First report of a B chromosome in a natural population of Astyanax altiparanae (Characiformes, Characidae)

FISH CYTOGENETICS

SHORT COMMUNICATION

First report of a B chromosome in a natural population of Astyanax altiparanae (Characiformes, Characidae)

Diogo Teruo Hashimoto^I; Vanessa Regina Gonçalves^I; Jehud Bortolozzi^I; Fausto Foresti^II; Fábio Porto-Foresti^I

^IDepartamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Bauru, SP, Brazil

^IIDepartamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

^{Send correspondence to}

ABSTRACT

Several species of the genus Astyanax have already been genetically studied, and B-chromosomes have been considered to be an interesting feature in some species of this group. In the present paper we report, for the first time, the occurrence of a B microchromosome in a natural population of A. altiparanae. This additional genomic element was identified as an acrocentric chromosome, similar in size to the smallest chromosomal pairs of the standard karyotype. Analysis of the constitutive heterochromatin pattern by C-banding evidenced heterochromatic blocks located on centromeric, pericentromeric, and interstitial regions of some chromosomes, and also positive marks in a subtelocentric chromosomal pair that presented the short arms entirely heterochromatic. The application of this methodology also revealed a heterochromatic pattern in the extra chromosome, a typical feature of supernumerary chromosomes.

Key words: B chromosomes, fish cytogenetics, Astyanax altiparanae.

Several species of the genus Astyanax have already been genetically studied, mainly under a cytogenetical focus. The chromosomal number ranged from 2n = 36 in A. schubarti to 2n = 50 in A. scabripinnis paranae (Oliveira et al., 1988), which demonstrates the high karyotype diversity related to chromosomal morphology and structure in this fish group. Cytogenetic studies have been performed in distinct populations of A. altiparanae, evidencing karyotypes composed of 50 chromosomes (Daniel-Silva and Almeida-Toledo, 2001; Fernandes and Martins-Santos, 2004; Daniel-Silva and Almeida-Toledo, 2005). Although different A. altiparanae populations present a conservative chromosomal number, differences in the number and location of the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) show remarkable population variability (Pacheco et al., 2001; Fernandes and Martins-Santos, 2006).

B-chromosomes represent an intriguing class of chromosomes, defined as dispensable supernumerary chromosomes that does not recombine with the A chromosomes and follow their own evolutionary pathway (Camacho et al., 2000). B-chromosomes are found in all major taxonomic groups of both plants and animals (Beukeboom, 1994; Camacho, 2004). The occurrence of supernumerary chromosomes in Neotropical fishes seems to be an interesting feature in freshwater species, previously reported in 41 of 921 analyzed species (Oliveira et al., 2000). The genus Astyanax is characterized by the presence of B microchromosomes (Mizoguchi and Martins-Santos, 1997) or B macrochromosomes (Porto-Foresti et al., 1997; Moreira-Filho et al., 2001).

The cytogenetic analyses were carried out in chromosomal preparations obtained from 29 specimens (8 females, 10 males, and 11 individuals of undetermined sex) of A. altiparanae from a population of the Campo Novo River (Tietê River Basin, Bauru, SP, Brazil). The fish specimens were identified and stored in the fish collection of the Laboratório de Genética de Peixes, UNESP, Bauru, SP, Brazil. Chromosomal preparations were obtained from gill and kidney tissues according to Foresti et al. (1993). C-banding was performed according to Sumner (1972). Chromosomal morphology was determined taking into account the arm ratio (AR) as suggested by Levan et al. (1964), and the chromosomes were classified as metacentric (M), submetacentric (SM), subtelocentric (ST), and acrocentric (A).

Our results showed a diploid number equal to 2n = 50 chromosomes and a karyotypic formula composed of 12M+18SM+12ST+8A (fundamental number = 92) for both sexes (Figure 1) of Astyanax altiparanae from Campo Novo River. However, two specimens presented a diploid number of 2n = 51 chromosomes, bearing an extra chromosome, characterized as a small acrocentric chromosome, similar in size to the smallest chromosome pairs of the standard karyotype (Figure 1 - insert).

The diploid number of 2n = 50 chromosomes corroborates previous data reported for different A. altiparanae populations (Daniel-Silva and Almeida-Toledo, 2001; Fernandes and Martins-Santos, 2004; Daniel-Silva and Almeida-Toledo, 2005). This species has been regarded as presenting a high karyotypic stability within the genus Astyanax, especially when compared with A. scabripinnis and A. fasciatus that present variation in the diploid number and more pronounced differences in the macro and micro-structure of their chromosomes (Oliveira et al., 1988; Moreira-Filho and Bertollo, 1991; Pazza et al., 2006).

Despite the maintenance of the diploid number, the karyotypic formula of the present population is composed of 12 metacentric, 18 submetacentric, 12 subtelocentric, and 8 acrocentric chromosomes, with a fundamental number of 92, thus demonstrating some variation when compared to other populations (Daniel-Silva and Almeida-Toledo, 2001; Pacheco et al., 2001; Fernandes and Martins-Santos, 2004; Daniel-Silva and Almeida-Toledo, 2005). Such differences can be explained by the occurrence of small non-Robertsonian chromosomal rearrangements, mainly pericentric inversions, although different levels of chromosomal condensation and/or morphological misclassification of the chromosomes cannot be excluded.

Analysis of the constitutive heterochromatin patterns by C-banding showed heterochromatic blocks on centromeric, pericentromeric, and interstitial regions of some chromosomes, besides consistent marks on a pair of subtelocentric chromosomes that presented the short arms entirely heterochromatic. Such general heterochromatin pattern has frequently been observed in distinct populations of A. altiparanae (Daniel-Silva and Almeida-Toledo, 2001; Fernandes and Martins-Santos, 2004), demonstrating that these chromosomal regions present a highly conservative distribution in this species. The supernumerary chromosome was totally heterochromatic (Figure 2), in accordance with a common feature reported for B chromosomes in the genus Astyanax (Salvador and Moreira-Filho, 1992; Mizoguchi and Martins-Santos, 1997; Néo et al., 2000a, b; Moreira-Filho et al., 2001).

B chromosomes have already been described in other three Astyanax species, such as A. scabripinnis (Salvador and Moreira-Filho, 1992; Vicente et al., 1996; Ferro et al., 2003), A. fasciatus, and A. schubarti (Moreira-Filho et al., 2001). In A. scabripinnis, supernumerary elements are very frequent in distinct populations (for review, see Moreira-Filho et al., 2004), with several studies related to the distribution of B chromosomes according to altitude (Néo et al., 2000b), sex (Vicente et al., 1996; Mizoguchi and Martins-Santos, 1997), morphology and size (Néo et al., 2000a, b; Ferro et al., 2003), and origin in natural populations (Salvador and Moreira-Filho, 1992; Vicente et al., 1996; Mestriner et al., 2000; Néo et al., 2000a). Nevertheless, there are no reports about B chromosomes in Astyanax altiparanae, and this represents the first occurrence reported for this species.

Although A. scabripinnis reveals B chromosomes of different morphology and size, a metacentric B macrochromosome (B_M) has been found to be a common feature in most of the analyzed populations with supernumerary chromosomes (Moreira-Filho et al., 2004). Additionally, a similar B_M chromosome has been found in other three species of the same genus (A. eigenmanniorum, A. fasciatus, and A. schubarti), suggesting that this B_M variant might have preceded the differentiation of these species (Moreira-Filho et al., 2001). Thus, considering this hypothesis, the B microchromosome of A. altiparanae appears to have an independent origin of the B_M variant found in other Astyanax species and can represent a sporadic case in this species.

Even though the diploid number remains unchanged and the heterochromatin pattern appears similar amongst different populations of A. altiparanae, the presence of B chromosomes, as well as variation in both karyotypic formula and fundamental numbers, show that a plenty of work is still required in order to provide a better understanding of the chromosomal diversification of this fish group.

Acknowledgments

F.P.F. was supported by a fellowship from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). This work was supported by grants from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP).

Received: September 27, 2006; Accepted: May 22, 2007.

Associate Editor: Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo

License information: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  03 June 2008
• Date of issue
  2008