Mapeando instrumentos de autorrelato de competências socioemocionais: o que eles medem?

PRIMI, Ricardo; SANTOS, Daniel Domingues dos; HAUCK, Nelson; FRUYT, Filip De; JOHN, Oliver Peter

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THEMATIC SECTION: SOCIO-EMOTIONAL COMPETENCES • Estud. psicol. 36 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275201936e180138 copiar

Mapeando instrumentos de autorrelato de competências socioemocionais: o que eles medem?

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Enquanto a estrutura das diferenças individuais em muitos atributos sociais e emocionais está bem estabelecida em adultos, consideravelmente menos estudos foram conduzidos em crianças e adolescentes. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram especificar os principais domínios de conteúdo de múltiplos instrumentos socioemocionais (autoestima, garra, autoeficácia, forças e dificuldades e os cinco grandes fatores) usados em pesquisas nos Estados unidos da América e na Europa, e testá-los em um contexto muito menos desenvolvido e com consideráveis desafios educacionais, a saber, escolas brasileiras. Foram eleitos os cinco principais instrumentos socioemocionais utilizados internacionalmente, sendo investigada a sua estrutura fatorial em uma grande amostra de estudantes escolares (N = 3,023). Os fatores extraídos para representar os domínios socioemocionais dos instrumentos testados se mostraram bastante coerentes com as dimensões do modelo dos cinco grandes fatores. Discutem-se as contribuições do estudo na avaliação de competências socioemocionais na pesquisa educacional, bem como as limitações do estudo e sugestões para futuras investigações.

Palavras-chave
Cinco grandes fatores; Avaliação em larga escala; Aprendizagem socioemocional; Competências do Século 21

Socio-emotional frameworks	C	N	O	E	A
Socio-emotional Big Five model
Core themes (De Raad, & Shouwemburg, 1996)	Task oriented behavior, will to achieve.	Affect and emotional regulation.	Imagination, intellect, autonomy.	Expression of energy and power.	Love, aceptance, peacefulness interpersonal relationships.
Educational related features (Poropat, 2009 and De Raad, & Shouwemburg, 1996 )	Will to achieve, sustained effort and goal setting, compliance with and concentration on homework, learning- related time management and effort regulation.	Self-efficacy, confidence, adaptive mastery-oriented style in the face of obstacles and negative emotionality, perceived self control over outcomes.	Desire for learning, intellectual drive and engagement, interest, idea production, creativity and originality.	Energy and socialization that could facilitate and/or prevent learning.	Cooperation with learning processes, compliance with teacher instructions.
Frameworks
Organizational for Economic Co-operationa dn Development (OECD) Longitudinal Study of Skills Development in Cities	Achieving goals.	Managing emotions.		Working with others (engagement).	Working with others (getting along).
Colaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL)	Responsible decision-making, Self-management.	Self-management.	Self-awareness.		Relationship skills, Social awareness.
California Office to Reform Education (CORE)	Self-Management.	Growth Mindset, Self-Efficacy.			Social awareness
CHICAGO consorsium	Academic perseverance, learning strategies, academic behaviours.	Academic mindset.		Social Skills .	Social Skills.
National Research Council Review	Intra-personal: work ethic/conscientiousness Type 1 self-regulation (metacognitive skills, including forethought, performance, and self- reflection).	Intra-personal: Positive Core Self-Evaluation Type 2 self-regulation (self- monitoring, self-evaluation, self-reinforcement).	Intra-personal: intellectual openness.	Inter-personal: leadership.	Inter-personal: teamwork and collaboration.
Partnership for 21st Century Skills	Initiative and Self-Direction, Productivity and Accountability, Responsibility.	Flexibility and Adaptability.	Flexibility.	Leadership, Initiative.	Social and Cross-Cultural Skills.
Strive Together Network	Academic self-efficacy, Grit/ perseverance, Self-regulated learning/ study skills.	Growth mindset/ mastery orientation, Emotional competence.

Item Parcel	E	A	C	N	O
E_1	0.74^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.10	-0.18^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.00	0.03
E_2	0.60^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.13	0.00	-0.05	0.08
E_3	0.48^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.16	0.08	0.07	-0.07
A_1	-0.12	0.56^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.04	0.10	0.06
A_2	-0.00	0.70^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.01	-0.11	0.04
A_3	0.20^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.53^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.05	0.06	-0.19^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
C_1	-0.05	0.02	0.67^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.03	0.20^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
C_2	-0.02	-0.02	0.71^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.15^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.06
C_3	0.09^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.01	0.65^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.01	0.21^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
N_1	-0.19^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.07	0.03	0.76^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.01
N_2	0.05	-0.08	-0.07	0.64^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.01
N_3	0.11	0.12	0.08	0.40^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.06
O_1	0.05	0.09	-0.02	0.00	0.62^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
O_2	-0.02	0.01	0.04	-0.05	0.53^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
O_3	0.02	-0.02	0.04	0.07	0.79^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
Factor inter-correlations
E	-	0.08	0.02	0.07	0.31*
A		-	0.49^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.50^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.30
C			-	0.30^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.25^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
N				-	-0.08
O					-

Tests Mapped	E	A	C	N	O	R ²
Grit
Grit	0.01	0.03	*0.90^ * p < .05.**	0.05	-0.09	0.83
Locus
External Locus	*-0.28^ * p < .05.**	-0.01	-0.20	-*0.41^ * p < .05.**	-0.20	0.45
Self-efficacy
Achievement	0.00	-0.04	*0.78^ * p < .05.**	-0.13	*0.37^ * p < .05.**	0.82
Emotional	*0.24^ * p < .05.**	0.03	0.07	*0.57^ * p < .05.**	*0.27^ * p < .05.**	0.57
Social	*0.62^ * p < .05.**	*0.26^ * p < .05.**	-0.07	0.12	*0.30^ * p < .05.**	0.78
Self-evaluation (CORE)
S-Eff	0.08	-0.10	*0.56^ * p < .05.**	*0.24^ * p < .05.**	0.18	0.47
LC	0.14	-0.17	*0.47^ * p < .05.**	0.05	0.05	0.21
N	*0.32^ * p < .05.**	-0.09	0.03	*0.56^ * p < .05.**	*-0.33^ * p < .05.**	0.50
SE	*0.39^ * p < .05.**	-0.19	*0.29^ * p < .05.**	0.24	-0.22	0.28
Strengths and Difficulties (SDQ)
Conduct problems	0.16	-0.28	-0.15	*-0.32^ * p < .05.**	0.10	0.37
Emot. symptoms	-0.12	*0.51^ * p < .05.**	-0.14	*-0.73^ * p < .05.**	-0.05	0.46
Hyperactivity	*0.30^ * p < .05.**	0.21	*-0.49^ * p < .05.**	*-0.42^ * p < .05.**	-0.12	0.47
Peer Problems	*-0.26^ * p < .05.**	-0.12	-0.07	-0.10	0.19	0.12
Prosocial Skills	*0.22^ * p < .05.**	*0.58^ * p < .05.**	0.15	-0.30	0.05	0.43

ESEM Model Regressing Self-Esteem (CORE) Items onto the Big Five Factors
Item	Scale	E	A	C	N	O
6. Sometimes, I do not feel in control of my work.	LC	-0.11	0.01	-0.49^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.18	0.31^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
9. I determine what will happen in my life.	LC	0.05	-0.28	0.18	0.29^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.27^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
10. I do not feel in control of my success in my career.	LC	-0.12	0.07	-0.23	0.10	-0.11

2. Sometimes I feel depressed.	N	-0.24^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.13	-0.27^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.35^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.39^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
4. Sometimes when I fail I feel worthless.	N	-0.13	0.22	0.19	-0.46^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.06
12. There are times when things look pretty bleak and hopeless to me.	N	-0.32^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.05	-0.12	-0.42^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.26^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.

3. When I try, I generally succeed.	SEf	0.09	-0.18	0.44^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.18	0.10
5. I complete tasks successfully.	SEf	-0.04	-0.09	0.68^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.09	0.16
11. I am capable of coping with most of my problems.	SEf	0.10	0.09	0.09	0.21	0.19

1. I am confident I get the success I deserve in life.	SE	0.15	-0.28	0.28^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.30	-0.02
7. Overall, I am satisfied with myself.	SE	0.28*	-0.01	0.27	0.14	-0.17
8. I am filled with doubts about my competence.	SE	-0.34*	0.18	-0.23	-0.08	0.25
ESEM Model Regressing SDQ Items onto the Big Five Factors
Item	Factor	E	A	C	N	O
5. I get very angry and often lose my temper.	CP	0.22^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.17	0.06	-0.55^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.03
7. I usually do as I am told.	CP	0.05	0.33^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.19^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.18	-0.18
12. I fight a lot. I can make other people do what I want.	CP	0.15	-0.25	0.08	-0.36^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.09
18. I am often accused of lying or cheating.	CP	0.09	0.03	-0.25^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.17	-0.01
22. I take things that are not mine from home, school or elsewhere.	CP	0.01	-0.12	-0.06	0.03	-0.05

8. I worry a lot.	ES	0.00	0.24	0.20	-0.39^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.06
3. I get a lot of headaches, stomach aches or sickness.	ES	-0.11	0.09	-0.06	-0.26^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.04
13. I am often unhappy, down-hearted or tearful.	ES	-0.11	0.05	0.09	-0.41^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.02
16. I am nervous in new situations. I easily lose confidence.	ES	-0.13	0.33^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.25^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.52^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.08
24. I have many fears, I am easily scared.	ES	-0.03	0.44^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.11	-0.53	0.14

2. I am restless, I cannot stay still for long.	HA	0.49^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.03	-0.17	-0.25^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.04
10. I am constantly fidgeting or squirming.	HA	0.17^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.21	-0.08	-0.39^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.13
15. I am easily distracted, I find it difficult to concentrate.	HA	0.00	0.26^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.47^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.37^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.04
21. I think before I do things.	HA	0.17^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.05	0.29^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.07	0.16
25. I finish the work I’m doing. My attention is good.	HA	0.03	-0.07	0.43^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.16	0.11

6. I am usually on my own. I generally play alone or keep to myself.	PP	-0.33^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.00	-0.10	-0.09	0.10
11. I have one good friend or more.	PP	0.15^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.04	0.11	-0.09	-0.05
14. Other people my age generally like me.	PP	0.21^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.27^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.06	-0.06	-0.05
19. Other children or young people pick on me or bully me.	PP	0.15	-0.10	0.06	-0.23	-0.06
23. I get on better with adults than with people my own age.	PP	-0.15	-0.20	0.12	-0.07	0.29^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.

1. I try to be nice to other people. I care about their feelings.	PS	-0.03	0.52^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.06	-0.14	0.22^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.
4. I usually share with others (food, games, pens etc.).	PS	0.11	0.37^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.05	-0.09	-0.11
9. I am helpful if someone is hurt, upset or feeling ill.	PS	0.18^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.25^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.07	-0.21^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.11
17. I am kind to younger children.	PS	0.18^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.25	0.17	-0.10	-0.13
20. I often volunteer to help others (parents, teachers, children).	PS	0.07	0.34^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.20^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	-0.29^* * p < 0.05. Factor loadings - 0.40 are boldfaced. A: Agreeableness; C: Conscientiousness; E: Extraversion; N: Negative Emotion Regulation; O: Open-mindedness; BFI: Big Five Inventory.	0.13

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[1] Correspondência para/Correspondence to: R. PRIMI. E-mail: rprimi@mac.com.