6, 2020; Last update posted May 6, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04376034
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04376...
) e América do Sul.(1111. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 2, 2020; Last update posted Aug 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332380
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332...
,2727. ClinicalTrials.gov. COVID19-convalescent plasma for treating patients with active symptomatic COVID 19 infection (FALP-COVID). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 12, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04384588
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04384...
2929. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma (PC) and human intravenous anti-COVID-19 immunoglobulin (IV anti COVID-19 IgG) in patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28] [First posted May 20, 2020; Last update posted July 10, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395170
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04395...
,3131. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a randomized, open label, parallel, controlled clinical study. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 3, 2020; Last update posted Sep 2, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332835
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332...
)

Figura 3
Distribuição global dos ensaios clínicos por fase (círculos) e os centros que desenvolvem pesquisas em terapia com plasma para COVID-19 (barra vermelha), além de seus centros de recrutamento (cilindros). Os principais centros de cada continente estão destacados na imagem ampliada em torno do mapa central. Fase IV está indicada por círculo verde; fase III, por círculo azul e fases II-III por círculo vermelho. As colaborações intercontinentais dos protocolos de ensaios clínicos de fase IV estão representadas pelas linhas pretas tracejadas no mapa mundial

Desfecho da terapia com plasma em pacientes COVID-19

Os três estudos que avaliam a eficácia da terapia com plasma também priorizam a avaliação da COVID-19 em pacientes gravemente doentes ou com risco de vida, como os ensaios clínicos avançados mencionados. A intervenção da terapia com PC variou muito entre os estudos, sem um consenso sobre o melhor padrão de aplicação de PC. Em relação aos resultados, os estudos mostraram redução de 53% na gravidade da doença (dispensando terapia intensiva),(3838. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, et al. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 after convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood. 2020;136(6):755-9.) de 26% no tempo de internação(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.) e de 35% a 50% na mortalidade,(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.3838. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, et al. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 after convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood. 2020;136(6):755-9.) relatando efeitos adversos em menos de 4% dos pacientes após tratamento com PC em diferentes doses e volumes associados à terapia padrão para COVID-19,(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.3838. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, et al. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 after convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood. 2020;136(6):755-9.) conforme mostrado na tabela 2.

Tabela 2
Estudos que avaliam a eficácia da terapia com plasma em pacientes com COVID-19

DISCUSSÃO

Na ausência de um tratamento efetivo para pacientes com COVID-19, muitos estudos têm buscado alternativas para tratar os pacientes e melhorar sua defesa imune, como é o caso do uso da terapia com PC. O ensaio de recuperação(4040. RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson JR, Mafham M, Bell JL, Linsell L, Staplin N, Brightling C, Ustianowski A, Elmahi E, Prudon B, Green C, Felton T, Chadwick D, Rege K, Fegan C, Chappell LC, Faust SN, Jaki T, Jeffery K, Montgomery A, Rowan K, Juszczak E, Baillie JK, Haynes R, Landray MJ. Dexametasona em pacientes hospitalizados com Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(8):693-704.) fornece evidências para apoiar algumas formas de tratamento (por exemplo, dexametasona) e de melhora da imunidade em pacientes em condições críticas, e esse ensaio utiliza a terapia com PC como braço terapêutico. No entanto, muitos aspectos dessa terapia ainda estão sendo explorados, como o intervalo de tempo limite e o momento ideal de coleta para a COVID-19, ou os títulos de imunoglobulina G/imunoglobulina M (IgG/IgM) dos doadores, a melhora clínica proporcionada pela terapia, sua eficácia em pacientes críticos ou não críticos e seus efeitos adversos. Dentre os 170 PEC identificados, apenas 24 PEC estavam em fase avançada (III/IV) com 33 mil indivíduos, concentrados nas regiões da América, mostrando as principais questões referentes à eficácia do uso do PC ainda incertas ou frágeis para justificar a ampliação de seu uso no atendimento hospitalar de pacientes críticos ou não críticos. Além disso, nenhum país, incluindo os Estados Unidos, licenciou o PC como tratamento para a COVID-19. A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) o considerou elegível para uso mais amplo sob uma autorização de uso de emergência,(4141. Estcourt LJ, Roberts DJ. Convalescent plasma for covid-19. BMJ. 2020; 370:m3516.) embora outros países tenham concedido aprovação para seu uso em alguns pacientes.

Um dos primeiros ensaios clínicos com PC que analisou 103 pacientes com COVID-19 grave e risco de vida (idade mediana de 70 anos)(3737. Li L, Zhang W, Hu Y, Tong X, Zheng S, Yang J, et al. Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(5):460-70. Erratum in: JAMA. 2020;324(5):519.) não mostrou significância estatística na melhora clínica após 28 dias ou redução da mortalidade. No entanto, houve evidências de efeitos terapêuticos notáveis e possível atividade antiviral em grupos de pacientes de 60 a 80 anos, no estágio final da evolução da doença, após 14 dias de sintomas, utilizando apenas unidades com títulos de anticorpos muito altos (IgG superior a 1:50) específicos para spike (S) e domínio de ligação ao receptor (RBD). Outro estudo sobre o tratamento com PC em pacientes com COVID-19 grave(4242. Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(17):9490-6.) mostrou melhora significativa dos sintomas clínicos, com aumento da saturação da oxi-hemoglobina após o terceiro dia de transfusão, redução das lesões pulmonares, melhora dos critérios laboratoriais de rotina e da função pulmonar acompanhada por rápida neutralização da viremia, utilizando 200mL de PC proveniente de doadores recentemente recuperados com títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes entre 1:160-640, cerca de 16,5 dias após o início dos sintomas, associados ao tratamento padrão e agentes antivirais. Apenas três PEC(1414. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma in outpatients with COVID-19 (C3PO). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 21, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04355767
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04355...
,1919. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma vs human immunoglobulin to treat COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381858
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
,2828. ClinicalTrials.gov. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma in patients with high-risk COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 11, 2020; Last update posted June 11, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425837
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425...
) mencionaram os títulos de anticorpos usados na terapia com PC (acima de 1:160), e os estudos de Abolghasemi et al.,(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.) e Li et al.,(3737. Li L, Zhang W, Hu Y, Tong X, Zheng S, Yang J, et al. Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(5):460-70. Erratum in: JAMA. 2020;324(5):519.) também relataram o uso de títulos de anticorpos acima de 1.1 na terapia com PC associados à melhora clínica e à redução da mortalidade.

Para reduzir a variabilidade na resposta terapêutica dos pacientes, a OMS recomenda alguns cuidados e padronização na seleção de doadores de PC.(4343. World Health Organization (WHO). Blood products and related biologicals. Blood Regulators Network (BRN). Position paper on use of convalescent plasma, serum or immune globulin concentrates as an element in response to an emerging virus. Geneva: WHO; 2017 [cited 2020 Oct 26]. Available from: https://www.who.int/bloodproducts/brn/2017_BRN_PositionPaper_ConvalescentPlasma.pdf
https://www.who.int/bloodproducts/brn/20...
) O critério de elegibilidade em relação à idade do doador não varia muito: 18 a 67 anos.(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.,4444. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, et al. Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with convalescent plasma. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(8):1680-90.) Os doadores eram pacientes que se recuperaram de COVID-19 e não mostraram detecção de SARS-CoV-2 por reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa em tempo real (qRT-PCR) ou quaisquer sintomas relacionados após um período que variou entre os estudos. Em um estudo, os doadores podem ter se recuperado após 1 semana, e o curto período de recuperação talvez possa ter contribuído para a morte de cinco em seis pacientes.(4545. Zeng QL, Yu ZJ, Gou JJ, Li GM, Ma SH, Zhang GF, et al. Effect of convalescent plasma therapy on viral shedding and survival in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;222(1):38-43.) Recuperação mais longa permitiu relatos de eficácia terapêutica. Esse período pode ser de 10 dias, com a coleta realizada em duas vezes, com diferença de 24 horas,(4646. Olivares-Gazca JC, Priesca-Marín JM, Ojeda-Laguna M, Garces-Eisele J, Soto-Olvera S, Palacios-Alonso A, et al. Infusion of convalescent plasma is associated with clinical improvement in critically ill patients with covid-19: a pilot study. Rev Invest Clin. 2020;72(3):159-64.) de pelo menos 14 dias(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.,4747. Erkurt MA, Sarici A, Berber İ, Kuku İ, Kaya E, Özgül M. Life-saving effect of convalescent plasma treatment in covid-19 disease: clinical trial from eastern Anatolia. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102867.) e de mais de 2 semanas.(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.,4242. Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(17):9490-6.,4444. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, et al. Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with convalescent plasma. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(8):1680-90.) Em alguns casos, o qRT-PCR dos swabs nasofaríngeos deve ser testado como negativo duas vezes, com intervalo de 24 horas entre os exames.(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.,4242. Duan K, Liu B, Li C, Zhang H, Yu T, Qu J, et al. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(17):9490-6.)

Em relação à quantificação de anticorpos, os títulos de IgG específicos para S-RBD variam de doador para doador. Estudo demonstrou que dez em 25 amostras de plasma coletado exibiram o título de 1:450, 6/25 1:350, ao passo que, nos demais, variaram de 1:1 a 1:150.(4444. Salazar E, Perez KK, Ashraf M, Chen J, Castillo B, Christensen PA, et al. Treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with convalescent plasma. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(8):1680-90.) A maioria dos estudos utilizou um volume de PC em torno de 500mL, em dose única ou dividido em duas doses, proveniente de um único doador(1212. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients (PLASCOSSA). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 4, 2020; Last update posted Oct 26, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372979
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372...
,1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
,2020. ClinicalTrials.gov. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody-containing plasma therapy (ESCAPE). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 24, 2020; Last update posted May 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04361253
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04361...
,2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
) ou de dois doadores diferentes.(1212. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy of convalescent plasma therapy in the early care of COVID-19 patients (PLASCOSSA). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 4, 2020; Last update posted Oct 26, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372979
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04372...
,1616. ClinicalTrials.gov. CONvalescent plasma for hospitalized adults with COVID-19 respiratory illness (CONCOR-1). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 16, 2020; Last update posted Oct 20, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348656
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04348...
) Portanto, essa falta de padronização na seleção dos doadores, no controle de qualidade do PC e nos pacientes receptores poderia explicar os diversos efeitos terapêuticos.

Alguns possíveis efeitos adversos com o uso do PC podem ser evitados, como o uso de PC sem antígenos, que poderia causar lesão pulmonar aguda associada à transfusão (TRALI - transfusion-related acute lung injury), como os antígenos leucocitários humanos que protegem o embrião.(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.) Em ensaio clínico multicêntrico, não foi permitido o uso de PC em mulheres grávidas, com o objetivo de prevenir a ocorrência de TRALI.(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.)

A gravidade da doença do paciente transfundido com PC variou de leve, moderada, grave a crítica. Um PEC com pacientes graves dividiu os grupos de estudo em pacientes com doença respiratória aguda grave e pneumonia grave adquirida na comunidade.(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
) Outro PEC comparou os efeitos do tratamento em pacientes com COVID-19 oncológicos e não oncológicos.(2727. ClinicalTrials.gov. COVID19-convalescent plasma for treating patients with active symptomatic COVID 19 infection (FALP-COVID). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 12, 2020; Last update posted May 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04384588
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04384...
) A admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva está relatada em alguns PEC,(1111. ClinicalTrials.gov. Convalescent plasma for patients with COVID-19: a pilot study. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 2, 2020; Last update posted Aug 17, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332380
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04332...
,1818. ClinicalTrials.gov. Passive immunity trial of the nation for COVID-19 (PassItOnII). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 24, 2020; Last update posted Aug 27, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362176
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04362...
,2828. ClinicalTrials.gov. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma in patients with high-risk COVID-19. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted June 11, 2020; Last update posted June 11, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425837
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04425...
,3030. ClinicalTrials.gov. Effectiveness and safety of convalescent plasma therapy on COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28] [First posted May 8, 2020; Last update posted Aug 18, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04380935
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04380...
) embora se presuma que isso se aplique a todos os pacientes graves. Em alguns PEC, o tratamento com PC foi comparado a outros tratamentos, como corticoides, antibióticos, anticorpos monoclonais e medicamentos antivirais.(1010. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized, embedded, multifactorial adaptive platform trial for community- acquired pneumonia (REMAP-CAP). Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 13, 2016; Last update posted Oct 12, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735707
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT02735...
,2222. ClinicalTrials.gov. Australasian COVID-19 trial (ASCOT) [Internet]. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted July 23, 2020; Last update posted July 23, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483960
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04483...
,2323. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of novel treatment options for adults with COVID-19 pneumonia. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted Apr 14, 2020; Last update posted July 31, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345289
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04345...
,3333. ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomised evaluation of COVID-19 therapy. Bethesda: National Library of Medicine; 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 28]. [First posted May 11, 2020; Last update posted Sep 29, 2020]. Available from: https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381936
https://ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT04381...
)

Alguns resultados publicados permitiram a avaliação de diferentes parâmetros quanto à eficácia do tratamento. Em estudo em que foi aplicado o PC, seis de 17 pacientes necessitaram de ventilação mecânica - na maioria pacientes idosos.(4747. Erkurt MA, Sarici A, Berber İ, Kuku İ, Kaya E, Özgül M. Life-saving effect of convalescent plasma treatment in covid-19 disease: clinical trial from eastern Anatolia. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102867.) Em estudo multicêntrico, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 14,8% dos pacientes (n=115).(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.) Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados em outro estudo multicêntrico (15,7%).(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.) Em outro, a mortalidade foi de apenas 2,2%.(3838. Xia X, Li K, Wu L, Wang Z, Zhu M, Huang B, et al. Improved clinical symptoms and mortality among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 after convalescent plasma transfusion. Blood. 2020;136(6):755-9.) Um estudo utilizou essa terapia em pacientes com hipertensão, diabetes ou doença cardiovascular, mas não ficou claro o efeito dessas comorbidades no resultado do tratamento com PC.(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.)

A transfusão da terapia com PC para COVID-19 deve seguir algumas condições preestabelecidas, como disponibilidade de uma população de doadores que já se recuperou da doença e pode doar soro convalescente; bancos de sangue para processar as doações de soro; disponibilidade de testes, incluindo testes sorológicos, para detectar SARS-CoV-2 em exames séricos e virológicos para medir a neutralização viral; apoio laboratorial de virologia para a realização desses exames e padronização da fase e condição do paciente com COVID-19.(4848. Casadevall A, Pirofski LA. The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(4):1545-8.)

As principais limitações dos estudos multicêntricos foram o número reduzido de pacientes nos grupos de controle em comparação ao grupo de tratamento, geralmente devido à falta de compatibilidade do grupo sanguíneo do PC e ao uso concomitante ou prévio de outro tratamento.(3636. Abolghasemi H, Eshghi P, Cheraghali AM, Imani Fooladi AA, Bolouki Moghaddam F, Imanizadeh S, et al. Clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 infections: results of a multicenter clinical study. Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2020;59(5):102875.) Outra limitação é a falta de protocolos padronizados e treinamento para a equipe do estudo, além de diversidade no monitoramento dos pacientes.(4949. Joyner MJ, Wright RS, Fairweather D, Senefeld JW, Bruno KA, Klassen SA, et al. Early safety indicators of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 5000 patients. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(9):4791-7.) Por sua vez, a principal limitação do nosso estudo foi a impossibilidade de realizar uma metanálise, devido à falta de um número robusto de estudos que relatassem efeitos terapêuticos conclusivos dessa modalidade, como diminuição dos títulos de SARS-CoV-2. No entanto, alguns artigos publicados sobre estudos multicêntricos demonstraram que o PC pode ser uma modalidade terapêutica promissora.

CONCLUSÃO

Atualmente, não há opções terapêuticas confiáveis para pacientes com COVID-19 em estado crítico. Com base nos poucos resultados de dados clínicos multicêntricos consolidados disponíveis, concluímos que os estudos de terapia com plasma convalescente forneceram resultados relevantes em casos graves/críticos de pacientes com COVID-19, reduzindo o tempo de internação, a gravidade da doença e a mortalidade, com baixa frequência de eventos adversos em um número considerável de pacientes. Porém, não é possível afirmar, de forma conclusiva, qual a real relevância desse tratamento, devido à falta de dados que permitam uma análise estatística robusta, como uma metanálise.

AGRADECIMENTOS

Lionel Fernel Gamarra teve apoio do Sistema Nacional de Laboratórios em Nanotecnologias (SisNANO) 2.0 (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações, processo 442539/2019-3).

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Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    19 Abr 2021
  • Data do Fascículo
    2021

Histórico

  • Recebido
    21 Set 2020
  • Aceito
    29 Out 2020
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