Conceptual Models of Startle, Surprise and Automation Bias Analyzed Through Recent Aviation Accident Reports

This work aims to analyze three conceptual models of startle, surprise and automation bias found in the literature: Conceptual Model of Startle and Surprise, Integrated Model of Complacency, and Automation Bias and Conceptual Model of Threat, Appraisal and Information Processing. Afterwards, an analysis of accidents reports of Lion Air 43, Lion Air 610 (737-MAX), Emirates 407 and TAM 3054 is carried out using the selected conceptual models. The aim is to deepen the knowledge about startle, surprise and automation bias by means of an analysis of how they are found in recent accidents, disseminate the subject to the aeronautical community and reinforce their importance for aviation safety.

Keywords
Human factors; Pilots; Performance; Air transportation

Authorship

Karen Cristiane Gardini ^**Correspondence author: crisgardini@gmail.com

Conceptualization

Methodology

Software

Writing - Original Draft

Visualization

Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáuticaBrazilSão José dos Campos, SP, BrazilDepartamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica – Divisão de Engenharia Aeronáutica – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7621-3788

Fernando Holanda Chiavelli

Writing - Review & Editing

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6605-0102

José Ricardo Silva Scarpari

Writing - Review & Editing

Supervision

Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto de Pesquisas e Ensaio em Voo – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.Instituto de Pesquisas e Ensaio em VooBrazilSão José dos Campos, SP, BrazilDepartamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Aeroespacial – Instituto de Pesquisas e Ensaio em Voo – São José dos Campos/SP – Brazil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8231-3366

Donizeti de Andrade

Writing - Review & Editing

Supervision

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7058-656X

*Correspondence author: crisgardini@gmail.com

Section editor: Eric Nioya

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (6)

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Figure 1
Conceptual Model of Startle and Surprise.

Thumbnail

Figure 2
Integrated Model of Complacency and Automation Bias.

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Figure 3
Conceptual model of threat, appraisal and information processing.

Thumbnail

Figure 4
Estimated causal factors in four cases as mapped onto the conceptual model of Landman et al. (2017a)Landman A, Groen EL, Van Paassen MM, Bronkhorst AW, Mulder M (2017a) Dealing with unexpected events on the flight deck: A conceptual model of startle and surprise. Hum Factors 59(8):1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428... .

Thumbnail

Figure 5
Estimated causal factors in four cases as mapped onto the conceptual model of Parasuraman and Manzey (2010)Parasuraman R, Manzey DH (2010) Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration. Hum Factors 52(3):381-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055... .

Thumbnail

Figure 6
Estimated causal factors in four cases as mapped onto the conceptual model of Martin et al. (2010)Martin WL, Murray PS, Bates PR, Lee PS (2010) The effects of stress on pilot reactions to unexpected, novel, and emergency events. In: International Symposium of the Australian Aviation Psychology Association, Queensland. Brisbane: Australian Aviation Psychology Association. p. 263-266. https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391
https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391... .

Figure 1 Conceptual Model of Startle and Surprise.

Source: Retrieved from Landman et al. (2017a)Landman A, Groen EL, Van Paassen MM, Bronkhorst AW, Mulder M (2017a) Dealing with unexpected events on the flight deck: A conceptual model of startle and surprise. Hum Factors 59(8):1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428... .

Figure 2 Integrated Model of Complacency and Automation Bias.

Source: Retrieved from Parasuraman and Manzey (2010)Parasuraman R, Manzey DH (2010) Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration. Hum Factors 52(3):381-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055... .

Figure 3 Conceptual model of threat, appraisal and information processing.

Source: Retrieved from Martin et al. (2010)Martin WL, Murray PS, Bates PR, Lee PS (2010) The effects of stress on pilot reactions to unexpected, novel, and emergency events. In: International Symposium of the Australian Aviation Psychology Association, Queensland. Brisbane: Australian Aviation Psychology Association. p. 263-266. https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391
https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391... .

Figure 4 Estimated causal factors in four cases as mapped onto the conceptual model of **Landman et al. (2017a)**Landman A, Groen EL, Van Paassen MM, Bronkhorst AW, Mulder M (2017a) Dealing with unexpected events on the flight deck: A conceptual model of startle and surprise. Hum Factors 59(8):1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428... .

Source: Adapted from Landman et al. (2017a)Landman A, Groen EL, Van Paassen MM, Bronkhorst AW, Mulder M (2017a) Dealing with unexpected events on the flight deck: A conceptual model of startle and surprise. Hum Factors 59(8):1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720817723428... .

Figure 5 Estimated causal factors in four cases as mapped onto the conceptual model of Parasuraman and Manzey (2010)Parasuraman R, Manzey DH (2010) Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration. Hum Factors 52(3):381-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055... .

Source: Adapted from Parasuraman and Manzey (2010)Parasuraman R, Manzey DH (2010) Complacency and bias in human use of automation: An attentional integration. Hum Factors 52(3):381-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720810376055... .

Figure 6 Estimated causal factors in four cases as mapped onto the conceptual model of **Martin et al. (2010)**Martin WL, Murray PS, Bates PR, Lee PS (2010) The effects of stress on pilot reactions to unexpected, novel, and emergency events. In: International Symposium of the Australian Aviation Psychology Association, Queensland. Brisbane: Australian Aviation Psychology Association. p. 263-266. https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391
https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391... .

Source: Adapted from Martin et al. (2010)Martin WL, Murray PS, Bates PR, Lee PS (2010) The effects of stress on pilot reactions to unexpected, novel, and emergency events. In: International Symposium of the Australian Aviation Psychology Association, Queensland. Brisbane: Australian Aviation Psychology Association. p. 263-266. https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391
https://doi.org/10.072/37691673391... .

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Conceptual Models of Startle, Surprise and Automation Bias Analyzed Through Recent Aviation Accident Reports

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[1] *Correspondence author: crisgardini@gmail.com