| Candeloro et al., 2007 (88. Applegate WB, Curb D. Designing and executing randomized clinical trials involving elderly persons. J Am Geratr Soc.1990;38(8):943-50.) |
16 |
Twice a week, for 60 minutes, during 14 weeks |
66.9 |
Medical indication, women, aged, no use of medication, sedentary |
Disease that would limit hydrotherapy (HT), such as, arterial hypertension, cardiac, respiratory, musculoskeletal or neurological diseases |
3 |
Activities in pairs, warming up, physical activities for flexibility, muscle strength (MS) and relaxation, with increasing difficulty |
No |
BP = blood pressure and HR=r heart rate |
The mean rest HR was not statistically significant. There was a decrease by 5.6 mm Hg in mean SBP and by 9.7 mm Hg in mean DBP |
| Cider et al., 2003(99. Fernandes MI. Tradução e validação do questionário de qualidade de vida específico para osteoartrose WOMAC (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities) para a língua portuguesa [dissertação]. São Paulo: Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 2002.) |
25 (HT = 15) and (Control=10) |
3 times/week, for 45 minutes, during 8 weeks |
HT= 70.2 Control=75 |
Patients with stable congestive heart failure (CHF), functional class II-III, ejection fraction of 45%, ≥ 60 years, stable medication in the previous 3 months |
Diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, chronic pulmonary disease, after stroke or other diseases that limit exercise |
4 |
Moderate exercises, 40-70% of maximum HR, resistance exercises and MS |
No |
Tolerance to exercise, muscular function, QoL = quality of life |
Physical training in water was well tolerated and it seems to improve exercise capacity as well as MS in CHF patients |
| Devereux et al., 2005(1010. Candeloro JM, Caromano FA. Efeitos de um programa de hidroterapia na pressão arterial e freqüência cardíaca de mulheres idosas sedentárias. Fisioter Pesqui. 2008;15(1):26-32.) |
50 (HT= 25 and (Control = 25 |
Twice a week, for 60 minutes, during 10 weeks |
73.3 |
Elderly women ≥ 60 years, diagnosis of osteopenia or osteoporosis, residing in a metropolitan region in Australia |
Do not reside close to the study area, age < 65 years, unable to read, write or understand English, impaired cognition (MEEN < 23), with no hearing or visual aid, had Meniére disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Parkinson or neurological dysfunction |
5 |
Warming up, stretching, aerobic exercises and based on Tai Chi, strength, posture, gait, vestibular, proprioception and balance. The control group received no intervention |
No |
Balance, fear of falling down and QoL |
Water exercise produced significant changes in equilibrium and QoL, but not in fear of falling down |
| Fransen et al., 2007(1111. Cider A, Schaufelberger M, Sunnerhagen KS, Andersson B. Hydrotherapya new approach to improve function in the older patient with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2003;5(4):527-35.) |
152 (HT=55, Tai Chi=56 and control=41) |
Twice a week, for 60 minutes, during 12 weeks |
70 |
Age 59 – 85 years, diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) in the hip or knee, according to the American College of Rheumatology, chronic pain > 1 year |
Physical activity for leisure more than twice a week, incapacity to walk at home, instability of severe heart and lung conditions, incontinence, fear of water, epilepsy, low back pain and lower limb pain, joint replacement surgery |
6 |
HT: warming up, MS, flexibility and resistance exercises. Tai Chi classes: given by trained instructors throughout the study |
12 and 24 weeks |
Pain, physical function, general health status (WOMAC) |
The HT and Tai Chi group demonstrated clinical benefits for over 12 weeks |
| Foley et al., 2003(12) |
105 (HT=35,gymnastics=35 and Control=35) |
3 times/week, during 6 weeks |
70.9 |
Age ≥ 50 years, with radiological diagnosis of OA of the hip or knee, able to read, write and speak English, to give consent, to have his/ her own transportation means |
Patients who received physical therapy or HT in the last 6 weeks, had group gymnastics class, joint replacement in the last 12 months or cognitive deficit |
6 |
HT: walks, active hip and knee exercises and bicycle. Gymnastics: 4 minutes of stationary bicycle, MS exercises, sitting down and getting up, knee exercises and double leg press. Control: no intervention |
No |
MS of quadriceps, AO index (WOMAC), walking for 6′, QoL |
The functional gains were observed in both exercise programs as compared to the control group |
| Gill et al., 2009(13) |
86 (Floor=40 and HT= 42) |
Twice a week, during 6 weeks |
Floor=71.6 HT=69.2 |
Patients waiting for elective hip or knee arthroplasty |
If undergoing only tibia osteotomy, if surgery was scheduled before conclusion of supervised program of 6 weeks, if they were not able to complete exercises or if they were not able to understand English |
6 |
Floor: warming up, stationary bicycle and muscle resistance of calf and hamstring muscles, and quadriceps stretching. HT: walks and active exercises of calf and hamstring muscles, and quadriceps stretching |
6 and 8 weeks |
Pain and self-reported function and global evaluation (WOMAC) |
There were not major differences in effects after intervention. However exercises in swimming pool seemed to have a more favorable effect on pain immediately after treatment |
| Gimenes et al., 2008(4) |
20 |
Twice a week, for 45′, during 12 weeks |
68.05 |
Age ≥ 60 years, both sexes, with no cognitive impairment and were not exercising regularly for one year |
Dependent on hearing/visual aid use of walking aid and no medical permission for activity in the swimming pool |
4 |
10 minutes warming up (walking), 20 minutes of aerobic exercises (MS of upper and lower limbs and abdominal muscles, jumping, dancing and cycling, besides respiratory work and playful activities of balance and coordination) and 15 minutes of relaxation |
No |
BP before and after immersion in the swimming pool |
The mean SBP after protocol in the first and last day showed statistically significant decrease |
| Harmer et al., 2009(14) |
102 (floor=49 and HT=53) |
Twice a week, for 60 minutes, during 6 weeks |
Floor=67.8 HT=68.7 |
Patients who went to the clinic in the preoperative period of total knee arthroplasty |
Deep infection in the preoperative period, documented dementia or other neurological condition and with no informed consent |
5 |
Floor: stationary bicycle, climbing stairs, range of motion (ROM) of knee, balance and sit on chairs of different heights. HT: walk in several directions, run, jump, kick, exercises with the knee, squatting and combined exercises with upper limbs |
6 and 26 weeks |
6-minute walk, climbing stairs, WOMAC (AO index), VAS for pain in operated knee, passive movements of knee and edema |
Both floor and water exercises had evident improvement in nearly all measures of result up to 6 months in the postoperative period of total knee arthroplasty |
| Lund et al., 2008(15) |
79 (HT=27, Floor=25 and Control=27) |
Twice a week, for 50 minutes, during 8 weeks |
68 |
Diagnosis of OA of knee, according to the American College of Rheumatology |
Hydrophobia, urinary incontinence, wounds, language or intellectual problem, history of knee fracture, total knee replacement, inflammatory joint disease, lung or heart disease, or other diseases, contraindication for exercises and participation in other studies |
6 |
Both water and foor exercises comprised warming up, MS, resistance, balance and stretching |
8 weeks and 3 months |
Pain, OA questionnaire (KOOS), balance and strength |
Floor exercise showed discreet relief in pain and improvement in strength as compared to control. No alteration was detected after water exercise in comparison with the control group. However, there were less adverse events in water |
| Madureira et al., 1998(16) |
25 |
3 times/week, 50 minutes, during 4 months |
65 |
Elderly women, aged 57-77, with no contraindication fro water exercises |
They could not participate in other training programs |
3 |
Activities of stretching, calisthenics exercises and displacement |
No |
Anthropometric data, cardiorespiratory function, flexibility of the spine and hip, strength, localized muscle resistance, abdominal and strength of palmar prehension |
Significant improvement in abdominal muscle strength and resistance and in cardiorespiratory capacity |
| Medeiros et al., 2008(17) |
9 |
10 sessions, 45 minutes each |
74.1 |
Age over 65 years, walking with no assistance, preserved cognitive functions, no history of falls with trauma |
Age under 65 years, not participating in the Programa Gostar de Viver [Enjoy Life Program], neurological disorders with stroke, head trauma, Parkinson, neoplasm, cardiac arrhythmias, water-borne diseases, high fever, heart failure, infectious diseases, fecal and urinary incontinence, open wounds, epilepsy and low vital lung capacity |
3 |
All exercises proposed in the swimming pool were performed as 3 series of 15 repetitions each, with 30 seconds intervals |
No |
Static and dynamic balance |
Significant improvement in balance, gait and Tinetti evaluation |
| Rahmann et al., 2009(18) |
65 (HT = 24, water exercise = 21 and exercises in the inpatients unit = 20) |
40 minutes, during 6 months, daily |
69.6 |
Patients who would undergo the first hip or knee arthroplasty were selected |
Neurological disorders, muscular-skeletal problem with altered mobility, cognitive dysfunction, those who were not willing to be randomized, if residing outside the metropolitan region |
6 |
Inpatients unit: exercises of active flexion of the hip and knee, exercises for circulation, respiratory exercises, active exercises of lower limbs, transfers, gait training, stretching and step. HT (fast rhythm): active exercises of hip, mini squatting, walking with and without foats in the lower limbs, combined exercises with upper limbs. Water exercises (slow rhythm): active exercises of hip and knee with and without floats, lateral trunk exercises, relaxation |
14, 90 and 180 days |
Strength, gait speed and functional ability (WOMAC) |
After 14 days, abducting strength of the hip was significantly greater after HT as compared to hospital physical therapy and water exercises |
| Ramos et al., 2007(19) |
13 |
3 times/week, for 50 minutes, during 8 weeks |
64 |
Elderly women aged ≥ 60 years, Caucasian, with no other physical activity |
Over 6% absences, recent fractures, joint replacement (femur), use of calcium supplement or hormone replacement |
3 |
Warm-up exercises during 5 minutes, increased global MS without floats for upper and lower limbs, relaxation and stretching |
No |
Densitometry values before and 8 months after HT |
No significant increase in values |
| Ritomy Ide et al., 2005(20) |
59 (HT=19, Floor = 19 and Control=21) |
3 times/week, for 50 minutes, during 10 weeks |
62.1 |
Socially active, but not practicing any type of physical activity more than once a week |
Having not smoked for the past 10 years, no respiratory and muscular-skeletal dysfunctions |
4 |
The intervention program was similar and followed the sequence: warm-up, conditioning, MS and cooling down |
No |
Anterior flexibility of trunk/pelvis |
A respiratory physical therapy program to practice range of motion of the rib cage has no effect in anterior flexibility of trunk/pelvis of healthy elderly |
| Silva et al., 2008(21) |
64 (HT and foor) |
3 times/week, for 50 minutes, during 18 weeks |
59 |
Clinical and radiological criteria of OA of knee according to American College of Rheumatology, and knee pain ranging from 30 to 90 millimeters in VAS |
Neurological disease, symptomatic heart disease and severe pulmonary condition, systemic disease or psychiatric disorder that could interfere with evaluations, epilepsy, skin disease or inability to walk. Patients who received intra-articular injections of steroids in the last 3 months and those who performed physical activity 6 months before |
5 |
Both groups performed similar exercises of MS, stretching of lower limbs and gait training |
9 and 18 weeks |
Pain, WOMAC, 6-minute walk test |
Pain reduced in both groups throughout time, but water exercises significantly decreased pain as compared to foor exercises, before and after walk at week 18 |
| Victorin et al., 20049(22) |
45 (HT and education = 15, Electroacupuncture (EA) and education=15 and only education=15) |
Twice a week, for 30 minutes, during 5 weeks |
EA = 65.7 HT = 70.3 Control=65.5 |
All patients were in a waiting list for hip arthroplasty, with radiological alterations compatible with OA of hip, pain associated to movement and/or load and/or rest |
Hepatitis B, epilepsy or rheumatoid diseases |
5 |
EA: acupuncture needles in sites of pain in the hip and attached to an electrical stimulator, not causing painful muscle contractions. HT: small groups, with warm-up, mobility, MS for hip and stretching. Lecture: meetings about anatomy, disease process and pain relief |
10 sessions, 1 month and 6 months |
Disability rating Index (DRI), Global severity index (GSI) and Visual analogic scale (VAS) |
EA and HT, combined with education of patients, led to last-longing effects, and demonstrated reduced pain, functional pain and reducing QoL. In the EA group, pain relief lasted longed, up to 6 months. The group receiving only education did not improve in any variable |
| Wadell et al., 2003(23) |
30 (Floor = 15, HT= 15 and Control=13) |
3 times/week, for 45 minutes, during 12 weeks |
65 |
Outpatients, moderate to severe COPD, FEV1 < 80% of predict, FEV1/VC < 70%, stable medication and no infection in the last month |
Heart diseases, orthopedic, neurological, psychological disorders or conditions that may interfere in performance of exercise |
4 |
In both groups: aerobic training during 45 minutes with same intensity (warm up, flexibility, resistance, strength of upper limbs, trunk and lower limbs) and stretching |
No |
Physical capacity and health; QoL related to health |
Both groups of high-intensity training showed benefits in COPD patients, but water exercises had additional benefits in physical capacity as compared to floor |
