| Magnusson, Johansson, and Johansson, 199419 |
Healthy control group (n=23) |
Sex: unreported |
Application as balance disturbance: standing, eyes open and closed, use of vibrator in the tendon of the triceps surae muscle. |
1st mode: five periods of vibration with frequencies of 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100Hz, and amplitude of 0.4mm. |
Force platform. |
The three groups showed no difference in equilibrium velocity and anteroposterior oscillation. |
| Sweden |
CVA vibration/galvanic stimulation group (n=22) |
Age: on average 74 years |
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2nd mode: constant frequency of 60Hz (PRBS programming) with pulses between 0.5 and 8sec. by 205sec., preceded by 30sec. rest. |
Evaluation: before, during, and after vibration. |
The CVA control group needed more time to reassume the initial balance after vibration than the other groups. |
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CVA control group (n=26) |
CVA stage: chronic |
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| Bonan et al., 20137 |
CVA vibration group and control group (n=20) |
Sex: 7F+13M; |
Application as balance disturbance: standing, eyes open, with the use of perpendicular electromagnetic vibrators in the tibialis anterior and triceps surae tendons. |
Frequency: 50Hz in the tibialis anterior and triceps surae and 90Hz in the gluteus medius, in this order and separately, with amplitude of 1mm. |
Two force platforms with two inertia sensors (head and trunk). |
About 65% of the subjects were sensitive to vibratory stimulation, which affected postural control. |
| France |
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Age: 51.4±10.5 years |
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Duration: 35sec., 1 session. |
Evaluation: before, during, and after vibration. |
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CVA stage: subacute |
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| Lee, Cho, and Lee, 201320 |
CVA vibration group (n=16) |
Sex: Vib.=3F+13M and Plac.=4F+11M |
Application as intervention: weightlifting and weight change training in paretic LL with two vibrators fixed in the heel, in the triceps surae and tibialis anterior. |
Frequency: 90Hz. |
Force platform. |
Significant improvement in balance in CVA vibration group. |
| South Korea |
CVA placebo group (n=15) |
Age: Vib.=53.31±8.37 years and Plac.=55.73±8.27 years |
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Amplitude: 15µm. |
Rating: pre-test, one week before the start, and post-test, one day after the end. |
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CVA stage: chronic |
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Duration: 30min./day, 3×/week, 6 weeks. |
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| Mullie and Duclos, 201421 |
Healthy vibration group (n=12) |
Sex: unreported |
Application as balance disturbance: standing, eyes open, walking on the treadmill, using electromechanical vibrators in the posterior muscles of the neck and in the tendon of the triceps surae of the non-dominant/paretic side. |
Mode: continuous or phasic (when heel was in contact with the ground). |
Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the whole body and the ground reaction force by using an instrumented treadmill. |
The balance did not change during the gait in the CVA vibration group. |
| Canada |
CVA vibration group (n=12) |
Age: 47.8±11.8 years |
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Frequency: 80Hz. |
Evaluation: before, during, and after vibration. |
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CVA stage: not reported |
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Amplitude: 0.5 and 1mm. |
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Duration: 1min., 1 session. |
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| Afzal et al., 201522 |
Healthy vibration group (n=5) |
Sex: 1F+3M |
Application as intervention: use of Velcro belt with six vibrators attached between the knee and calf. |
Modulation: CVMbp, CVMst, and PVMsr |
Six meters walk test. |
Significant improvement in the CVA vibration group in gait symmetry and gait speed. |
| South Korea |
CVA vibration group (n=4) |
Age: 64.75 years |
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Frequency: 200Hz. |
Evaluation: before, during, and after vibration. |
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CVA stage: chronic |
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Amplitude: 1.4G. |
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Duration: time of the walk test 6m; 1 session. |
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| Duclos et al., 201523 |
Healthy vibration group (n=20) |
Sex: RBI=2F+10M and LBI=6F+8M |
Application as balance disturbance: standing, eyes closed, with the use of perpendicular electromagnetic vibrators in the tibialis anterior and triceps surae tendons. |
Application: separated, under three conditions (paretic, non-paretic, and bilateral limb). |
Force platform. |
Greater disturbance in the triceps surae tendon, and greater displacement in non-paretic LL than in the paretic. |
| France |
CVA vibration group RBI (n=12) and LBI (n=14) |
Age: RBI=69.2 years and LBI=65.4 years |
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Frequency: 80Hz. |
Evaluation: before (4sec.), during, and after (24sec.) vibration. |
RBI group suffered significant disruption and needed more time to restore balance. |
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CVA stage: chronic |
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Amplitude: 0.2-0.5mm |
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Duration: 20sec., 1 session. |
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| Bonan et al., 201724 |
Healthy vibration group (n=40) |
Sex: 16F+24M |
Application as balance disturbance: standing, use of vibrator on the tendon of the non-paretic gluteus medius (right GM for left hemiparesis and left GM for right hemiparesis), maintained by a band around the waist. |
Frequency: 90Hz. |
Two force platforms. |
Greater disturbance in the CVA vibration group on the right hemiparetic than on the left. |
| France |
CVA vibration group in the right (n=21) and left (n=19) hemiparetic |
Age: 54.7±10.6 years |
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Amplitude: 0.4mm. |
Evaluation: initial and in the 4th and 6th week (session 2) after the first test (session 1). |
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CVA stage: subacute |
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Duration: 35sec., 2 sessions. |
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| Karimi-AhmadAbadi et al., 20189 |
Same placebo and vibration CVA group (n=22) |
Sex: 8F+14M |
Application as an intervention: in supine position, arms next to the torso, with flexed knees, and bare feet, supported and fastened with three Velcro straps on the upper surface of a box with two vibration panels, in the tendons of the plantar flexors of the ankle. |
Frequency: 100Hz. |
Mini-BESTest. |
Significant improvement in balance in vibration group. |
| Iran |
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Age: 55.82±11.87 years |
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Duration: 5min., 1 session. |
Evaluation before and immediately after placebo or active vibration. |
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CVA stage: chronic |
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| Jamali et al., 201925 |
Healthy vibration group (n=18) |
Sex: LA and HA=4F+14 M |
Application as balance disturbance: a pair of vibrators applied to the triceps surae tendon standing still and during a visual task of anticipation/virtual visual environment (they should avoid the collision of visual stimuli by moving the head and torso). |
Frequency: 80Hz. |
Force platform. |
Significant reduction in the variability of postural oscillation in the healthy group. |
| Iran |
CVA vibration group with low anxiety (LA) (n=18) and high anxiety (HA) (n=18) |
Age: LA=55.11±10.93 years and HA=51.89±10.90 years |
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Amplitude: 0.3mm |
Evaluation: before, during, and after vibration. |
CVA LA needed more time to restore balance and CVA HA required even more time. |
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CVA stage: chronic |
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Duration: 60sec. for each condition, 1 session. |
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| Jamal et al., 202026 |
CVA vibration group with RBI (n=16) and LBI (n=16) |
Sex: 6F+26M |
Application as an intervention: seated and blindfolded, with vibrator device manually positioned by the examiner in the tendons of the neck muscles (semispinalis and splenius); site depended on the side of the lesion: left on RBI and right on LBI. |
Frequency: 80Hz. |
Two force platforms, BBE and TUG |
Significant improvement in balance in both groups. |
| France |
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Age: 60.9±10 years |
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Amplitude: 0.4mm. |
Evaluation: two weeks before, immediately before the 1st intervention, one week and one month after. |
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CVA stage: chronic |
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Duration: 10min., 5 sessions/week, 2 weeks. |
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| Önal, Karaca, and Sertel, 202027 |
CVA vibration group (n=15) |
Sex: 7F+23M |
Application as intervention: in supine position, using a vibration device in both plantar regions. |
Frequency: 80Hz for 10sec. and 5sec. of rest. |
Biodex balance system. |
Immediate significant improvement in the vibration group. |
| Turkey |
CVA placebo group (n=15) |
Age: on average 58 years |
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Duration: 15min., 1 session. |
Evaluation: before the intervention and up to 5min. after. |
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CVA stage: chronic |
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