Does Crop-Livestock-Forest Systems Contribute to Soil Quality in Brazilian Savannas?

Zago, Leciana Menezes Souza; Ramalho, Werther Pereira; Caramori, Samantha

doi:10.1590/2179-8087.034318

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Original Article, Silviculture • Floresta Ambient. 26 (3) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.034318 copy

Does Crop-Livestock-Forest Systems Contribute to Soil Quality in Brazilian Savannas?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In this paper we discuss the impact on conversion degraded pasture areas into an integrated crop, livestock and forest system (ICLFS). We collected 30 soil samples at 0-0.1 m depth in five agroforestry systems, degraded pasture and native areas along Brazilian Cerrado biome. We analyzed the influence of chemical variables on microbial biomass carbon and enzyme activity using multivariate statistic analysis. The land use explained only the variation of microbial biomass carbon and seasonality explained the variation in glycine aminopeptidase activity. The sample controls differ from the other soil areas due to their greater biological activity (MBC). The enzymatic indicators showed that the biological activity is lower in degraded pasture. It was observed that the ICLFS system had a positive effect on the microbial activity (MBC and soil enzyme) when compared to pasture. This reinforces the importance of adopting more sustainable practices to improve soil quality.

Keywords:
agroforestry systems; forest quality control; forest soil

Site	Land use	Description of changes in the land use
S1	ICLFS	The area is 15 ha long with three lines of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis), 14 m between rows, totalizing a set of triple lines (renques). The renques also have grass 2 m far from the lines of Eucalyptus and 3 m between rows.
S1	DP	The area composed of grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) is used as pasture for 15 years.
S2	ICLFS	The area is 70 ha long with three lines of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis), 22 m betweem rows, resulting in a set of triple lines (renques). The renques have grass, 2 m far from plants on the line and 3 m between lines.
S2	DP	The area composed of grass is used as pasture for 12 years.
S3	ICLFS	The area is 15 ha long, has four lines of mahogany, being 22 m between rows in the set of triple lines (renques). The renques have grass 5 m distance between plants on the line and 3 m between rows.
S3	DP	The area composed of grass is used as pasture for 10 years.
S4	ICLFS	The area has 70 ha with four lines of Eucalyptus, being 16 m between rows (renques), composed of grass 3 m distance between plants on the line and 2.5 m between rows.
S4	DP	The area composed of grass (Brachiaria sp.) is used as pasture for 13 years.
S5	ICLFS	The area has 70 ha with four lines of Eucalyptus, being 16 m between rows in the set of triple lines (renques), composed of grass 3 m distance between plants on the line and 2.5 m between rows.
S5	DP	The area composed of grass (Brachiaria brizantha) is used as pasture for 8 years. It has a total area of 5.7 ha.
All the areas	NC	The five areas de Cerrado sensu stricto, located into the farm, in adjacent area.

Site	Season	Land use	Chemical characteristics*
			pH	Ca	Mg	P	K	CEC	V	M	Ca/	Ca/	Mg/	Hal/	K/	Ca+	Al	Hal	SOM	TN	TOC
			pH	Ca	Mg	P	K	CEC	V	M	Mg	CEC	CEC	CEC	CEC	Mg	Al	Hal	SOM	TN	TOC
S1	Rain	NC	5.1	10	2.9	4	0.43	19	68	0	3.4	51.3	14.9	31.8	2.2	12.9	0	6.2	39	0.2	2.3
S1	drought	NC	5.2	7.4	3.4	4	0.56	17	64	0	2.2	41.6	19.1	36	3.2	10.80	0	6.40	53	0.3	3.1
S1	Rain	PD	5.0	4.3	0.3	3	0.35	8,8	56	0	14	48,9	3.4	43.2	4.1	4.6	0	3.8	35	0.17	2
S1	drought	PD	5.1	2.6	1.5	6	0.26	9.9	44	0	1.7	26.3	15.2	55.6	2.7	4.10	0	5.50	27	0.1	1.6
S1	Rain	ICLFS	5.0	2.8	1.6	4	0.28	8,6	78	0	4.4	52.7	32.8	45.6	3.2	1.8	0	3.9	30	0.2	1.7
S1	drought	ICLFS	5.0	2.3	1.4	2.3	0.29	7.0	48	0	2.7	30.7	33.1	42.6	4.3	1.7	0	2.9	28	0.2	1.7
S2	Rain	NC	5.9	29	3.9	26	0.42	37	91	0	7.5	78,9	10.5	9.5	1.1	33.1	0	3.5	48	0.24	2.8
S2	drought	NC	5.1	9.0	2.4	39	0.46	19	63	0	3.8	47.6	12.7	37	2.4	11.4	0	7.0	82	0.41	4.8
S2	Rain	PD	4.6	2.8	1.3	12	0.11	10	42	2	2.2	28,0	13.0	58	1.1	4.1	0.1	5.8	27	0.14	1.6
S2	drought	PD	5.1	3.6	1.9	22	0.09	9.8	57	0	1.9	36.7	19.4	43	0.9	5.5	0	4.2	31	0.15	1.8
S2	Rain	ICLFS	5.0	4.1	1.8	18	0.07	10	60	0	2.3	39	19.1	44.7	4.3	5.9	0	4.2	48	0.24	2.8
S2	drought	ICLFS	5.0	7.2	1.2	13	0.28	12	68	0	6.0	56.7	9.4	31.5	2.3	8,4	0	4.0	35	0.2	2.0
S3	Rain	NC	4.8	4.8	1.8	1.5	0.34	10	60	0	4.2	35.4	18,3	55.7	5.6	3.2	0	4.1	25	0.23	1.6
S3	drought	NC	4.8	2.2	1.0	2	0.42	7.3	50	3	2.2	30.1	13.7	50.7	5.8	3.2	0.1	3.7	27	0.14	1.8
S3	Rain	PD	5.2	2.4	1.1	2	0.35	6.6	58	0	2.2	36.4	16.7	42.4	5.3	3.5	0	2.8	31	0.2	1.8
S3	drought	PD	5.2	3.4	1.4	2	0.20	7.6	66	0	2.4	44.7	18,4	34.2	2.7	4.8	0	2.6	27	0.14	1.6
S3	Rain	ICLFS	4.9	1.5	0.7	3	0.37	4.6	56	0	2.1	32.6	15.2	43.5	8	2.2	0	2	23	0.1	1.3
S3	drought	ICLFS	5.0	1.4	0.5	2	0.22	4.1	52	0	2.8	34.1	12.2	48,8	5.4	1.9	0	2.0	23	0.1	1.3
S4	Rain	NC	4.6	1.6	0.7	2	0.29	6.2	41	10	2.3	25.8	11.3	58,1	4.6	2.3	0.3	3.6	35	0.2	2
S4	drought	NC	4.9	3.3	1.2	1	0.27	9.0	53	0	2.8	36.7	13.3	46.7	3.1	4.5	0	4.2	39	0.2	2.3
S4	Rain	PD	5	1.6	0.6	3	0.26	4.7	52	0	2.7	34	12.8	46.8	5.4	2.2	0	2.2	23	0.1	1.3
S4	drought	PD	5.7	2.6	1.3	4	0.43	6.1	71	0	2.0	42.6	21.3	29.5	7.1	3.9	0	1.8	31	0.15	1.8
S4	Rain	ICLFS	4.6	1.3	0.4	9	0.16	4.9	38	5	3.3	26.5	8,2	61.2	3.3	1.7	0.1	3	31	0.2	1.8
S4	drought	ICLFS	4.9	1.3	0.3	4	0.10	3.7	46	0	4.3	35.1	8,1	54.1	2.8	1.6	0	2.0	16	0.1	0.9
S5	Rain	NC	4.1	0.2	0.1	2	0.08	2.6	15	51	2	7.7	3.8	84.6	3.2	0.3	0.4	2.2	10	0.1	0.6
S5	drought	NC	3.9	0.2	0.1	1	0.07	3.2	12	57	2.0	6,3	3.1	87.5	2.3	0.3	0.5	2.8	10	0.1	0.6
S5	Rain	PD	5.1	2	0.6	5	0.14	5.2	53	0	3.3	38,5	11.5	48,1	2.8	2.6	0	2.5	20	0.1	1.2
S5	drought	PD	5.1	2.9	0.6	12	0.13	6,0	61	0	4.8	48,3	10.0	40.0	2.2	3.5	0	2.4	20	0.1	1.1
S5	Rain	ICLFS	4.3	0.5	0.3	2	0.15	3.8	25	24	1.7	13.2	7.9	73.7	4	0.8	0.3	2.8	12	0.1	0.7
S5	drought	ICLFS	4.2	0.6	0.2	2	0.18	5.2	19	29	3.0	11.5	3.8	80.8	3.5	0.8	0.4	4.2	20	0.1	1.1

Predictor variables	Df	Mean Sq	F model	R²	Pr (> F)
Microbial Biomass Carbon
Land use	2	0.81	5.08	0.29	0.02
Season	1	0.05	0.34	0.01	0.56
Land use: Season	2	0.01	0.03	0.00	0.97
Residuals	24	0.16	-	0.69	-
Aminopeptidase
Land use	2	0.01	0.04	0.00	0.93
Season	1	68.81	545.17	0.96	<0.01
Land use: Season	2	0.02	0.18	0.00	0.85
Residuals	24	0.13		0.04
Phosphatase
Land use	2	0.53	0.74	0.06	0.61
Season	1	0.20	0.28	0.01	0.75
Land use: Season	2	0.24	0.34	0.03	0.86
Residuals	24	0.71		0.91
Beta glucosidase
Land use	2	1.47	2.21	0.14	0.13
Season	1	0.53	0.81	0.03	0.36
Land use: Season	2	0.62	0.93	0.06	0.40
Residuals	24	0.66		0.77

Instituto de Florestas da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro Rodovia BR 465 Km 7, CEP 23897-000, Tel.: (21) 2682 0558 | (21) 3787-4033 - Seropédica - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: floram@ufrrj.br

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[1] Samantha CaramoriCCET, Universidade Estadual de Goiás - UEG, Rodovia BR 153, 3105, CEP 75132-903, Anápolis, GO, Brasil. e-mail: sscaramori@gmail.com