Keywords:
Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality; Prognosis; Forecasting; Models; Statistical
Editorial referring to the article: Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is the most common cause of death worldwide.11 Ralapanawa U, Sivakanesan R. Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021 Jun;11(2):169-77. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.201217.001.
https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.201217.00...
Nevertheless, ACS represents a heterogenous group of diseases, encompassing since low-risk unstable angina (30-day mortality below 1%), until patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and cardiogenic shock (30-day mortality around 50%). Multivariable prediction models have been developed to classify short-term and long-term risk of these patients (Table 1). For patients with the diagnosis of ACS, the TIMI risk score and the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score have been largely used in clinical practice; the latter, despite being more complex, has shown better performance as a prognostic tool, including prognostic information not only about the acute phase but also about the risk within six months after the cardiac event.22 Magalhães LP, D’Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C, Bollati M, Omedè P, Sciuto F, et al. TIMI, GRACE and alternative risk scores in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of 40 derivation studies on 216,552 patients and of 42 validation studies on 31,625 patients. Contemp Clin Trials 2012; 33(3):507-14.:1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2012.01.001.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2012.01.00...
Neves et al.,33 Neves VB, Roman RM, Vendruscolo T, Heineck G, Mattos CA, Mattos EI, et al. Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2022; 35(2):174-180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019.
https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019...
analyzed the performance of GRACE score in 160 patients admitted for ACS in a single center in Brazil. The results corroborate the good discrimination and calibration of GRACE score for in-hospital mortality in the Brazilian population and added information regarding its performance for six-month mortality.33 Neves VB, Roman RM, Vendruscolo T, Heineck G, Mattos CA, Mattos EI, et al. Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2022; 35(2):174-180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019.
https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019...
Despite the limited number of events and wide confidence intervals, the consistency of good discrimination and calibration of this score in different populations reinforces this model as an appropriate tool to estimate the risk of patients with ACS.22 Magalhães LP, D’Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C, Bollati M, Omedè P, Sciuto F, et al. TIMI, GRACE and alternative risk scores in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of 40 derivation studies on 216,552 patients and of 42 validation studies on 31,625 patients. Contemp Clin Trials 2012; 33(3):507-14.:1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2012.01.001.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2012.01.00...
,33 Neves VB, Roman RM, Vendruscolo T, Heineck G, Mattos CA, Mattos EI, et al. Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2022; 35(2):174-180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019.
https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019...
Once a model has shown good performance in estimating risk, it is important to determine if this information may change the clinical practice. Patients with STEMI usually receive a standard level of care and changes in the approach are made more due to complications (e.g. cardiogenic shock) than to risk scores. However, patients with non-ST elevation ACS are more heterogenous, and risk stratification models have exerted greater influence on decision making (Table 2).44 Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE Jr, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR Jr, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-e228. https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019
https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019...
–77 Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Nov 30;144(22):e368-e454. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.000000000000...
High-risk patients (GRACE score > 140) represent a group of patients who benefit from an invasive approach in the first 24 hours,66 Nicolau JC, Feitosa-Filho G, Petriz JL, Furtado RHM, Précoma DB, Lemke W, et al. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Angina Instável e Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio sem Supradesnível do Segmento ST – 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(1):181-264. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210180.
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20210180...
,77 Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Nov 30;144(22):e368-e454. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.000000000000...
meanwhile patients at low risk may be considered for treatment outside the intensive care unit and early discharge.88 Guimarães PO, Sampaio MC, Malafaia FL, Lopes RD, Fanaroff AC, de Barros E Silva PGM, et al. Clinical outcomes and need for intensive care after non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur J Intern Med. 2020 Jun;76:58-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.0...
Other risk models have been developed, as the one developed by the National Cardiovascular Data Registry (NCDR®), whose accuracy can be further improved by the continuous use of a very large and diverse database.88 Guimarães PO, Sampaio MC, Malafaia FL, Lopes RD, Fanaroff AC, de Barros E Silva PGM, et al. Clinical outcomes and need for intensive care after non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur J Intern Med. 2020 Jun;76:58-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.008.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.0...
,99 de Barros E Silva PGM, Ribeiro HB, Lopes RD, Macedo TA, Conejo F, do Amaral Baruzzi AC, et al. Improvement in quality indicators using NCDR® registries: First international experience. Int J Cardiol. 2018; Sep 15;267:13-5. https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190885
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190885...
In addition to the individual risk estimation of patients with ACS, these models can also be used to adjust the risk of mortality in quality-improvement registries using the observed/expected ratio, which is of great value for epidemiological analysis.99 de Barros E Silva PGM, Ribeiro HB, Lopes RD, Macedo TA, Conejo F, do Amaral Baruzzi AC, et al. Improvement in quality indicators using NCDR® registries: First international experience. Int J Cardiol. 2018; Sep 15;267:13-5. https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190885
https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190885...
Current recommendations for the management of patients with suspected or confirmed Non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes based on risk-score44 Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE Jr, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR Jr, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-e228. https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019
https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019... –77 Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Nov 30;144(22):e368-e454. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029.
https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.000000000000...
Finally, the use of artificial intelligence as machine learning and the technique of deep learning may represent the next step in risk prediction of patients with ACS with the potential of integrating this information into the decision-making process of diagnosis and treatment.1010 Wang H, Zu Q, Chen J, Yang Z, Ahmed MA. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Brief Literature Review. Adv Ther. 2021 Oct;38(10):5078-86. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01908-2] [Reference Citation Analysis]
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01908...
Until then, we should consider the traditional prediction models as a support in situations where they could provide useful information to the medical team and the patient about the risk of mortality. Finally, the result of a risk score should never be used apart from medical judgment and the combination of both represents the current good clinical practice.
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Editorial referring to the article: Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
References
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1Ralapanawa U, Sivakanesan R. Epidemiology and the Magnitude of Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Narrative Review. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2021 Jun;11(2):169-77. doi: 10.2991/jegh.k.201217.001.
» https://doi.org/10.2991/jegh.k.201217.001 -
2Magalhães LP, D’Ascenzo F, Biondi-Zoccai G, Moretti C, Bollati M, Omedè P, Sciuto F, et al. TIMI, GRACE and alternative risk scores in acute coronary syndromes: a meta-analysis of 40 derivation studies on 216,552 patients and of 42 validation studies on 31,625 patients. Contemp Clin Trials 2012; 33(3):507-14.:1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2012.01.001.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2012.01.001 -
3Neves VB, Roman RM, Vendruscolo T, Heineck G, Mattos CA, Mattos EI, et al. Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2022; 35(2):174-180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019
» https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019 -
4Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, Casey DE Jr, Ganiats TG, Holmes DR Jr, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-e228. https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019
» https://doi.org/10.36660/ijcs.20210019 -
5Collet JP, Thiele H, Barbato E, Barthélémy O, Bauersachs J, Bhatt DL, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2021 Apr 7;42(14):1289-367. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575.
» https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575 -
6Nicolau JC, Feitosa-Filho G, Petriz JL, Furtado RHM, Précoma DB, Lemke W, et al. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre Angina Instável e Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio sem Supradesnível do Segmento ST – 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;117(1):181-264. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210180.
» https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20210180 -
7Gulati M, Levy PD, Mukherjee D, Amsterdam E, Bhatt DL, Birtcher KK, et al. 2021 AHA/ACC/ASE/CHEST/SAEM/SCCT/SCMR Guideline for the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Chest Pain: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Nov 30;144(22):e368-e454. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029.
» https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001029 -
8Guimarães PO, Sampaio MC, Malafaia FL, Lopes RD, Fanaroff AC, de Barros E Silva PGM, et al. Clinical outcomes and need for intensive care after non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur J Intern Med. 2020 Jun;76:58-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.008.
» https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.02.008 -
9de Barros E Silva PGM, Ribeiro HB, Lopes RD, Macedo TA, Conejo F, do Amaral Baruzzi AC, et al. Improvement in quality indicators using NCDR® registries: First international experience. Int J Cardiol. 2018; Sep 15;267:13-5. https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190885
» https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20190885 -
10Wang H, Zu Q, Chen J, Yang Z, Ahmed MA. Application of Artificial Intelligence in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Brief Literature Review. Adv Ther. 2021 Oct;38(10):5078-86. DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01908-2] [Reference Citation Analysis]
» https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01908-2]
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
09 Mar 2022 -
Date of issue
2022