| Ash & Mackereth (2013) / Surderland / UK |
To describe the access of LGBT individuals to the health system in the north of England / Qualitative / 130 patients. |
Participants reported negative feelings and experiences related to stigma, discrimination and feeling of being an invisible individual for health care professionals. |
The need to provide training to health care professionals is emphasized, as the professionals recognize that the provided health care service is not sensitive to the LGBT population, and training must be provided until all existing barriers are eliminated. |
|
|
| Beagan, Fredericks, & Bryson (2015) / Halifax and Vancouver / Canada |
To analyze the experience and the understanding of doctors about patients who identify themselves as LGBTQ / Qualitative / 24 doctors. |
Restriction on teaching about the health of LGBTQ individuals (especially transgender individuals) at the university, but there were lessons about homosexuality as a psychiatric diagnosis. From the perspective of professionals, they provide equal care for all patients as individual human beings. |
To elaborate a “pocket book” on how to provide health care for Queer individuals. |
|
|
| Bidell (2017) / U.S.A. and United Kingdom |
To validate the Clinical Skills Development Scale for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Individuals (LGBT-DOCSS) / Quantitative / 602 health care professionals. |
The LGBT-DOCSS scale can be used to determine the LGBT clinical development, explore specific clinical features, or when developing or testing various programs or training methods related to the LGBT topic. |
By specifically examining the score of each topic on the LGBT-DOCSS scale, it can be used to guide studies and training courses. |
|
|
| Carabez et al. (2015) / San Francisco / U.S.A. |
To report nurse training and explore the reasons for feeling uncomfortable in the health care of LGBT individuals / Mixed / 268 nurses. |
Professionals are interested in training or would like more information; however, the lack of training in their work institutions provides discomfort in their professional practices. |
The need to integrate the health of LGBT individuals into the nursing education system, as well as training in orientation and cultural diversity for health care professionals. |
|
|
| Chapman, Watkins, Zappia, Combs, & Shields (2012) / Melbourne / Australia |
To explore and describe the experience of LGBT parents in accessing the health care system for their children / Qualitative / 11 patients. |
The perception of couples about the need for a greater sensitivity and the awareness of training for health care professionals who cared for their children. |
Further studies involving more transgender parents will be valuable. Health care institutions should provide policies and standards that are not heteronormative, so professionals should provide health care for LGBT families with inclusive non-discriminatory care. |
|
|
| Czaja et al. (2016) / South Florida / U.S.A. |
To acquire specific information about elderly gay and lesbian individuals related to aging and their need for health care / Qualitative / 124 patients. |
The fear of elderly individuals have for the lack of support from professionals in providing health care and the discrimination of the health care system; the need for resources and supporting actions for programs that provide health care. |
The need for training health care professionals in relation to the needs and concerns of elderly LGBT individuals. |
|
|
| Jabson, Mitchell, & Doty (2016) / Tennessee / U.S.A. |
To verify how the policies are related between the knowledge, attitudes and gender of doctors with the affirmative actions of sexual minorities / Quantitative / 180 doctors. |
Generally speaking, doctors have most of the negative attitudes towards transsexual patients and have negative attitudes with less intensity in relation to cisgender patients. |
Studies in this area should involve an innovative, rigorous, multi-level evaluation with patients, health care professionals and factors at the level of health policies that influence the implementation of SGM (Sexual and Gender Minority health), focusing on the practices of health care professionals. |
|
|
| Mahdi, Jevertson, Schrader, Nelson, & Ramos (2014) / New Mexico / USA |
To examine the knowledge, attitudes and skills of school counselors, social workers and nurses about LGBTQ young individuals in health risk situations / Quantitative / 183 school health care professionals (57 school counselors, 83 nurses and 43 social workers). |
Most health care professionals demonstrated moderate-level knowledge on the behavioral health risks of LGBT young individuals; Nurses demonstrated the lowest level of knowledge related to behavioral health risk issues; other professionals expressed high rates of negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian individuals. |
To include educational strategies in the school context regarding health risks; improve and prepare the students’ approach related to the needs of sexual minorities. |
|
|
| Matharu, Kravitz, McMahon, Wilson, & Fitzgerald (2012) / California / USA |
To check the attitude of medical students against the behavior of gay men / Quantitative / 251 health field students. |
There is a moderate significance by students regarding negative attitudes toward gay people, since the analyzes demonstrate how American students behave negatively with gay men, but they do not characterize their perceptions of lesbian, bisexual, transgender, or intersex individuals; Negative attitudes towards gay individuals are linked to normative conceptions of the masculine gender or how society imposes that the masculine gender should act, the attitudes played by men at young age. |
The need to revise the curriculum and add more disciplines on the health care of sexual minorities. |
|
|
| Meyer & Johnston (2014) / New York / USA |
To evaluate an LGBT care training course / Qualitative / 2,400 health care professionals. |
Health care professionals had a high score in the pre-test, which suggested that the participants were well informed about the care given to elderly LGBT individuals prior to the training; the knowledge about how to provide a more welcoming environment for LGBT elderly individuals still increased significantly (post-test), although only two 4-hour training sessions had been available for them. |
To offer more training options and online access to training for health care professionals regarding the LGBT public health care; to carry out trainings for caregivers of LGBT elderly individuals to meet their needs. |
|
|
| Moe & Sparkman (2015) / Norfolk / USA |
To explore the perspective of LGBTQ service providers with individuals and LGBTQ communities / Quantitative / 109 patients. |
The main form of professional barrier was discrimination due to the patient’s sexual orientation; The training experience demonstrated a significant effect on the performance of professionals in assisting the LGBT population. |
Further studies are needed to identify interdisciplinary patterns such as theoretical models for practical guidelines. |
| Moe & Sparkman (2015) / Norfolk / USA |
|
Participants who were able to identify barriers in the workplace are probably professionals who had obtained training in the area or who have worked in places that care for LGBT individuals. |
|
|
|
| Müller (2013) / Cape Town / Africa |
To identify existing teaching resources in the LGBT topic/ Quantitative / 116 health care professionals. |
There is no exclusive course to teaching in the context of LGBT health. Health care students should understand how social exclusion, stigma, and discrimination affect the health of LGBT individuals, and change their attitudes and assumptions so that they do not become “prejudiced” health care professionals. |
LGBT health should be incorporated into the existing curriculum to prepare health care students for providing decent care practices for LGBT individuals. |
|
|
| Pelts & Galambos (2017) / Mississippi / USA |
To make an intervention to the members of the team who provide health care services to the residents of nursing homes / Mixed / 60 professionals. |
After the intervention, there was a significant increase in positive attitudes towards assisting residents who identified themselves as lesbian and gay individuals. |
|
|
|
| Poteat et al. (2017) / Baltimore / USA |
To report the evaluation of the “Gender & Sexual Diversity (GSD)” scale / Mixed / Quantitative - 1,766 professionals from 33 countries. Qualitative - 29 professionals from 21 countries. |
Women showed lower negative attitudes than men. Attitudes regarding SGM and gender differences were more positive after the training compared to the pre-training data; after the primary intervention, the professionals performed different interventions in the workplace or in the following GSD training programs. |
The evaluation of longitudinal studies and online or short-term training studies should be assessed to verify the impact of these courses on health care professionals. |
|
|
| Rutherford, McIntyre, Daley, & Ross (2012) / Toronto / Canada |
To explore how caregivers with practices focused on the LGBT public have developed their capacities regarding this population / Qualitative / 08 health care professionals. |
Professionals had identified themselves as members of the LGBT community, but membership is not equal to providing adequate support or care for LGBT individuals Knowledge gaps have been clarified through workshops and training materials, either independently or in a groups of professional colleagues working with the LGBT population. There is a lack of training opportunities in the LGBT field, as well as specific resources to promote awareness of mental health services in this field. |
Mandatory introduction of the LGBT health care context in medical schools: terminologies, appropriate intervention issues, minimizing disclosure of sexual orientation and gender identity, information on the impact of heterosexuality and homophobia, and the need for a specific health care practice oriented to gender and sexual identity. |
|
|
| Snelgrove, Jasudavisius, Rowe, Head, & Bauer (2012) / Ontario/ Canada |
To examine the difficulties faced by doctors when caring for transgender individuals / Qualitative / 13 doctors. |
The biggest barrier was the identification, availability and quality of reference/source of information about medical care for transgender people, situations that trigger barriers to the health care; the concept of “two-gender. medicine” emerged as a characteristic in the health care barrier, in addition to the limited health care options proving itself as a significant barrier. The notion that gender identity is a special area of psychiatry, a fact cited as a barrier by some psychiatrists working in this area As much as they agreed on the lack of education on the health of transgender people, participants differed in opinions on training strategies to address this gap (undergraduate curriculum, guidelines). |
Other studies are needed to fully understand the barriers established by doctors and the development of solutions that are acceptable to both parties, doctors and the trans community. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Travers et al. (2010) / Toronto / Canada |
To identify the needs and concerns of professionals working with LGBT young individuals / Qualitative / 80 professionals. |
Professionals identified barriers to provide adequate support for the complex needs of LGBT young individuals, which include: the extension of the city, the needs of transgender young individuals, cross-identities and homophobia within health care service agencies, cultural diversity and different religious beliefs as well are presented as barriers to the performance of health care services and to reaching the community. |
It is necessary to train and change the policies of the health care services agencies; training of professionals on guidance of cultural diversity was considered as the main aspect to provide the access to health care services for LGBT young individuals. |
Note: CINAHL: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; PsycINFO: AmericanPsychological Association; SciELO: Scientific Electronic Library Online.
