| Mao et al.(32) BBS, PASS and FMA = balance section |
Compare the psychometric properties of the instruments
(reliability, concurrent validity, convergent and
predictive). |
123 hemiparetic patients in the acute phase followed until 180
days after stroke |
Acceptable levels of concurrent validity, convergent (r ≥ 0.86,
p < 0.0001) and predictive (r ≥ 0.8, p < 0.0001).
Responsiveness, measured by the effect size (ES) was high before
90 days (≥ 0.63) and low 90 to 180 days (0.31 ≤ ES ≤ 0.4).
Psychometric characteristics of the PASS were considered better
than the other scales. |
| Wang et al. (31) BBS and PASS |
Compare the psychometric properties of the short form of the
instruments (BBS-3P, PASS-3P) with the original (BBS and PASS)
versions. |
77 hemiparetic subjects in the first part of the study and 226
in the second part |
High concurrent validity between the instruments ICC = 0.99 (BBS
and BBS-3P), ICC = 0.97 (PASS and PASS-3P). The lower limb
subscale of the FMA had a positive correlation with BBS (r =
0.65, p = 0.002) and the balance section of FMA (r = 0.499, p =
0.047). The scales were correlated. |
| Smith PS et al. (21) BBS and Functional Reach |
Assess the best instrument for measuring balance in individuals
post stroke. |
75 hemiparetic patients |
The performance of individuals in BBS was associated with
performance on Functional Reach, r = 0.78 for the whole sample.
The authors emphasized that the Functional Reach requires a
shorter time for application. |
| Chou et al. (30) BBS |
Develop a reduced version of the BBS. |
226 hemiparetic subjects in the acute phase |
Both scales showed significant improvement in dynamic balance
during the four weeks (ICC ≥ 0.96 BBS original with the reduced
version). Concurrent validity (r ≥ 0.97) scores of the shortened
version were high. Convergent validity of the scores on the
short version with the scores of the Barthel Index (r =
0.84-0.86). The short version with seven items of the BBS-3P
showed similar psychometric properties to the original
scale. |
| Oliveira et al. (20) BBS |
Correlate the performance of FMA, BBS and the Barthel
index. |
20 chronic hemiparetic subjects |
The scales were moderately correlated. Barthel and Motor section
of FMA (r = 0.58, p = 0.005) and lower extremities of the FMA (r
= 0.49, p = 0.007) section. |
| Frykberg et al. (36) BBS |
Correlate the clinical assessment of balance with
posturography. |
20 chronic hemiparetic subjects |
The displacement speed of the center of pressure anteriorly
showed moderate negative correlation with BBS (r = -0.50, p =
0.05). |
| Tyson and De Souza (18) BBA |
Evaluate the reliability, construct validity and concurrent
validity of the scale. |
92 hemiparetic patients (not specified whether acute or
chronic) |
Correlation with BBS was significant (0.97, p < 0.01). |
| Blennerhassett and Jayalath (27) FSST and ST |
Assess whether the FSST is feasible, valid, and sensitive to
change during rehabilitation of individuals post stroke. |
37 hemiparetic patients |
Strong agreement of scores on FSST and ST in the same session.
Moderate to strong inverse relationship between ST and FSST
scores at each evaluation (r = -73 to -86). |
| Franchignoni et al. (35) Mini BESTest |
Develop a reduced version of the BESTest using classical
psychometric techniques and Rasch model. |
115 patients with various neurological diagnoses (among them, 22
subjects with hemiparesis, unspecified as acute or chronic) |
The Mini BESTest is a screening instrument that showed adequate
construct validity. Rasch analysis on all 14 items showed good
values of InFit and outfit
MnSq. The variance explained by the estimated
measure of the Rasch model was 58.8%. |
| Fujisawa and Takeda (25) Side Step Test |
Assess the test-retest reliability and investigate the
concurrent validity with other tests such as the ability to
stand on one leg and gait measures. |
28 acute and subacute hemiparetic subjects after hospital
discharge |
High correlation between the measurement of the maximum length
of lateral step (in Side-step test) and maximum gait speed and
step length (r = 0.84 to 0.89). Significant correlation between
the duration measure of the leg support and the “side-step”
test, maximal gait speed and step length. |
| Faria et al. (33) TUG |
Compare the TUG between individuals with and without
hemiparesis, considering the direction toward which they turned
during the test, and determine the potential clinical variables
that could explain possible observed differences. |
22 hemiparetic subjects (acute and chronic) and 22
controls. |
Stroke subjects were slower than the control group in the TUG;
similar performances were observed when turning toward the
paretic and nonparetic/matched sides. Fear of falling was
responsible for 44% of the variance observed. Significant
correlation between gait speed, balance and fear of falling
(-0.69 < r < -0.52, p < 0.13). |
| Ng and Hui-Chan (34) TUG |
Assess test-retest reliability, and discriminatory capacity of
the instrument. |
10 healthy elderly subjects and 11 subjects with chronic
stroke. |
The test was able to differentiate individuals with stroke from
healthy individuals. |
| Tyson and De Souza (26) Supported Standing Balance, Standing Arm
Raise, Standing Forward Reach, Static Tandem Standing, weight
shift, timed 5-m walk with and without an aid, and Tap and
Step-up tests |
Evaluate the reliability and validity of various functional
tests to assess balance after stroke. |
48 subjects (acute and chronic stroke) |
The tests Supported Standing Balance, Standing Arm Raise,
Standing Forward Reach, Static Tandem Standing showed a
significant correlation with the BBS (r = 0.33 to 0.7). The Tap
test also showed significant correlation (r = 0.74) but the
correlations between BBS and Step-up test and Weight shift test
were not significant (0.19 and 0.26, respectively). |
| Yoneyama et al. (38) PASS |
Validation of the Brazilian version of the PASS. |
19 subjects (chronic stroke) |
Showed high correlation with FMA (r = 0.79) and adequate
internal consistency (0.83). |
