ABSTRACT
Water is considered the most important environmental resource for the germination process. This study aimed to evaluate the germination performance of Parkia platycephala seeds under different conditions of water and saline stress. Seed germination was tested with solutions of poly (ethylene glycol) 6000 and sodium chloride (NaCl) at seven osmotic potentials [0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0, and -1.2MPa (megapascal)] and four replicates with 25 seeds in a completely randomized design, simulating the water and saline stress levels, respectively. The following seedling variables were evaluated: germination percentage, germination speed index, length, and dry mass. Results showed significant interaction between the agent and the osmotic potential for all evaluated variables. P. platycephala seeds presented higher tolerance to saline stress simulated by NaCl than to water stress, showing germination performance appropriate for glycophyte plants.
Keywords:
forest seeds; salinity; osmotic potential
1. INTRODUCTION
In forest seed technology, germination is considered the emergence and complete development of the embryo essential structures, showing the ability to produce a normal plant under favorable environmental conditions ( Brasil, 2009 Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura e Reforma Agrária – MAPA. Regras para análises de sementes. Brasília: ACS; 2009. ). Many environmental factors interfere with the germination process, such as saline and water stress ( Oliveira & Barbosa, 2014 Oliveira AKM, Barbosa LA. Efeitos da temperatura na germinação de sementes e na formação de plântulas de Cedrela fissilis.
Floresta 2014; 44(3): 441-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v44i3.33260.
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).
Water availability is the first condition for germination of a viable and not dormant seed ( Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2012 Carvalho NM, Nakagawa J. Sementes: ciência, tecnologia e produção . 5. ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP; 2012. ; Rego et al., 2011 Rego SS, Ferreira MM, Nogueira AC, Grossi F, Sousa RK, Brondani GE et al. Estresse hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (Veloso) Brenan. Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 2011; 2(4): 37-42. ). Water deficit or excess directly influences germination, slowing it down and/or increasing it, and hinders oxygen uptake, reducing seedling survival ( Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2012 Carvalho NM, Nakagawa J. Sementes: ciência, tecnologia e produção . 5. ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP; 2012. ; Marcos, 2015 Marcos J Fo. Fisiologia de sementes de plantas cultivadas. 2. ed. Londrina: Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes; 2015. ). Therefore, the ability to tolerate water deficit at different stages of plant development, including germination, can be a crucial factor in its establishment and survival in certain environments, depending in large part on the morphological, anatomical, and physiological characteristics of seed and plant ( Barbero et al., 2011 Barbero APP, Barros F, Silva EA, Suzuki RM. Influência do déficit hídrico na germinação de sementes e no desenvolvimento inicial de três espécies de Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae). Revista Brasileira de Botanica. Brazilian Journal of Botany 2011; 34(4): 593-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011000400012.
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).
In addition to water availability, high saline concentration is also considered a limiting factor to the germination process ( Taiz & Zeiger, 2013 Taiz L, Zeiger E. Fisiologia vegetal. 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2013. ), acting to reduce the amount of water available and, consequently, affecting the germination percentage and speed of the seeds and the formation of normal seedlings ( Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2012 Carvalho NM, Nakagawa J. Sementes: ciência, tecnologia e produção . 5. ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP; 2012. ). In addition, salinity can also lead to toxic effects on the seed, which can result in the embryo death ( Santos et al., 2016 Santos CA, Silva NV, Walter LS, Silva ECA, Nogueira RJMC. Germinação de sementes de duas espécies da caatinga sob déficit hídrico e salinidade. Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira 2016; 36(87): 219-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.4336/2016.pfb.36.87.1017.
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). However, tolerance or resistance to salinity varies according to species ( Gordin et al., 2012 Gordin CRB, Marques RF, Masetto TE, Souza LCF. Estresse salino na germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plântulas de niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.). Acta Botanica Brasílica 2012; 26(4): 966-972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062012000400026.
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).
Knowledge about tolerance to water and saline stress of native forest species is still incipient, as in the case of Parkia platycephala Benth. Such information is of relevance for species conservation, in addition to serving as subsidy for studies addressing the implementation of forest projects, such as recovery and/or restoration of degraded areas, integration systems, etc. Parkia platycephala, popularly known as acorn fava or faveira , which belongs to the Fabaceae family, occurs in the northeastern part of Brazil in transition areas between the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah biome) or the Atlantic Forest and the Caatinga (Brazilian savannah). The wood of this species is used in the manufacturing of boxes, boards for internal divisions in small constructions, linings, toys, as well as firewood and coal ( Lorenzi, 2002 Lorenzi H. Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil. São Paulo: Instituto Plantarum; 2002. ). Parkia platycephala also presents a potential use in integrating systems of agricultural, forestry and pastoral activities not only because of its plasticity and rapid growth, but also of its fruits (pods), which are an excellent food source for ruminants when ripe ( Alves et al., 2007 Alves AA, Sales RO, Neiva JN, Medeiros AN, Braga AP, Azevedo AR. Degradabilidade ruminal in situ de vagens de faveira (Parkia platycephala Benth.) em diferentes tamanhos de partículas. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 2007; 59(4): 1045-1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352007000400034.
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), an extremely important characteristic especially in regions where herds undergo food shortage during certain periods of the year.
In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the germination performance of P. platycephala seeds under different conditions of water and saline stress.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
This study was conducted at the Forest Ecophysiology Laboratory of the Federal University of Piauí, Professora Cinobelina Elvas Campus (UFPI/CPCE), Piauí state, Brazil. The seeds were obtained from fruits harvested manually from ten mother-trees located in Cerrado-Caatinga transition areas in the rural area of the municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí state, Brazil.
A completely randomized experimental design was used with treatments arranged in 2×7 factorial blocks [two osmotic agents – poly (ethylene glycol) 6000 (PEG 6000) and sodium chloride (NaCl), and seven osmotic potentials: 0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6; -0.8; -1.0; and -1.2MPa] with four replicates of 25 seeds each, totaling 100 seeds per treatment.
Before installing the experiments, the Parkia platycephala seeds were submitted to mechanical scarification using 80 grit sandpaper on the side opposite to the micropyle, as recommended by Nascimento et al. (2009) Nascimento IL, Alves EU, Bruno RLA, Gonçalves EP, Colares PNQ, Medeiros MS. Superação da dormência em sementes de faveira (Parkia platycephala Benth.). Revista Árvore 2009; 33(1): 35-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622009000100005.
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. After that, the seeds were disinfected with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 minutes and then washed with deionized water.
Subsequently, the seeds were sowed on blotter paper substrate and distributed into transparent plastic germination boxes (gerbox, 11×11×3cm) with lid. Next, the substrate was moistened with PEG 6000 and NaCl solutions, in the amount of 2.5 times the mass of the dry paper ( Brasil, 2009 Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura e Reforma Agrária – MAPA. Regras para análises de sementes. Brasília: ACS; 2009. ), at the osmotic potentials of 0.0 (control, distilled water), -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0, and -1.2MPa. The boxes were then placed in a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) germinator adjusted to the temperature of 30 °C under continuous light. Every 48 hours, the solutions were replaced when needed, and the substrate (blotting paper) was substituted to avoid changes in the concentrations.
Saline solutions with NaCl were prepared according to the Van'tHoff equation (apudSalisbury & Ross, 1991 Salisbury FB, Ross CW. Plant physiology. 2nd ed. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing Campany; 1991. ), whereas PEG 6000 solutions were prepared according to Villela et al. (1991) Villela FA, Doni L Fo, Sequeira EL. Tabela de potencial osmótico em função da concentração de polietileno glicol 6000 e da temperatura. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 1991; 26: 1957-1968. .
When submitted to stress, the germination performance of P. platycephala seeds was evaluated, considering germination (%), adopting appearance of hypocotyl as criterion, with consequent emergence of cotyledons, and germination speed index (GSI), a variable determined by the germination test, in which normal seedlings were counted daily at the same time from first count until values became constant. To calculate the GSI, the formula proposed by Maguire (1962) Maguire JD. Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science 1962; 2(2): 176-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x.
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was used for length of primary root and of aerial part - at the end of the experiment, the lengths of the primary roots and of aerial part of normal seedlings of each replicate were measured using a ruler and the results were expressed in cm.seedlings-1 ( Nakagawa, 1999 Nakagawa J. Teste de vigor baseado no desempenho das plântulas. In: Krzyzanowski FC, Vieira RD, França JB No, editors. Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes . Londrina: ABRATES; 1999. ); and for dry mass of the root system and aerial part, the normal seedlings previously measured were packed in identified Kraft paper bags, separated by replicate, and placed in oven at 80 °C for 24h. After that, the seedlings of each replicate were weighed on analytical balance with 0.001g accuracy, and the mean results were expressed in mg.seedlings-1 ( Nakagawa, 1999 Nakagawa J. Teste de vigor baseado no desempenho das plântulas. In: Krzyzanowski FC, Vieira RD, França JB No, editors. Vigor de sementes: conceitos e testes . Londrina: ABRATES; 1999. ).
Data were submitted to tests of normality (Lilliefors) and homogeneity of variances (Cochran) and, subsequently, analyses of variance (ANOVA) and regression were performed using STATISTIC 8.0 software ( StatSoft, 2008 StatSoft. Statistica data analysis system version 8.0. Tulsa: StatSoft; 2008. ), and the graphs were edited using Microcal Origin 8.0 software.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Significant interaction (p≤0.05) was observed between osmotic agent and osmotic potential for all evaluated variables ( Table 1 ).
Summary analysis of germination variance and vigor of P. platycephala seedlings according to the tested treatments.
A gradual reduction in germination was observed as the osmotic potentials decreased; however, when comparing the osmotic agents (PEG 6000 and NaCl), germination was more affected by poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG 6000) solutions than by sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions ( Figure 1 ). The highest mean germination percentage (84%) was observed in the control treatment (0.0 - distilled water), with reduction of 46% in PEG 6000 solutions at the osmotic potential of -0.2 MPa in comparison with the control treatment, reaching germination null values at the potential of -0.4 MPa, and the tolerance limit for germination ranged from -0.2 to -0.4 MPa, indicating that P. platycephala seeds are highly sensitive to water stress.
This fact can be assigned to the higher viscosity of the PEG 6000 solutions ( Braccini et al., 1996 Braccini AL, Ruiz HA, Braccini MCL, Reis MS. Germinação e vigor de sementes de soja sob estresse hídrico induzido por soluções de cloreto de sódio, matinol e polietileno glicol. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 1996; 18(2): 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17801/0101-3122/rbs.v18n1p10-16.
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), which creates a protective film around the seed, compromising moistening and oxygen absorption and reducing enzymatic activity. In contrast, the less drastic effect of NaCl on P. platycephala germination can be attributed to a possible mechanism of osmotic adjustment. Thus seed cells would reduce the osmotic potential by accumulating the outer saline ions in the vacuoles ( Yamaguchi & Blumwald, 2005 Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E. Developing salt-tolerant crop plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends in Plant Science 2005; 10(12): 615-620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2005.10.002. PMid:16280254.
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) by means of molecular synthesis, enzyme induction, and membrane transport ( Henicka et al., 2006 Henicka GS, Braga LF, Sousa MP, Carvalho MAC. Germinação de sementes de Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr.: temperatura, fotoblastismo e estresse salino. Revista Agro-Ambientais 2006; 4(1): 37-46. ).
In this perspective, Pequeno et al. (2014) Pequeno OTBL, Silva JLBC, Brasileiro IMN. Fitoextração de sais por Atriplex nummularia em solo do semiárido paraibano. Revista Saúde e Ciência 2014; 3(3): 37-52. stated that some plant species make an osmotic adjustment to tolerate dehydration and keep the important biological processes active in plant germination and development under stress conditions. Knowledge about the tolerance limits of species is determinative to recommendations for planting in many ecological situations, especially those with high saline levels and low water availability ( Rego et al., 2011 Rego SS, Ferreira MM, Nogueira AC, Grossi F, Sousa RK, Brondani GE et al. Estresse hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (Veloso) Brenan. Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 2011; 2(4): 37-42. ).
Some research results have shown that seed tolerance to water stress varies according to species - from the most sensitive to the most tolerant, namely, (a) Anadenanthera colubrina (Veloso) Brenan., in which reduction in vigor was observed from the potential of -0.6 MPa ( Rego et al., 2011 Rego SS, Ferreira MM, Nogueira AC, Grossi F, Sousa RK, Brondani GE et al. Estresse hídrico e salino na germinação de sementes de Anadenanthera colubrina (Veloso) Brenan. Journal of Biotechnology and Biodiversity 2011; 2(4): 37-42. ); (b) Piptadenia moniliformis Benth., in which the seed germination process was compromised from water potentials lower than -0.6 MPa ( Azerêdo et al., 2016 Azerêdo GA, Paula RC, Valeri SV. Germinação de sementes de Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. sob estresse hídrico. Ciência Florestal 2016; 26(1): 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509821112.
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); (c) Chorisia glaziovii O. Kuntze., which presented higher sensitivity and total germination inhibition at the potential of -0.3 MPa ( Silva et al., 2016 Silva MLM, Alves EU, Bruno RLA, Santos-Moura SS, Santos AP No. Germinação de sementes de Chorisia glazioviio Kuntze. submetidas ao estresse hídrico em diferentes temperaturas. Ciência Florestal 2016; 26(3): 999-1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509824229.
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); and (d) Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão. seeds, in which greater reduction in germination was observed from the potential of -0.6 MPa and a sharp reduction until nullity was found at osmotic potentials lower than -0.8 MPa ( Virgens et al., 2012 Virgens IO, Castro RD, Fernandez LG, Pelacani CR. Comportamento fisiológico de sementes de Myracrodruon urundeuva fr. all. (Anacardiaceae) submetidas a fatores abióticos. Ciência Florestal 2012; 22(4): 681-692. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050987550.
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).
Results similar to those obtained for P. platycephala were found by Spadeto et al. (2012) Spadeto C, Lopes JC, Mengarda LHG, Matheus MT, Bernardes PM. Estresse salino e hídrico na germinação de sementes de garapa [Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F.Mcbr.]. Enciclopédia Biosfera 2012; 8(14): 539-551. when studying the effect of water and saline stress on seed germination of Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel.) J. F. Macbr.; the authors reported that seed germination was more affected by PEG 6000 than by NaCl. Germination percentage reduction was also affected by increased PEG 6000 concentration in the study by Guedes et al. (2013) Guedes RS, Alves EU, Viana JS, Gonçalves EP, Lima CR, Santos SRN. Germinação e vigor de sementes de Apeiba tibourbou submetidas ao estresse hídrico e diferentes temperaturas. Ciência Florestal 2013; 23(1): 45-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988438.
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on Apeiba tibourbou Aubl. seeds.
Germination speed index (GSI) was also affected in greater proportion by PEG 6000 compared with NaCl ( Figure 2 ). For the PEG 6000 solution, gradual reduction in GSI was found with increased concentration, reaching null values at the potential of -0.4MPa.
The decrease in the values of the evaluated characteristics can be associated with reduction in the hydration of seeds, as the water potential decreases, making the sequence of germination processes unfeasible, acting in the reduction of germination speed and percentage, considering that each species has a critical limit below which germination does not occur ( Stefanello et al., 2008 Stefanello R, Garcia DC, Menezes NL, Castilhos G. Efeito do estresse hídrico na germinação e no vigor de sementes de anis (Pimpinella anisum L.), funcho ( Foeniculum vulgare Miller) e endro (Anethum graveolens L.). Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 2008; 10(2): 68-74. ). The higher viscosity and molecular weight of PEG 6000 solution slow the speed of tissue hydration and oxygen diffusion, requiring a longer time for the membranes to reorganize and develop the metabolic processes ( Antunes et al., 2011 Antunes CGC, Pelacani CR, Ribeiro RC, Souza JV, Souza CLM, Castro RD. Germinação de sementes de Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (catingueira) submetidas à deficiência hídrica. Revista Árvore 2011; 35(5): 1007-1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622011000600006.
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), which may result in lower germination speed. Results similar to those obtained by Moura et al. (2011) Moura MR, Lima RP, Farias SGG, Alves AR, Silva RB. Efeito do estresse hídrico e do cloreto de sódio na germinação de Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 2011; 6(2): 230-235. when working with Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth. seeds have been observed in some studies that verified that water stress induced by PEG 6000 provided a greater reduction of GSI in comparison to saline stress simulated by NaCl. Martins et al. (2014) Martins CC, Pereira MRR, Lopes MTG. Germinação de sementes de eucalipto sob estresse hídrico e salino. Bioscience Journal 2014; 30(3): 318-329. observed that Eucalyptus camaldulensis and E. citriodora seeds are more sensitive to water stress simulated by PEG 6000 than to saline stress simulated by NaCl.
Regarding the root and aerial part length of P. platycephala seedlings, responses similar to those obtained for the aforementioned variables were also observed, with greater sensitivity to water stress induced by PEG 6000 ( Figures 3 3B).
(A) Aerial part length (APL) and (B) root length (RL) of P. platycephala seedlings under water and saline stress.
However, regardless of the osmotic agent used, a tendency of reduction in root and aerial part length values of seedlings was observed as the osmotic potential became more negative.
According to Taiz & Zeiger (2013) Taiz L, Zeiger E. Fisiologia vegetal. 5. ed. Porto Alegre: Artmed; 2013. , in addition to inhibiting the synthesis and/or the activity of hydrolytic enzymes needed for germination, water stress affects cell elongation and wall synthesis, compromising the physiological and biochemical processes of seeds, resulting in changes in seedling growth.
With reduction of hydric potentials, Pereira & Lopes (2011) Pereira MD, Lopes JC. Germinação e desenvolvimento de plântulas de pinhão manso sob condições de estresse hídrico simulado. Semina 2011; 32(1): 1837-1842. found a reduction in the length of A. leiocarpa seedlings when submitted to PEG 6000 solution. In contrast to results of this study, Alves et al. (2014) Alves CZ, Lourenço FMS, Silva JB, Silva TRB. Efeito do estresse hídrico e salino na germinação e vigor de sementes de maxixe. Interciencia 2014; 39(5): 333-337. found that saline stress induced by NaCl favored greater reduction in root length than water stress (PEG 6000) in Cucumis anguria L. seeds.
Figures 4 A and B show a similar trend for the results of root and aerial part dry mass of P. platycephala seedlings, with more significant reduction observed in PEG 6000 solution. In NaCl solution, reduction was more evident from the potential of -0.8MPa.
(A) Dry mass of aerial part (DMAP) and (B) dry mass of root system (DMRS) of P. platycephala seedlings under water and saline stress.
Similar results were found by Guedes et al. (2013) Guedes RS, Alves EU, Viana JS, Gonçalves EP, Lima CR, Santos SRN. Germinação e vigor de sementes de Apeiba tibourbou submetidas ao estresse hídrico e diferentes temperaturas. Ciência Florestal 2013; 23(1): 45-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/198050988438.
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, who observed a decrease in the dry matter of A. tibourbou seedlings when the osmotic potentials in PEG solution presented higher solute concentration. For fennel ( Foeniculum vulgare MILL.) seeds, reduction in seedling dry mass with decreased osmotic potentials ( Stefanello et al., 2006 Stefanello R, Garcia DC, Menezes NL, Wrasse CF. Influencia da luz, temperatura e estresse hídrico na germinação e vigor de anis. Revista Brasileira de Agrociência 2006; 12(1): 45-50. ) was also observed.
Water stress acts by reducing the speed of the physiological and biochemical processes, and thus, under conditions of lower water availability, as for solutions with more negative osmotic potentials, seedlings tend to present smaller growth, with consequent smaller seedling sizes and lower dry weight accumulation ( Ávila et al., 2007 Ávila MR, Braccini AL, Scapim CA, Fagliari JR, Santos JL. Influência do estresse hídrico simulado com manitol na germinação de sementes e crescimento de plântulas de canola. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 2007; 29(1): 98-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222007000100014.
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), as found in this study for P. platycephala seedlings.
Results obtained in this study show that P. platycephala seeds tend to present greater tolerance to saline stress in the germination and initial seedling growth phases simulated by NaCl solution than to water stress simulated by PEG 6000 solution.
Considering these results, it is possible to conclude that P. platycephala presents ecological advantages in salinity conditions in relation to more sensitive species; in contrast, it presents low tolerance to environments with water limitations during the germination phase.
In this perspective, studies addressing the ecophysiology of seed germination of native forest species become relevant and needed, considering that research of this nature enable understanding of the adaptation mechanisms, the more compromised morphophysiological characteristics, and the tolerance limits of species to natural conditions, contributing to identification of potentialities and indication of the use of native species in programs for environment recovery and/or restoration. In addition, it contributes to the rational use and exploitation of native species.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Parkia platycephala Benth. seeds are more sensitive to water stress induced by poly (ethylene glycol) 6000 than to saline stress simulated by sodium chloride. The germination performance of P. platycephala seeds is characteristic of glycoprotein plants, with moderate tolerance to saline levels.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Federal University of Piauí/Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas for the support provided to this study.
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FINANCIAL SUPPORT Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas.
REFERENCES
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» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352007000400034 - Alves CZ, Lourenço FMS, Silva JB, Silva TRB. Efeito do estresse hídrico e salino na germinação e vigor de sementes de maxixe. Interciencia 2014; 39(5): 333-337.
- Antunes CGC, Pelacani CR, Ribeiro RC, Souza JV, Souza CLM, Castro RD. Germinação de sementes de Caesalpinia pyramidalis Tul. (catingueira) submetidas à deficiência hídrica. Revista Árvore 2011; 35(5): 1007-1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622011000600006.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622011000600006 - Ávila MR, Braccini AL, Scapim CA, Fagliari JR, Santos JL. Influência do estresse hídrico simulado com manitol na germinação de sementes e crescimento de plântulas de canola. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 2007; 29(1): 98-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222007000100014.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222007000100014 - Azerêdo GA, Paula RC, Valeri SV. Germinação de sementes de Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. sob estresse hídrico. Ciência Florestal 2016; 26(1): 193-202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509821112.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509821112 - Barbero APP, Barros F, Silva EA, Suzuki RM. Influência do déficit hídrico na germinação de sementes e no desenvolvimento inicial de três espécies de Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae). Revista Brasileira de Botanica. Brazilian Journal of Botany 2011; 34(4): 593-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011000400012.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-84042011000400012 - Braccini AL, Ruiz HA, Braccini MCL, Reis MS. Germinação e vigor de sementes de soja sob estresse hídrico induzido por soluções de cloreto de sódio, matinol e polietileno glicol. Revista Brasileira de Sementes 1996; 18(2): 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17801/0101-3122/rbs.v18n1p10-16.
» http://dx.doi.org/10.17801/0101-3122/rbs.v18n1p10-16 - Brasil. Ministério da Agricultura e Reforma Agrária – MAPA. Regras para análises de sementes Brasília: ACS; 2009.
- Carvalho NM, Nakagawa J. Sementes: ciência, tecnologia e produção . 5. ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP; 2012.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
14 Mar 2019 -
Date of issue
2019
History
-
Received
15 Dec 2015 -
Accepted
15 Jan 2018