Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of particle size and the wood/cement ratio on the physical and mechanical properties of vibro-compacted wood-cement composites. The effects of three different particle sizes (diameter between 1.4-2.36 mm; 2.36-4 mm; and 4-9.56 mm) and wood:cement ratios of 1:2.75, 1:2 and 1:1.5 on wood-cement composites produced with the Amazonia species Swartzia recurva Poepp. and Portland cement type II-Z were analyzed. All evaluated properties were influenced by the particle size used in the mixture; however, the wood:cement ratio only affected the final density of the composite, internal bond and water absorption properties. Composites produced with particles that pass through a 2.36 mm screen but were retained with a 1.4 mm screen showed average values of modulus of rupture and higher modulus of elasticity than composites produced with bigger particles. The use of a 1:2.75 wood:cement ratio resulted in composites with higher density and dimensional stability than composites produced with a lower amount of cement.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Invasive plants are a limiting factor for the establishment of planted teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) forests, especially because most of them are planted on Urochloa decumbens Stapf degraded pastures. This study evaluated initial teak development applying different control alternatives for U. decumbens . Treatments were no weed control (T1), continuous control of U. decumbens (T2), U. decumbens control after six months of competition (T3), and 60 cm control of U. decumbens around the seedlings (T4). The experiment was established in a pasture, containing U. decumbens, in May 2012. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four treatments and four replications. Twenty two months after transplanting the seedlings, all treatments in which seedlings had to compete with any weed competition had their growth compromised. Complete control of Urochloa was the best treatment for teak growth.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The most abundant and critical elements in residues from well drilling and prospecting are barium and sodium. Ecotoxicological tests have been used to evaluate the toxicity caused by toxic substances present in the soil. The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of the application of drilling residue from oil wells on Oligochaeta activity. After incubation of the soil with residue doses – BaSO4 and NaCl – three ecotoxicological tests were performed in which the species Eisenia andrei was used as a bioindicator. The avoidance behavior test showed that there was a negative effect of the application of the residue at a dose of 234 t ha-1 on Oligochaeta activity. However, the application of BaSO4 alone did not show damage to the earthworms, unlike what was observed for NaCl application. These results indicate that sodium was the element that most restricted the activity of these organisms.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Recent studies have observed symptoms of leaf spot in pecan (Carya illinoinensis ) associated with species of the Cladosporium cladosporioides complex (C. cladosporioides, C. pseudocladosporioides , and C. subuliforme). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the pathogenicity of these Cladosporium spp. isolated from two pecan cultivars. Twenty-six isolates were used to inoculate leaflets of the cultivars, 'Barton' and 'Shawnee', with a spore suspension. The suspension was applied through drops on the surface of the leaflets, the material was kept in boxes, “gerbox”, in the incubation room. After 22 days, leaf spots varied from small circular brown to black stains, which indicated the advancement of the disease. The three Cladosporium sp. were pathogenic to pecan cultivars and there was a difference in susceptibility to C. pseudocladosporioides species between the 'Barton' and 'Shawnee' cultivars, where 'Shawnee' showed greater disease severity.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Revegetation with leguminous trees has been used to recover degraded areas. This study aimed to evaluate the physical quality of a Typic Hapludult soil under secondary forest, pasture and three leguminous tree species: Acacia (Acacia auriculiformis), Sabia (Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia) and Inga (Inga spp. ), in Conceição de Macabú County, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Soil samples from the 0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m layers were collected and analyzed in July, 2015. Lower bulk density and higher total porosity and macroporosity values occurred under forest. The higher microporosities were associated with higher bulk densities and lower values of total porosity and macroporosity (pasture and Acacia). The soil under pasture, even when compacted, preserved the largest amount of mesopores, perhaps due to the fasciculate root system of these plants. It was concluded that revegetation leads to changes in the soil surface layer so that its physical attributes become similar to those found in the forest and differ from those of pasture, with an increase in quality to support forest ecosystem functioning.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of tamboril (Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong) seedlings and define their time in the nursery. Two experiments were carried out; in the first, the seedlings remained in the nursery for 120 days, and height, diameter, root deformation %, shoot dry mass, root system and leaf number were evaluated. In the second experiment, four seedlings of each repetition were transplanted into 35 x 40 cm bags and then assessed for height, diameter and dry weight of the shoot and root system. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (α = 0.05), Tukey test at 5% (qualitative factor) and sequential regression (quantitative factors). The seedlings produced in higher-tube volumes achieved conditions for planting at 90 days, while those produced in the lowest volume achieved the same conditions only after 120 days. Therefore, 180 cm3 tubes and a 90-day stay in the nursery are recommended.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze relations between the distribution of tree species and variations in soil texture, fertility and organic matter levels in a rupestrian cerrado area located in Diamantina-MG. Individual trees with circumference at soil level (PC) ≥ 3 cm were sampled in 10 plots of 20x50m. Samples of surface soil (0.00-0.20 m of depth) were collected from each plot and analyzed for their chemical and physical properties. Through canonical correspondence analysis, Eremanthus incanus, Kielmeyera lathrophyton, Terminalia sp and Vochysia discolor show a stronger relation to higher potassium and remaining phosphorus levels; the species Xylopia sericea, Protium spruceanum and Protium heptaphyllum show a stronger relation to higher levels of organic matter and total cation exchange capacity; the species Roupala montana, Qualea grandiflora, and Erythroxylum suberosum grew uniformly in all plots. There is relation between species distribution and chemical and physical soil variables in the area.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Understanding the regeneration process in an old growth forest is essential for restoration projects. The present research sought to characterize the floristic and structural composition of shrub-tree species in São Francisco de Assis Municipal Park in Blumenau-SC. We sampled 50 permanent plots divided into three height classes. We estimated the total natural regeneration index for each species, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Pielou equability, and classified the species according to life-form and ecological group. A total of 1048 individuals were found, distributed in 112 species, 69 genera and 37 families. The species with the highest values of total natural regeneration index were Rudgea recurva, R. jasminoides, Ouratea parviflora, Psychotria nuda and Virola bicuhyba. The Shannon and Pielou indices demonstrated high diversity and equability for the natural regeneration area sampled. The results indicate species possibly capable of reaching the tree strata, and also indicate high forest conservation.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The maturation process of Sesbania virgata seeds was investigated through fruits and seeds at different maturation stages, where they were described morphologically. For the seeds, fresh and dry mass and moisture were determined and structural analysis of the tegument under a light microscope was performed. Germination tests in the presence and absence of drying and the electrophoretic profile of heat resistant proteins were also performed. The results showed that the seeds reached physiological maturity at 44 days after anthesis (DAA), evidencing a secondary cell wall. The acquisition of desiccation tolerance was observed at 44 DAA, with the seeds responding to the drying treatment. Protein bands were observed from 32 DAA, which remained constant until the end of maturation. These results allowed the characterization of the development and acquisition of desiccation tolerance in S. virgata seeds.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the effect of phosphorus and liming doses on the morphological and nutritional characteristics of D. nigra seedlings. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized 4x4 factorial design. The treatments consisted of 4 levels of liming and 4 phosphorus doses. Morphological characteristics and nutritional analyses of plants were measured. There were no significant interactions between liming x P. Morphological characteristics presented differences for liming and phosphorus when analyzed separately. The best productive performances were found between an increase in base saturation between 48.07% and 54.76%. Morphological characteristics showed a linear behavior for P. Both the application of liming and P promoted positive effects on D. nigra growth.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of light availability and salt stress on the growth and quality of hazel sterculia seedlings. The experiment was conducted with two light conditions – full sun (L1), and 50% shading (L2) – and five salinity levels in the irrigation water – 1.0 (S1), 2.2 (S2), 3.2 (S3), 4.2 (S4), and 5.1 (S5) dS m-1. The environment with 50% shading was the most suitable to produce hazel sterculia seedlings, even under high salinity (5.1 dS m-1). Increasing salinity negatively affects the growth and quality of hazel sterculia seedlings. Therefore, controlling sunlight availability and irrigation water saline conditions increases rooting potential and seedling survival in the field.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the regeneration of a forest remnant, we installed 256 2 x 2 m plots for measuring forest species individuals with height ≥ 30 cm and stem diameter ≤ 1 cm. Horizontal structure was evaluated and calculated by the Shannon (H') diversity index and the Pielou (J) evenness index. We performed clustering analysis by the agglomerative and divisive hierarchical method (the variable was the number of individuals); and used the Principal Component Analysis to verify the species distribution. We sampled 3021 individuals, distributed in 26 families and 51 species (H' = 2.78 and J = 0.66). Allophylus edulis had the highest values of absolute frequency (63.3) and absolute density (5186 ind.ha-1), while Ligustrum lucidum presented greater dissimilarity. The analysis showed the presence of regeneration mechanisms, and evidenced biological invasion problem.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to establish the correlation between the size of the wood knots and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and the compressive strength (Fc) in Eucalyptus wood. 156 Eucalyptus urophylla samples with knots were separated into 3 classes (small, medium and large knots), and samples were selected from the same tree and submitted to the parallel fiber compression test for MOE and Fc determination. There was a significant difference between the MOE and Fc of the smaller knot class (Class 1) and the other classes with larger knots (Classes 2 and 3). In general, the larger the knot, the greater the difference between the MOE and Fc. Wood with small knots (8.31 mm2) presents stiffness and strength statistically equal to wood free of defects. Eucalyptus wood stiffness is more sensitive to the presence of knots than the strength when compared to clear wood samples.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The chemical control of weed is a common practice in silviculture. However, herbicides can potentially damage the main crop and affect its growth. The lack of information about certain species such as Khaya senegalensis make it necessary to know the phytotoxic effects of herbicides. The purpose of this research was to analyze the phytotoxic effects of five herbicides on African mahogany seedlings. The used herbicides were: saflufenacil, amicarbazone, clomazone, isoxaflutole and sulfentrazone, at doses recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture for forest species. Visual, physiological (maximum ETR, SPAD, Yield protocol and FV/FM) and morphological evaluations were performed up to 60 DAA. The symptoms started after 24 hours from the application; saflufenacil and clomazone were the ones that presented more plants with symptoms such as leaf wrinkling and small necrotic spots, but all of them had low phytotoxicity. The physiological evaluations did not present significant differences and the herbicides did not inhibit the growth or the appearance of new leaves. All tested herbicides caused no phytotoxicity to African mahogany seedlings.

Resumo em Português:

RESUMO O delineamento de estratégias para a conservação genética de uma espécie requer o conhecimento de aspectos ecológicos e genéticos de suas populações. Assim, este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar, por meio de marcadores isoenzimáticos, populações naturais de Cassia grandis L.f. A diversidade genética foi analisada a partir das frequências alélicas ( P^ij ) e dos Índices de diversidade: Heterozigose média observada ( H^0 ) e esperada ( H^e ), número médio de alelos por loco ( A^ ) e porcentagem de locos polimórficos (P^); e a estrutura genética por meio das estatísticas F de Wright. Foram estimados o fluxo gênico, o tamanho efetivo das populações e a população mínima viável a curto e longo prazo. Com base nos resultados observados pode-se concluir que as populações estudadas de C. grandis estão estruturadas, o que pode ser comprovado pela observação de alelos raros e exclusivos e da alta diversidade genética entre as mesmas.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The design of strategies for genetic conservation requires knowledge of the ecologic and genetics aspects of the target species populations. This work aimed to characterize genetically natural populations of Cassia grandis L. F. using isozymes. Genetic diversity was analyzed by allele frequencies ( P^ij ) and the following diversity indexes: observed ( H^e ) and expected ( H^e )average heterozygosity, average number of alleles per locus ( A^ ) and percentage of polymorphic loci (P^); and the genetic structure of populations by Wright's statistics. We estimated gene flow, population effective size and the minimum viable population in the short and long time. The observed results conclude that the studied populations of C. grandis are structured, which can be demonstrated by observation of rare and exclusive alleles, and high genetic diversity among them.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The present study analyzed the disparity in the gross production value of plant extractivism between Northeast Brazil and Brazil from 1994 to 2012. The following location measures were used: location quotient (LQ), location coefficient (LC ), redistribution coefficient (REDC) and coefficient of geographic association (Gac). The following regional measures were used: specialization coefficient (SC) and restructuring coefficient (Rc ). Based on the location indicators studied, it was concluded that there is no disparity in plant extracted groups between Northeast Brazil and Brazil. Plant extracted groups explored in Northeast Brazil are relevant for Brazil (LQ), not concentrated ( LC), and regionally distributed (Gac). REDC showed no structural changes. The regional measures (SC and Rc) showed identical specialization, with no changes in the production structure. However, studies on the disparity in Northeast Brazil at smaller regional scales (state, mesoregion, microregion and municipality) are needed.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The results of an evaluation of the impact of traditional silvopastoral system on floristic and phytosociology of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) remnants, named caívas, in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina, South of Brazil are shown here to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of human activities on natural environments,. There was significant heterogeneity in floristic and structural aspects among the remnants. They exhibited high floristic integrity, with the presence of species typically registered in MOF. On the other hand, the incidence of exotic species was inexpressive. The predominance of smaller plant individuals than expected for adults of the species, combined with the predominance of secondary and pioneer species indicate the occurrence of repeated disturbances over the years. It is urgent to identify technological alternatives to enable appropriate foraging and increase in livestock production, ensuring economic and social sustainability with less environmental impact.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the influence of fire in a forest fragment through litter biomass analysis, regeneration of Cecropia sp., and canopy openness. Two treatments were established, one of them corresponding to an area affected by fire (T1) and the other not affected by fire (T2), both areas encompassing 0.3 ha of forest. Samples were collected in 20 different sites in each treatment, weighed and placed in an oven at 70 °C to constant weight. To quantify Cecropia sp. regeneration a census was performed in both areas. Hemispheric images collected at 5 different points in each area were used to analyze canopy openness. Data were analyzed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a significant difference between treatments was detected. The area affected by fire had higher canopy openness, greater amount of Cecropia sp., and lower litter biomass when compared with the area that was not affected by fire. This indicates that fire interfered with the structure and composition of the burned forest.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study investigated the vegetation and environmental variable of fragments at different successional stages in a secondary riparian forest in the municipality of Ponte Alta, Santa Catarina state, Brazil (27°29’00” S and 50°17’11” W, WGS84), aiming to list priority variables for monitoring forest succession in riparian forests. For this, two areas were identified: “Reference” (conserved secondary forest) and “Restoration” (secondary forest under passive restoration). The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated the existence of differences in the arboreal community diversity with lower values for the “Restoration” synthesized by PC1. The ground coverage by Ocellochloa rudis (Nees) Zuloaga & Morrone (Poaceae) was mainly in places with higher pH values and ability for effective cation exchange, with no preference of occurrence in either evaluated site. The composition of arboreal diversity was a relevant variable for monitoring passive restoration in this environment.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This work aimed to characterize the composition of the soil macrofauna in non-mined and mined areas recovered with native vegetation, Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden and Acacia mearnsii De Wild. plantations, in a coal mine. Five areas were evaluated, namely, three non-mined areas and two mined and recovered areas. Six soil samples per area were collected using a 10x10 cm circular probe, every month during one year. Defragmentation of the soil and removal of specimens was carried out in a laboratory. A total of 3,195 specimens from 11 taxa were collected. The most abundant groups were Hymenoptera, Isoptera and Coleoptera. There were significant correlations (p<0.05) between the total abundance of Isoptera and Coleoptera with some meteorological variables. The recovery process of the mined areas with black-wattle and eucalyptus plantations proved to be efficient because there was similarity of macrofauna groups between the non-mined, mined and native vegetation areas.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The study aimed to determine the effects of inoculation of Trichoderma spp. on the development and extraction of nutrients from Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. (uvaieira) and Myrcianthes punges (O.Berg.) (guabiju) subjected to fertilization with rock phosphate. The treatments used at planting were: Control; Trichonat PM®; Trichoderma sp. FS1; Rock phosphate; Trichonat PM® + Rock phosphate; and Trichoderma sp. FS1 + Rock Phosphate. The following characteristics were evaluated at 540 days after planting: plant height, crown diameter, branch insertion points, biomass, and nutrient content. The uvaieiras inoculated with Trichonat PM® and Thrichoderma spp. showed higher vegetative growth and higher values ​​of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S, respectively. For guabijuzeiros, the treatment with Trichoderma spp. presented the highest insertion point of the branches without phosphorus fertilization However, the treatments did not affect nutrient extraction. Thus, Trichoderma spp. inoculants have the potential to promote vegetative growth and nutrient extraction in plants.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT Protected Areas (PA) represent an important biodiversity conservation strategy, but these areas are threatened by increasing human pressure and inefficient management. Thus, the objective was to analyze the management of PA in South America, a continent with particular characteristics in relation to the political and socioeconomic complexity that reflect the way each country manages its PA. The results showed that, although there is progress in establishing PAs, there is only effective protection when they have adequate size and management, and Protected Area Systems (PAS) are established. It was possible to observe the importance of the PAS, since, PA managed outside it have comprehensive norms, without defined criteria, with several organs operating without connection. For PA management, uniform and standardized actions are fundamental in order to allow a global network for biodiversity protection.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyse the tree community of an urban forest with 40 years of natural regeneration after abandonment of the degraded land. We hypothesized that after four decades of forest succession, the diversity, structure and functional aspects of the community would be similar to other secondary surrounding forests. We established ten plots (20x 20m), where all trees with DBH ≥ 5 cm were sampled. The inventory included 605 trees (1513 ind.ha-1 ) distributed across 25 species. The diversity index (H’ = 0.92) and basal area (10.43 m2.ha-1) were lower than in surrounding forests. The results showed a great dominance of Eremanthus erythropappus with consequent delay in successional advance, and low potential of attraction of fauna, which suggests the need for management to control its population. Understanding the functioning of novel urban forests and discussing these neglected ecosystems is fundamental to guide management actions for both human and ecosystem prosperity.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The study aimed to estimate the concentrations and efficiency of biological utilization of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn and the leaf biomass of ten species in a hypoxerophytic Caatinga fragment, aiming to contribute to a more adequate choice of species for reforestation programs in the Brazilian Caatinga. The leaves of three trees of each species were sampled and the concentration of micronutrients was determined, estimating their content and efficiency of biological utilization. The efficiency of biological utilization followed the decreasing order: Mn > Cu > Zn > Fe. Jatropha mollissima and Spondias tuberosa were less efficient in the use of Fe and Senegalia paniculata and Croton blanchetianus, in the use of Zn. However, Piptadenia stipulacea and Mimosa ophthalmocentra were very efficient in using Fe and Mn. The nutritional efficiency of the species can serve as a criterion for choice of species in forest restoration programs.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The vegetation cover development is an essential step towards the restoration of the ecosystems. In this work, we applied remote sensing to evaluate the temporal development of vegetation cover on exploited mines revegetated with five approaches: natural regeneration, tree plantation, cultivation of trees + herbs, topsoil replacement + tree plantation, and sewage sludge incorporation into mining substrate. Results showed that the natural regeneration approach would require a secular time to provide satisfactory vegetation cover on the exploited mine. Tree plantation required fifteen years to provide 80% of vegetation cover. The use of topsoil + trees or the incorporation of sewage sludge into mining substrates achieved the fastest development of vegetation cover (2.5-5 years) and the highest percentages of revegetated surface (80-95%). However, the floristic composition of vegetation covers is as important as their development, and some restoration approaches are reported to stimulate weed invasion while others prevent it.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT In recent years, the Traditional Morlet Transform, Cross and Wavelet Coherence have been used as techniques to analyze time series from meteorological and climatic data, obtaining useful information. These techniques were used to study air temperature and relative air humidity, air pressure and wind variables from 2015 to 2017. The data was collected from a micrometeorological station of the Federal University of Mato Grosso State. The objective of the study was to obtain information regarding seasonal trends and effects. The Coherence constituted the normalized spectrum of the TWX, smoothed in time and scale. The seasonality of the region is characterized by the existence of two annual seasons, hot-humid and hot-dry seasons, qualitatively determining the energy levels of the urban cerrado ecosystem.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The knowledge of the germination responses of seeds from plants growing along river margins or in areas susceptible to flooding is an important factor in the adoption of restoration practices. Considering that maturation of fruits of Genipa Americana L. when river margins are flooded, we raised some questions: Is seed germination of this species affected by water submersion, and, do distinct seed populations present differences in germination? Seeds of G. Americana were submerged in water for different periods to assess the germination and growing responses, using populations from different locations. Water submersion decreased the germination percentage and the germination speed index, and increased seed mean germination time in both populations. Growth was found to be hampered for most variables in the different seed populations. The adaptation of G. Americana to flooding involves the seeds being tolerant to submersion, with this factor not being effective in distinguishing populations studied here.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the water response of Talipariti elatum cultivated in different substrates. Sugarcane straw, peat, biochar and mixtures of sugarcane straw and biochar, and peat and biochar were used. The physical properties of each substrate and the water parameters of the species were determined based on the pressure-volume curve. The osmotic potential at maximum saturation and the turgor loss point presented a similar behaviour with a decreasing tendency. We found significant differences between the beginning and end of the period. The values ranged from -1.17MPa to -1.36MPa and -1.49MPa to -1.74MPa, which indicated the development of osmotic adjustment mechanisms. The modulus of elasticity values ranged between 8.10MPa and 11.20MPa at the start and between 6.65MPa and 9.39MPa at the end, indicating elastic adjustment. The plants in the substrates with lower moisture retention showed lower values of solute potentials and cell wall elasticity modulus.

Resumo em Inglês:

ABSTRACT This research was conducted in wood harvesting and transportation areas in the mountainous region of Espírito Santo, Brazil, aiming to analyze the road transportation of forestry wood operations with self-loading trucks. The study identified and evaluated the times, average speed, mechanical availability, level of use and operating efficiency of three different designs of self-loading trucks. According to the results, there was no statistical difference between the vehicles regarding average speed. The highest mechanical availability was found in truck A (93.2%), followed by B (84.3%) and C (79.8%). The greater degree of utilization was found in truck B (91.8%), with little variation between vehicles C (90.0%) and A (89.9%). The highest operating efficiency was observed in truck A (83.9%), followed by B (77.4%) and C (71.8%). We concluded that self-loading truck A was the most efficient.