Skills Assessment Criteria for Aircraft Maintenance Technician in the Context of Industrial Revolution 4.0

Thulasy, T. Nanthakumaran; Nohuddin, Puteri Nor Ellyza; Nusyirwan, Istas Fahrurrazi; Rahim, Noorlizawati Abd; Amrin, Astuty; Chua, Stephanie

doi:10.1590/jatm.v14.1286

T. Nanthakumaran Thulasy ^**Correspondence author: tnanthakumaran@graduate.utm.my

Conceptualization

Methodology

Software

Formal analysis

Investigation

Resources

Data Curation

Writing - Original Draft

Project administration

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia – Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics – Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5455-8171

Puteri Nor Ellyza Nohuddin

Conceptualization

Methodology

Software

Formal analysis

Investigation

Resources

Data Curation

Writing - Original Draft

Writing - Review & Editing

Project administration

Higher Colleges of Technology – Faculty of Business – United Arab Emirates.

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia – Institute of Industrial Revolution 4.0 – Bangi – Malaysia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0627-5630

Istas Fahrurrazi Nusyirwan

Conceptualization

Methodology

Validation

Resources

Writing - Review & Editing

Supervision

Project administration

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia – Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics – Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1533-6810

Noorlizawati Abd Rahim

Conceptualization

Resources

Supervision

Project administration

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia – Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics – Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-5499

Astuty Amrin

Conceptualization

Resources

Supervision

Project administration

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia – Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics – Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3885-0265

Stephanie Chua

Writing - Review & Editing

Visualization

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak – Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology – Kota Samarahan – Malaysia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6550-6828

*Correspondence author: tnanthakumaran@graduate.utm.my

Section editor: Valder Steffen Jr.

Type of maintenance	Details
1^st level maintenance (Organizational level)	This on-site maintenance check includes inspection, repair, and part replacement.
2^nd level maintenance (Intermediate level)	This inspection is performed on-site and entails a more complete examination, repair, and replacement of components than the first level of maintenance. a. The components must meet the deterioration characteristic requirements, which indicates that the probability of experiencing a failure mode increases over time. b. Additional effective measures must be available to prevent the parts from failing on a regular basis.
3^rd level maintenance (Depot level)	This examination is conducted by specially trained specialists in specialised facilities. It requires more repair and replacement parts than the other two categories.

Skills	Descriptions
Communication	1. Recognize and comprehend text; 3. Read and grasp work-related papers; 4. Speak clearly to the audience; 5. Write clearly and concisely so others understand ideas; 6. Pay attentive and ask questions.
Problem solving	1. Understand when something is wrong or likely to go wrong; 2. Arrange goods or occurrences according to a plan; 3. Assess ideas’ advantages and weaknesses using reasoning; 4. Identify the issue; 5. Use reasoning to solve problems; 6. Compiles data and draws conclusions; 7. Assess the costs and benefits of a proposed activity; 8. Recognize important changes in a system; 9. Focus and avoid distractions when working; 10. Create rules for grouping items.
Self, others, and time management	1. Evaluation of learning or performance; 2. Plan one’s and others’ time.
Cooperation	1. Adapt ones conduct to others’ actions.
Manoeuvres	1. Troubleshoot and fix equipment; 2. Maintain equipment regularly and decide how much maintenance is needed; 3. Identify and resolve technical difficulties; 4. Inspect the machine’s gauges, dials, and output for proper operation; 5. Examine and evaluate the product’s quality; 6. Identify the necessary tools and equipment.
Judgement and envisagement	1. Visualize how rearranging or moving something will look; 2. Find a pattern in distracting stuff; 3. Quickly compare letters, numbers, objects, photos, and patterns.

Author (year)	Purpose	Method	Data Collection	Skills Assessment Criteria
*Günes et al. (2020)*Güneş T, Turhan U, Açıkel B (2020) An assessment of aircraft maintenance technician competency. Int J Aviat Sci Tecnol 1(1):22-29.	Develop and apply the assessment processes.	Direct observation, tracking records review and analysis of quality control records, safety management system records review and analysis, comparison of technician performance.	Aircraft maintenance technician.	Systematic observations; Maintenance records; Quality control records; SMS records.
*Gorbachev et al. (2019)*Gorbachev O, Shestakov V, Stefański K (2019) Assessment of professionally important qualities aviation technical staff. AIP Conf Proc 2077(1):020022. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5091883 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5091883...	Develop professionally relevant attributes in future professionals during the training stage.	Survey analysis using probabilistic and statistical methods to identify professionally good attributes of aviation maintenance personnel.	Professional and aviation technician.	Professional indicator.
Shanmugam and Robert (2015a)Shanmugam A, Robert TP (2015a) Ranking of aircraft maintenance organization based on human factor performance. Comput Ind Eng 88(C):410-416.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.07.017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2015.07.01...	Compare maintenance service quality in airline is closely proportional to its fleet size.	Priorities the decision criteria, and using the analytical hierarchy process to priorities important functions and rank the maintenance companies under consideration.	Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) and industry personnel.	The entire performance of the aviation maintenance system is represented by eight decision criteria.
Mohd *Kamaruzaman et al. (2019)*Kamaruzaman FM, Hamid R, Mutalib AA, Rasul MS (2019) Conceptual framework for the development of 4IR skills for engineering graduates. Glob J Eng Educ 21(1):54-61.	Compare present engineering skills with the new technologies required for IR4.0.	Systematic review to track, evaluate and synthesis approach for reviewing past studies on engineering skills	Data synthesis from ProQuest; Science Direct; Wiley; Taylor and Francis; IEEE.	Thinking analytically and innovating; Active and learning tactics; Creativity, inventiveness, and initiative Design and programming of technology; critical thinking and analysis; emotional intelligence; System evaluation and analysis
*Lappas et al. (2016)*Lappas I, Kourousis KI (2016) Anticipating the need for new skills for the future aerospace and aviation professionals. J Aerosp Technol Manag 8(2):232-241. https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v8i2.616 https://doi.org/10.5028/jatm.v8i2.616...	Translate and skills to the university classroom for aviation industry personnel.	The assessment and teaching of 21^st century capabilities project focuses on identifying such skills and developing methods for teaching them.	Skills for the twenty-first century; pedagogical issues; technology factors; classroom’s evaluation; policy frameworks and new assessments.	Creativity and invention; critical thinking; problem solving and decision making; communication; teamwork; content knowledge; and ICT literacy are all important.
Wahbi (2015)Wahbi YI (2015) Impact of human competencies on aviation maintenance employees’ performance. (A case study at JALCo) (master’s thesis). Amman, Jordan: The Middle East University. [accessed Jul 15 2021]. https://meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/5873692c5fbf0_1.pdf https://meu.edu.jo/libraryTheses/5873692...	Investigate the importance of human skills on aviation maintenance workers’ performance.	The survey, used to collect the relevant data. Used of quantitative strategy.	Employees of (JALCo), a company located in Amman.	Behavioural competencies; functional competencies; managerial competencies; performance level.
*Manjunath et al. (2019)*Manjunath S, MB Shravan, Dechakka BB (2019) A study on assessment of skill gap to enhance workforce performance. International Journal of Management, Technology and Engineering 21(4):3561-3576.	Examine the skill gap as well as the link between skills and performance.	A structured questionnaire was carried out at Sanria Engineering and Consulting Pvt Ltd., Mysuru based on simple random sampling technique.	Questionnaires five-point Likert scale.	Communication, technical, problems solving, interpersonal, decision-making skills.
*Tsagkas et al. (2014)*Tsagkas V, Nathanael D, Marmaras N (2014) A pragmatic mapping of factors behind deviating acts in aircraft maintenance. Reliab Eng Syst 130:106-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2014.05.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2014.05.0...	Analyse 12 incidents of departures from approved procedures during scheduled/unscheduled maintenance checks performed by a Greek aircraft major sector.	Using an ethnographic method, we were able to uncover deviant behaviour during maintenance inspections and examine the reasons that contributed to these deviations.	12 individual cases.	The discovered criteria varied from the most normative (manuals) to the most contextual (personal comfort, schedule pressures).
*Stadnicka et al. (2017)*Stadnicka D, Arkhipov D, Battaïa O, Ratnayake RMC (2017) Skills management in the optimization of aircraft maintenance processes. IFAC-PapersOnLine 50(1):6912-6917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1216 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08...	Create a strategy for and schedule for aircraft maintenance tasks.	A mathematical model created to reduce the lead time of maintenance procedures while taking into consideration operator competence requirements.	54 groups of activities in an aircraft maintenance.	Hall’s marriage theorem is used to define complicated limits on multiskilled operator assignment.
*Lin et al. (2018)*Lin Y, Shahhosseini AM, Jankex C (2018) Board 58: Concept map-based aviation competency mapping and training. Paper presented 2018 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. American Society for Engineering Education; Salt Lake City, Utah. http://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--30063 https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--30063...	Develop competency mapping method based on conceptual maps for training in the aviation industry.	Developed training modules using concept maps based on existing approaches and procedures.	100 clients, many of them were heavy industry engineers, managers, and directors of operations.	Visual representation of the task and proposed solution interpretation.
Shanmugam and Robert (2015b)Shanmugam A, Robert TP (2015b) Human factors engineering in aircraft maintenance: A review. J Qual Maint Eng 21(4):478-505. https://doi.org/10.1108/JQME-05-2013-0030 https://doi.org/10.1108/JQME-05-2013-003...	Present a survey of the literature on human aspects in aircraft maintenance, as well as interpret and synthesize the findings.	Broad areas of aircraft maintenance rules have been recognized, and each area has been investigated in order to determine the level of scientific advancement and publications.	Scientific journal articles, research reports, books, and conference proceedings; on the regulatory framework.	In aircraft design, manufacture, operations, and maintenance, human factors principles are used extensively.
Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek and Gola (2019)Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek M, Gola A (2020) Maintenance 4.0 technologies for sustainable manufacturing – An overview. IFAC PapersOnLine 52(10):91-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.10.005 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2019.10...	Describe the most recent developments in maintenance management, starting with the IR4.0 challenges and the economic, environmental, and social problems of sustainable development.	Intelligent and sustainable maintenance was considered in three perspectives. Historical, development and maintenance perspective.	Based on literature review of journals.	Technical knowledge intelligent and sustainable maintenance was considered in three perspectives.
*Puspita et al. (2020)*Puspita H, Ana A, Wulandari IY, Andriana D (2020) The evaluation of the learning curriculum of the aircraft maintenance training organization 147 for avionic study program as a basis in meeting the need of the aviation industry. J Eng Educ Transform 34(Special Issue):26-31. https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2020/v34i0/157848 https://doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2020/v34i0...	Provide learning outcomes for the Avionics programme in the aircraft maintenance training organization’s curriculum application as aviation maintenance professionals.	Descriptive analysis method in describing problems.	New graduates of the Diploma 3 Avionics study programme University of Nurtanio Bandung.	Attitude; general skills; special skills; knowledge.
*Watkins et al. (2016)*Watkins D, Newcomer JM, Earnhardt MP, Marion JW, Opengart RA, Glassman AM (2016) A cross-sectional investigation of the relationships education, certification, and experience have with knowledge, skills, and abilities among aviation professionals. Int J Aviat Aeronaut 3(1):6. https://doi.org/10.15394/ijaaa.2016.1101 https://doi.org/10.15394/ijaaa.2016.1101...	Examine how professionals in the aviation sector see the link between Education, Certification and Experience (ECE) and the development of their knowledge skill and ability (KSA).	The link between aviation industry experts is investigated using mixed methods concurrent triangulation. In the aviation industry, ECEs and KSAs are necessary.	404 professionals worked in the aviation industry.	Knowledge, skills, and abilities in relation to education, certification, and experience.
*Rifai et al. (2021)*Rifai M, Setyio A, Suprapto Y, Harianto BB, Irfansyah A (2021) HFACS for mapping strengthening human factor training material on prospective aircraft technicians. J Phys: Conf Ser 1845:012076	Mapping to strengthen human factor training material AMT with HFACS.	Data from online surveys will be analysed using the HFACS in this descriptive research.	Surabaya Aviation Polytechnic graduated 410 aircraft maintenance technicians.	Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS).

[1] *Correspondence author: tnanthakumaran@graduate.utm.my

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Skills Assessment Criteria for Aircraft Maintenance Technician in the Context of Industrial Revolution 4.0

ABSTRACT