|
Afferents (a)
|
Barros, et al.33- Barros MJ, Zammattio SJ, Rees PJ. Importance of inspiratory flow rate
in the cough response to citric acid inhalation in normal subjects. Clinical Sci
(Lond). 1990;78(5):521-5.,1414- Chan PY, Davenport PW. Respiratory-related evoked potential measures
of respiratory sensory gating. J Appl Physiol (1985).
2008;105(4):1106-13. (1990, 1991) |
Butler, et al.1010- Butler SG, Stuart A, Castell D, Russell GB, Koch K, Kemp S. Effects
of age, gender, bolus condition, viscosity, and volume on pharyngeal and upper
esophageal sphincter pressure and temporal measurements during swallowing. J Speech
Lang Hear Res. 2009;52(1):240-53. (2009) |
| Cough and swallowing share afferents that are essential to the
initiation and modification of the behaviors. |
Canning, et al.1111- Canning BJ. Role of nerves in asthmatic inflammation and potential
influence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Med. 2001;111 Suppl
8A:13S-17S.,1313- Canning BJ, Chou YL. Cough sensors. I. Physiological and
pharmacological properties of the afferent nerves regulating cough. Handb Exp
Pharmacol. 2009;(187):23-47. (2001,2009) |
Dantas, et al.1717- Dantas RO, Dodds WJ. Effect of bolus volume and consistency on
swallow-induced submental and infrahyoid electromyographic activity. Braz J Med Biol
Res. 1990;23(1):37-44.,1818- Dantas RO, Kern MK, Massey BT, Dodds WJ, Kahrilas PJ, Brasseur JG,
et al. Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of
swallowing. Am J Physiol. 1990;258(5 Pt 1):G675-81. (1990) |
| |
Dicpinigaitis2525- Dicpinigaitis PV. Clinical cough III: measuring the cough response
in the laboratory. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009;(187):297-310. (2009) |
Doty2626- Doggett DL, Turkelson CM, Coates V. Recent developments in diagnosis
and intervention for aspiration and dysphagia in stroke and other neuromuscular
disorders. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2002;4(4):311-8.,2727- Doty RW. Influence of stimulus pattern on reflex deglutition. Am J
Physiol. 1951;166(1):142-58. (1951,1956) |
| |
Fontana, et al.3434- Fontana GA, Pantaleo T, Lavorini F, Benvenuti F, Gangemi S.
Defective motor control of coughing in Parkinson's disease. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med. 1998;158(2):458-64. (1998) |
Gestreau, et al.3636- Gestreau C, Grélot L, Bianchi AL. Activity of respiratory laryngeal
motoneurons during fictive coughing and swallowing. Exp Brain Res.
2000;130(1):27-34.,
3737- Gestreau C, Milano S, Bianchi AL, Grélot L. Activity of dorsal
respiratory group inspiratory neurons during laryngeal-induced fictive coughing and
swallowing in decerebrate cats. Exp Brain Res. 1996;108(2):247-56. (2000,1996) |
| |
Gestreau, et al.3636- Gestreau C, Grélot L, Bianchi AL. Activity of respiratory laryngeal
motoneurons during fictive coughing and swallowing. Exp Brain Res.
2000;130(1):27-34.,3737- Gestreau C, Milano S, Bianchi AL, Grélot L. Activity of dorsal
respiratory group inspiratory neurons during laryngeal-induced fictive coughing and
swallowing in decerebrate cats. Exp Brain Res. 1996;108(2):247-56. (2000,1996) |
Hiss, et al.4444- Hiss SG, Strauss M, Treole K, Stuart A, Boutilier S. Effects of age,
gender, bolus volume, bolus viscosity, and gustation on swallowing apnea onset
relative to lingual bolus propulsion onset in normal adults. J Speech Lang Hear Res.
2004;47(3):572-83.,4545- Hiss SG, Treole K, Stuart A. Effects of age, gender, bolus volume,
and trial on swallowing apnea duration and swallow/ respiratory phase relationships
of normal adults. Dysphagia. 2001;16(2):128-35. (2004,2001) |
| |
Jafari, et al. 5151- Jafari S, Prince RA, Kim DY, Paydarfar D. Sensory regulation of
swallowing and airway protection: a role for the internal superior laryngeal nerve in
humans. J Physiol. 2003;550(Pt 1):287-304. (2003) |
Hoffman, et al. 4747- Hoffman MR, Ciucci MR, Mielens JD, Jiang JJ, McCulloch TM.
Pharyngeal swallow adaptations to bolus volume measured with high-resolution
manometry. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(12):2367-73. (2010) |
| |
Midgren, et al.7474- Midgren B, Hansson L, Karlsson JA, Simonsson BG, Persson CG.
Capsaicin-induced cough in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis.
1992;146(2):347-51. (1992) |
Jean5252- Jean A. Brain stem control of swallowing: neuronal network and
cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2001;81(2):929-69. (2001) |
| |
Pecova, et al.8181- Pecova R, Javorkova N, Kudlicka J, Tatar M. Tussigenic agents in the
measurement of cough reflex sensitivity. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;58 Suppl 5(Pt
2):531-8. (2007) |
Kitagwa, et al.5656- Kitagawa J, Nakagawa K, Hasegawa M, Iwakami T, Shingai T, Yamada Y,
et al. Facilitation of reflex swallowing from the pharynx and larynx. J Oral Sci.
2009;51(2):167-71. (2009) |
| |
Smith, et al.9999- Smith JA, Aliverti A, Quaranta M, McGuinness K, Kelsall A, Earis J,
et al. Chest wall dynamics during voluntary and induced cough in healthy volunteers.
J Physiol. 2012;590(Pt 3):563-74. (2012) |
Miller7575- Miller AJ. Characteristics of the swallowing reflex induced by
peripheral nerve and brain stem stimulation. Exp Neurol.
1972;34(2):210-22.,7676- Miller AJ. Neurophysiological basis of swallowing. Dysphagia.
1986;1:91-100. (1972,1986) |
| |
Sant'Ambrogio, et al.8989- Sant'Ambrogio G, Sant'Ambrogio FB. Role of laryngeal afferents in
cough. Pulm Pharmacol. 1996;9(5-6):309-14. (1996) |
Saito, et al.8888- Saito Y, Ezure K, Tanaka I, Osawa M. Activity of neurons in
ventrolateral respiratory groups during swallowing in decerebrate rats. Brain Dev.
2003;25(5):338-45. (2003) |
| |
Widdicombe, et al.115115- Widdicombe J. The race to explore the pathway to cough: who won the
silver medal? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(5):729-30.,117117- Widdicombe JG. Receptors in the trachea and bronchi of the cat. J
Physiol. 1954;123(1):71-104.
(2001,1954) |
Shaw & Martino9494- Shaw SM, Martino R. The normal swallow: muscular and
neurophysiological control. Otolaryngol Clin North Am.
2013;46(6):937-56. (2013) |
| |
|
Storey102102- Storey AT. A functional analysis of sensory units innervating
epiglottis and larynx. Exp Neurol. 1968;20(3):366-83.,103103- Storey AT, Johnson P. Laryngeal water receptors initiating apnea in
the lamb. Exp Neurol. 1975;47(1):42-55. (1968, 1975) |
|
Sensory and Motor Nuclei (b, f)
|
Bolser, et al.55- Bolser DC, Davenport PW. Codeine and cough: an ineffective gold
standard. Curr Opn Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;7(1):32-6.,66- Bolser DC, Gestreau C, Morris KF, Davenport PW, Pitts TE. Central
neural circuits for coordination of swallowing, breathing, and coughing: predictions
from computational modeling and simulation. Otolaryngol Clin North Am.
2013;46(6):957-64.
(2009,2013) |
Bolser, et al.66- Bolser DC, Gestreau C, Morris KF, Davenport PW, Pitts TE. Central
neural circuits for coordination of swallowing, breathing, and coughing: predictions
from computational modeling and simulation. Otolaryngol Clin North Am.
2013;46(6):957-64. (2013) |
| Afferent information is then sent to the
sensory nuclei located in the brainstem. There, the BCA will receive the
afferent information and exert control over the CPGs to generate the
appropriate airway protective behavior. |
Davenport, et al.2020- Davenport PW, Bolser DC, Morris KF. Swallow remodeling of
respiratory neural networks. Head Neck. 2011;33:S8-13. (2011) |
Broussard, et al.88- Broussard DL, Altschuler SM. Central integration of swallow and
airway-protective reflexes. Am J Med. 2000;108 Suppl 4a:62S-67S. (2000) |
| |
Gestreau, et al.3535- Gestreau C, Bianchi AL, Grélot L. Differential brainstem Foslike
immunoreactivity after laryngeal-induced coughing and its reduction by codeine. J
Neurosci. 1997;17(23):9340-52.
36- Gestreau C, Grélot L, Bianchi AL. Activity of respiratory laryngeal
motoneurons during fictive coughing and swallowing. Exp Brain Res.
2000;130(1):27-34.-3737- Gestreau C, Milano S, Bianchi AL, Grélot L. Activity of dorsal
respiratory group inspiratory neurons during laryngeal-induced fictive coughing and
swallowing in decerebrate cats. Exp Brain Res. 1996;108(2):247-56.
(1997,2000,1996) |
Dick, et al.2424- Dick TE, Oku Y, Romaniuk JR, Cherniack NS. Interaction between
central pattern generators for breathing and swallowing in the cat. J Physiol.
1993;465:715-30. (1993) |
| |
Jordan5353- Jordan D. Central nervous pathways and control of the airways.
Respir Physiol. 2001;125(1-2):67-81. (2001) |
Ertekin, et al.2929- Ertekin C. Voluntary versus spontaneous swallowing in man.
Dysphagia. 2011;26(2):183-92.,3030- Ertekin C, Aydogdu I. Neurophysiology of swallowing. Clin
Neurophysiol. 2003;114(12):2226-44.
(2011,2003) |
| |
Jordan & Spyer5454- Jordan D, Spyer KM. Brainstem integration of cardiovascular and
pulmonary afferent activity. Prog Brain Res. 1986;67:295-314. (1986) |
Gestreau, et al.3636- Gestreau C, Grélot L, Bianchi AL. Activity of respiratory laryngeal
motoneurons during fictive coughing and swallowing. Exp Brain Res.
2000;130(1):27-34.,3737- Gestreau C, Milano S, Bianchi AL, Grélot L. Activity of dorsal
respiratory group inspiratory neurons during laryngeal-induced fictive coughing and
swallowing in decerebrate cats. Exp Brain Res. 1996;108(2):247-56.
(2000,1996) |
| |
Pitts, et al.8484- Pitts T, Morris K, Lindsey B, Davenport P, Poliacek I, Bolser D.
Co-ordination of cough and swallow in vivo and in silico. Exp Physiol.
2012;97(4):469-73.,8585- Pitts T, Rose MJ, Mortensen AN, Poliacek I, Sapienza CM, Lindsey BG,
et al. Coordination of cough and swallow: a metabehavioral response to aspiration.
Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013;189(3):543-51.
(2012,2013) |
Jean5252- Jean A. Brain stem control of swallowing: neuronal network and
cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2001;81(2):929-69. (2001) |
| |
Shannon, et al.9090- Shannon R, Baekey DM, Morris KF, Li Z, Lindsey BG. Functional
connectivity among ventrolateral medullary respiratory neurones and responses during
fictive cough in the cat. J Physiol. 2000;525(Pt 1):207-24.
91- Shannon R, Baekey DM, Morris KF, Lindsey BG. Brainstem respiratory
networks and cough. Pulm Pharmacol. 1996;9(5-6):343-7.-9292- Shannon R, Baekey DM, Morris KF, Lindsey BG. Ventrolateral medullary
respiratory network and a model of cough motor pattern generation. J Appl Physiol
(1985). 1998;84(6):2020-35.
(2000,1996,1998) |
Jordan5353- Jordan D. Central nervous pathways and control of the airways.
Respir Physiol. 2001;125(1-2):67-81. (2001) |
| |
|
Jordan & Spyer5454- Jordan D, Spyer KM. Brainstem integration of cardiovascular and
pulmonary afferent activity. Prog Brain Res. 1986;67:295-314. (1986) |
| |
|
Saito, et al.8888- Saito Y, Ezure K, Tanaka I, Osawa M. Activity of neurons in
ventrolateral respiratory groups during swallowing in decerebrate rats. Brain Dev.
2003;25(5):338-45. (2003) |
|
Somatosensation (h)
|
Chan & Davenport1414- Chan PY, Davenport PW. Respiratory-related evoked potential measures
of respiratory sensory gating. J Appl Physiol (1985).
2008;105(4):1106-13. (2008) |
Ertekin, et al.2929- Ertekin C. Voluntary versus spontaneous swallowing in man.
Dysphagia. 2011;26(2):183-92.,3030- Ertekin C, Aydogdu I. Neurophysiology of swallowing. Clin
Neurophysiol. 2003;114(12):2226-44. (2011,2003) |
| Information from the brainstem sensory nuclei travels through ascending
pathways to the cortex via the thalamus, allowing for somatosensation. |
Farrell, et al.3131- Farrell MJ, Cole LJ, Chiapoco D, Egan GF, Mazzone SB. Neural
correlates coding stimulus level and perception of capsaicin-evoked urge-to-cough in
humans. Neuroimage. 2012;61(4):1324-35. (2012) |
Hamdy, et al.4141- Hamdy S, Mikulis DJ, Crawley A, Xue S, Lau H, Henry S, et al.
Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing: an eventrelated fMRI study.
Am J Physiol. 1999;277(1 Pt 1):G219-25. (1999) |
| |
Mazzone, et al.7171- Mazzone SB, McGovern AE, Yang SK, Woo A, Phipps S, Ando A, et al.
Sensorimotor circuitry involved in the higher brain control of coughing. Cough.
2013;9(1):7.,7272- Mazzone SB, McLennan L, McGovern AE, Egan GF, Farrell MJ.
Representation of capsaicin-evoked urge-to-cough in the human brain using functional
magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2007;176(4):327-32. (2013,2007) |
Lowell, et al.6464- Lowell SY, Poletto CJ, Knorr-Chung BR, Reynolds RC, Simonyan K,
Ludlow CL. Sensory stimulation activates both motor and sensory components of the
swallowing system. Neuroimage. 2008;42(1):285-95. (2008) |
| |
Simonyan, et al.9696- Simonyan K, Saad ZS, Loucks TM, Poletto CJ, Ludlow CL. Functional
neuroanatomy of human voluntary cough and sniff production. Neuroimage.
2007;37(2):401-9. (2007) |
Martin, et al.6767- Martin RE, Goodyear BG, Gati JS, Menon RS. Cerebral cortical
representation of automatic and volitional swallowing in humans. J Neurophysiol.
2001;85(2):938-50. (2001) |
| |
Wheeler-Hegland, et al.114114- Wheeler-Hegland KM, Pitts T, Davenport PW. Cortical gating of
oropharyngeal sensory stimuli. Front Physiol. 2011;1:167.
(2011) |
Mosier, et al.7777- Mosier K, Patel R, Liu WC, Kalnin A, Maldjian J, Baredes S. Cortical
representation of swallowing in normal adults: functional implications. Laryngoscope.
1999;109(9):1417-23. (1999) |
| |
|
Soros, et al.101101- Smith Hammond CA, Goldstein LB, Horner RD, Ying J, Gray L,
Gonzalez-Rothi L, et al. Predicting aspiration in patients with ischemic stroke:
comparison of clinical signs and aerodynamic measures of voluntary cough. Chest.
2009;135(3):769-77. (2008) |
|
Urge-to-act (i)
|
Davenport, et al.1919- Davenport PW. Clinical cough I: the urge-to-cough: a respiratory
sensation. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2009(187):263-76.,2121- Davenport PW, Bolser DC, Vickroy T, Berry RB, Martin AD, Hey JA, et
al. The effect of codeine on the Urge-to-Cough response to inhaled capsaicin. Pulm
Pharmacol Ther. 2007;20(4):338-46.,2323- Davenport PW, Vovk A, Duke RK, Bolser DC, Robertson E. The
urge-to-cough and cough motor response modulation by the central effects of nicotine.
Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2009;22(2):82-9.
(2009,2009,2007) |
Theurer, et al.106106- Theurer JA, Bihari F, Barr AM, Martin RE. Oropharyngeal stimulation
with air-pulse trains increases swallowing frequency in healthy adults. Dysphagia.
2005;20(4):254-60.,107107- Theurer JA, Czachorowski KA, Martin LP, Martin RE. Effects of
oropharyngeal air-pulse stimulation on swallowing in healthy older adults. Dysphagia.
2009;24(3):302-13. (2005,2009) |
| Preceding the motor output there is an
urge to act on the stimulus. The magnitude of the perceived urge-to-act will
be based on discriminative and affective processing. |
| |
Farrell, et al.3131- Farrell MJ, Cole LJ, Chiapoco D, Egan GF, Mazzone SB. Neural
correlates coding stimulus level and perception of capsaicin-evoked urge-to-cough in
humans. Neuroimage. 2012;61(4):1324-35. (2012) |
|
| |
Mazzone, et al.7171- Mazzone SB, McGovern AE, Yang SK, Woo A, Phipps S, Ando A, et al.
Sensorimotor circuitry involved in the higher brain control of coughing. Cough.
2013;9(1):7.,7272- Mazzone SB, McLennan L, McGovern AE, Egan GF, Farrell MJ.
Representation of capsaicin-evoked urge-to-cough in the human brain using functional
magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2007;176(4):327-32.
(2013,2007) |
|
| |
Van den Bergh, et al.109109- Van den Bergh O, Van Diest I, Dupont L, Davenport PW. On the
psychology of cough. Lung. 2012;190(1):55-61. (2012) |
|
| |
Yamanda, et al.120120- Yamanda S, Ebihara S, Ebihara T, Yamasaki M, Asamura T, Asada M, et
al. Impaired urge-to-cough in elderly patients with aspiration pneumonia. Cough.
2008;4:11. (2008) |
|
|
Volitional Control (j, k)
|
Farrell, et al.3131- Farrell MJ, Cole LJ, Chiapoco D, Egan GF, Mazzone SB. Neural
correlates coding stimulus level and perception of capsaicin-evoked urge-to-cough in
humans. Neuroimage. 2012;61(4):1324-35. (2012) |
Augustine22- Augustine JR. Circuitry and functional aspects of the insular lobe in
primates including humans. Brain Res Brain Res Rev.
1996;22(3):229-44. (1996) |
| Volitional control of the behavior is dependent upon the perceived
magnitude of the stimulus as well as extrinsic factors. Additionally, both
cough and swallowing can be initiated through volitional control or on
command. |
Hegland, et al.4242- Hegland KW, Bolser DC, Davenport PW. Volitional control of reflex
cough. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012;113(1):39-46. (2012) |
Hamdy, et al.4141- Hamdy S, Mikulis DJ, Crawley A, Xue S, Lau H, Henry S, et al.
Cortical activation during human volitional swallowing: an eventrelated fMRI study.
Am J Physiol. 1999;277(1 Pt 1):G219-25.,4040- Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Thompson DG, Rothwell JC. Physiology and
pathophysiology of the swallowing area of human motor cortex. Neural plasticity.
2001;8(1-2):91-7. Epub 2001/09/04. (2001,1999) |
| |
Hutchings, et al.4848- Hutchings HA, Morris S, Eccles R, Jawad MS. Voluntary suppression of
cough induced by inhalation of capsaicin in healthy volunteers. Respir Med.
1993;87(5):379-82. (1993) |
Malandraki, et al.6565- Malandraki GA, Johnson S, Robbins J. Functional MRI of swallowing:
from neurophysiology to neuroplasticity. Head Neck. 2011;33 Suppl
1:S14-20.,6666- Malandraki GA, Sutton BP, Perlman AL, Karampinos DC, Conway C.
Neural activation of swallowing and swallowing-related tasks in healthy young adults:
an attempt to separate the components of deglutition. Hum Brain Mapp.
2009;30(10):3209-26.
(2011,2009) |
| |
Leech, et al.6161- Leech J, Mazzone SB, Farrell MJ. Brain activity associated with
placebo suppression of the urge-to-cough in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2013;188(9):1069-75. (2013) |
Martin, et al.6767- Martin RE, Goodyear BG, Gati JS, Menon RS. Cerebral cortical
representation of automatic and volitional swallowing in humans. J Neurophysiol.
2001;85(2):938-50.,6868- Martin RE, MacIntosh BJ, Smith RC, Barr AM, Stevens TK, Gati JS, et
al. Cerebral areas processing swallowing and tongue movement are overlapping but
distinct: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J Neurophysiol.
2004;92(4):2428-43. (2001,2004) |
| |
Leow, et al.6262- Leow LP, Beckert L, Anderson T, Huckabee ML. Changes in
chemosensitivity and mechanosensitivity in aging and Parkinson's disease. Dysphagia.
2012;27(1):106-14. (2012) |
Mosier, et al.7777- Mosier K, Patel R, Liu WC, Kalnin A, Maldjian J, Baredes S. Cortical
representation of swallowing in normal adults: functional implications. Laryngoscope.
1999;109(9):1417-23. (1999) |
| |
Mazzone, et al.6969- Mazzone SB, Cole LJ, Ando A, Egan GF, Farrell MJ. Investigation of
the neural control of cough and cough suppression in humans using functional brain
imaging. J Neurosci. 2011;31(8):2948-58.,7171- Mazzone SB, McGovern AE, Yang SK, Woo A, Phipps S, Ando A, et al.
Sensorimotor circuitry involved in the higher brain control of coughing. Cough.
2013;9(1):7.,7272- Mazzone SB, McLennan L, McGovern AE, Egan GF, Farrell MJ.
Representation of capsaicin-evoked urge-to-cough in the human brain using functional
magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
2007;176(4):327-32.(2011,2013,2007) |
O'Rourke, et al.7979- O'Rourke A, Morgan LB, Coss-Adame E, Morrison M, Weinberger P,
Postma G. The effect of voluntary pharyngeal swallowing maneuvers on esophageal
swallowing physiology. Dysphagia. 2014;29(2):262-8. (2014) |
| |
Simonyan, et al.9696- Simonyan K, Saad ZS, Loucks TM, Poletto CJ, Ludlow CL. Functional
neuroanatomy of human voluntary cough and sniff production. Neuroimage.
2007;37(2):401-9. (2007) |
Park, et al.8080- Park JW, Kim Y, Oh JC, Lee HJ. Effortful swallowing training
combined with electrical stimulation in post-stroke dysphagia: a randomized
controlled study. Dysphagia. 2012;27(4):521-7. (2012) |
| |
Widdicombe, et al.118118- Widdicombe JG, Tatar M. Upper airway reflex control. Ann N Y Acad
Sci. 1988;533:252-61. (1988) |
Wheeler-Hegland, et al.113113- Wheeler Hegland KM, Huber JE, Pitts T, Sapienza CM. Lung volume
during swallowing: single bolus swallows in healthy young adults. J Speech Lang Hear
Res. 2009;52(1):178-87.
(2009) |
|
Efferent Control (g)
|
Pitts, et al.8484- Pitts T, Morris K, Lindsey B, Davenport P, Poliacek I, Bolser D.
Co-ordination of cough and swallow in vivo and in silico. Exp Physiol.
2012;97(4):469-73. (2012) (Review) |
Shaw & Martino9494- Shaw SM, Martino R. The normal swallow: muscular and
neurophysiological control. Otolaryngol Clin North Am.
2013;46(6):937-56. (2013) (Review) |
| Neural information travels through
descending pathways to the brainstem and then through efferents to the
periphery. |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
