Technological Perspectives and Economic Aspects of Green Hydrogen in the Energetic Transition: Challenges for Chemistry

Guarieiro, Lilian L. N.; Anjos, Jeancarlo P. dos; Silva, Luciana A. da; Santos, Alex Á. B.; Calixto, Ewerton E. S.; Pessoa, Fernando L. P.; Almeida, Jose L. G. de; Andrade Filho, Miguel; Marinho, Flavio S.; Rocha, Gisele O. da; Andrade, Jailson B. de

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20220052

Lilian L. N. Guarieiro

Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente (INCT), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), 40170-110 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Lílian L. N. Guarieiro received a degree in Chemistry from Centro Universitário de Lavras (2003), a master’s degree in Organic Chemistry and a specialization in Petroleum Chemistry from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (2006), and a PhD in Analytical Chemistry from Federal University of Bahia (2010); she was in the sandwich doctorate program at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; and was a post-doc at the National Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment (2011). She is currently the coordinator of the professional master’s program in sustainable development at SENAI CIMATEC. She has experience in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, and organic chemistry, with an emphasis on oil, gas, and biofuels.

Jeancarlo P. dos Anjos

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente (INCT), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), 40170-110 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Jeancarlo P. dos Anjos received a degree in Chemistry (2008) and a master’s degree in agrochemistry (2010) from UFLA, and a PhD in Chemistry from UFBA (2014) with an emphasis on Analytical Chemistry. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Science and Technology in Energy and Environment (2014-2016). He is an adjunct professor and vice-coordinator of the professional master’s degree program in sustainable development at SENAI CIMATEC University Center. He has experience in chemistry, working mainly with the development and validation of analytical methods, liquid and gas chromatography, sample preparation techniques, quality control of beverages, and environmental pollutants.

Luciana A. da Silva

Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente (INCT), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), 40170-110 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Ondina, 40170-270 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Luciana A. da Silva received a PhD from the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) in 2001, and during the 2006 academic year, she was a postdoctoral fellow in Environmental Science and Engineering in the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at the California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), USA, working with hybrid photocatalytic systems for hydrogen production. She was an affiliate member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (2010-2014) and is currently a full professor at UFBA. Her research interests are in the areas of photocatalytic hydrogen production and the synthesis and optical properties of new semiconductor materials applied to photocatalytic reactions.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0804-0042

Alex Á. B. Santos

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Alex Á. B. Santos received a DSc from the Energy and Environment Program of the Interdisciplinary Center for Energy and Environment (CiEnAm), Federal University of Bahia (2010); a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Federal University of Bahia (1998); and a master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the State University of Campinas (2001). He is a professor and researcher at SENAI CIMATEC and a senior member of the Brazilian Society of Engineering and Mechanical Sciences (ABCM). He is also coordinator of the Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology. His research interests are in the areas of industrial combustion, formation and control of soot and NOx, energy, thermal engineering, industrial maintenance, energy efficiency of processes and industrial equipment.

Ewerton E. S. Calixto

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Ewerton E. S. Calixto graduated in Chemical Engineering from Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) in 2007, concluded the master’s degree in the area of Chemical Process Integration from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 2011 and concluded the doctorate in the same area also in UFRJ. Professional experience in process intensification of chemical and biochemical processes (process integration, mass and energy integration), process analysis (modeling, simulation and process optimization) and also experience in onshore and offshore chemical/oil process units. Ewerton worked for large companies such as Chemtech, Amec and Siemens. He is currently Adjunct Professor of the Chemical Engineering course, collider and researcher of the Chemical and Biochemical Process Intensification Group (GIPQB) in Brazil of University Center SENAI CIMATEC in Salvador-BA, Brazil.

Fernando L. P. Pessoa

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Fernando L. P. Pessoa received a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Lyngby University (Denmark) (1992). He worked at the Federal University of Bahia as a researcher (4 years), at the Camaçari-Bahia Petrochemical Complex (6 years) and at the UFRJ Chemistry School for 25 years, where he became Full Professor. He is currently a Volunteer Professor at EQ-UFRJ and Full Professor at the SENAI CIMATEC University Center. He is Coordinator of the Competence Center for Process Intensification at SENAI-CIMATEC. He has experience in the field of Chemical Engineering, with an emphasis on Applied Thermodynamics and Process Engineering, working mainly on the following subjects: oil, petrochemistry, natural products, supercritical fluid and phase balance.

Jose L. G. de Almeida

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

José L. G. de Almeida graduated with a degree in Chemical Engineering from UFRJ (1979); received a master’s degree in Chemical Engineering from Coppe UFRJ (1983) and a doctorate in catalysis from Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France (1995); graduated from the Advanced Business Management Program, Instituto Internacional San Telmo, Spain (2007); and achieved specialization in data sciences at UFBA (2020). Fluent in English, French, and Spanish, and intermediate level in German. General director of DETEN Química S.A. for 12 years, with experience in project management (R&D). Currently works at SENAI CIMATEC as an executive manager, responsible for the areas of chemistry, energy efficiency, pulp and paper, environment, food, and laboratories.

Miguel Andrade Filho

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Miguel Andrade Filho received a master’s degree in energy industry regulation from Universidade Salvador (2007); graduated with a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Federal University of Bahia (1976); specialized in petroleum and petrochemical equipment (PETROBRAS, 1977); received an MBA in business administration from Universidade Federal da Bahia; and currently works as a consultant, researcher, and new business manager at SENAI CIMATEC University Center. He has experience in the areas of industrial maintenance, marketing, and management in the oil and natural gas processing industry, working mainly in the areas of quality, reliability, technology, maintenance, management, and marketing. He has published works on the evaluation of biodiesel B5 and B20 in captive fleets and is co-author of the Wind and Solar Atlas of the state of Bahia, among others.

Flavio S. Marinho

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Flavio S. Marinho received a PhD in computational modeling and industrial technologies (2020), master’s degree in business administration (2005) and marketing (2000), and a bachelor’s degree in social communication (1997). Professional career includes experience as an executive, consultant, professor, and academic researcher in the fields of new business development, innovation, technological entrepreneurship, startups, open innovation, and related subjects.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-0515

Gisele O. da Rocha

Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente (INCT), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), 40170-110 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Ondina, 40170-270 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Centro Interdisciplinar em Energia e Ambiente (CIEnAm), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), 40170-115 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Gisele O. da Rocha has a Chemistry degree from Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM, 1998), a PhD in Chemistry from Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, 2003), with a supervised internship at the Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (2002). She did a 3-years post-doc at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA, 2006). Also, she took a 1-year sabbatical at the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA, 2016), Los Angeles, USA. She is an Associate Professor at Institute of Chemistry from UFBA since 2006.

Jailson B. de Andrade ^**e-mail: jailsondeandrade@gmail.com

Instituto de Estudos Avançados, Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, 41650-010 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Energia e Ambiente (INCT), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), 40170-110 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Ondina, 40170-270 Salvador-BA, Brazil

Jailson B. de Andrade is a full professor and deputy provost for research and graduate studies at SENAI-CIMATEC, member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (regional VP) and Bahia Academy of Science (president), and fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He was honored as a Knight of the National Order of Scientific Merit by the President of the Republic of Brazil (Commendateur in 1998 and Grã-Cruz in 2009) and received the most important decoration of the Brazilian Chemical Society, the Simão Mathias Medal, in 2007. He is the chair of the National Institute for Science and Technology in Energy and Environment since 2008 and coordinator of the Interdisciplinary Center in Energy and Environment (UFBA).

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5269-4866

*e-mail: jailsondeandrade@gmail.com

Editor handled this article: Luiz Ramos (Guest)

Author Contributions

Lilian L. N. Guarieiro was responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing original draft, writing review and editing; Jeancarlo P. dos Anjos, Luciana A. da Silva, Alex A. B. Santos, Ewerton E. S. Calixto, Fernando L. P. Pessoa, Jose L. G. de Almeida, Miguel Andrade Filho, Flavio S. Marinho, and Gisele O. da Rocha were responsible for formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing original draft and writing review; Jailson B. de Andrade was responsible for conceptualization, formal analysis, investigation, visualization, writing original draft, writing review and supervision.

Lílian L. N. Guarieiro received a degree in Chemistry from Centro Universitário de Lavras (2003), a master’s degree in Organic Chemistry and a specialization in Petroleum Chemistry from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (2006), and a PhD in Analytical Chemistry from Federal University of Bahia (2010); she was in the sandwich doctorate program at Virginia Polytechnic Institute in Blacksburg, Virginia, USA; and was a post-doc at the National Institute of Science and Technology for Energy and Environment (2011). She is currently the coordinator of the professional master’s program in sustainable development at SENAI CIMATEC. She has experience in environmental chemistry, analytical chemistry, and organic chemistry, with an emphasis on oil, gas, and biofuels.

Jeancarlo P. dos Anjos received a degree in Chemistry (2008) and a master’s degree in agrochemistry (2010) from UFLA, and a PhD in Chemistry from UFBA (2014) with an emphasis on Analytical Chemistry. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institute of Science and Technology in Energy and Environment (2014-2016). He is an adjunct professor and vice-coordinator of the professional master’s degree program in sustainable development at SENAI CIMATEC University Center. He has experience in chemistry, working mainly with the development and validation of analytical methods, liquid and gas chromatography, sample preparation techniques, quality control of beverages, and environmental pollutants.

Luciana A. da Silva received a PhD from the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) in 2001, and during the 2006 academic year, she was a postdoctoral fellow in Environmental Science and Engineering in the Division of Engineering and Applied Science at the California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), USA, working with hybrid photocatalytic systems for hydrogen production. She was an affiliate member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (2010-2014) and is currently a full professor at UFBA. Her research interests are in the areas of photocatalytic hydrogen production and the synthesis and optical properties of new semiconductor materials applied to photocatalytic reactions.

Alex Á. B. Santos received a DSc from the Energy and Environment Program of the Interdisciplinary Center for Energy and Environment (CiEnAm), Federal University of Bahia (2010); a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Federal University of Bahia (1998); and a master’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from the State University of Campinas (2001). He is a professor and researcher at SENAI CIMATEC and a senior member of the Brazilian Society of Engineering and Mechanical Sciences (ABCM). He is also coordinator of the Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology. His research interests are in the areas of industrial combustion, formation and control of soot and NOx, energy, thermal engineering, industrial maintenance, energy efficiency of processes and industrial equipment.

Ewerton E. S. Calixto graduated in Chemical Engineering from Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG) in 2007, concluded the master’s degree in the area of Chemical Process Integration from Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) in 2011 and concluded the doctorate in the same area also in UFRJ. Professional experience in process intensification of chemical and biochemical processes (process integration, mass and energy integration), process analysis (modeling, simulation and process optimization) and also experience in onshore and offshore chemical/oil process units. Ewerton worked for large companies such as Chemtech, Amec and Siemens. He is currently Adjunct Professor of the Chemical Engineering course, collider and researcher of the Chemical and Biochemical Process Intensification Group (GIPQB) in Brazil of University Center SENAI CIMATEC in Salvador-BA, Brazil.

Fernando L. P. Pessoa received a PhD in Chemical Engineering from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Lyngby University (Denmark) (1992). He worked at the Federal University of Bahia as a researcher (4 years), at the Camaçari-Bahia Petrochemical Complex (6 years) and at the UFRJ Chemistry School for 25 years, where he became Full Professor. He is currently a Volunteer Professor at EQ-UFRJ and Full Professor at the SENAI CIMATEC University Center. He is Coordinator of the Competence Center for Process Intensification at SENAI-CIMATEC. He has experience in the field of Chemical Engineering, with an emphasis on Applied Thermodynamics and Process Engineering, working mainly on the following subjects: oil, petrochemistry, natural products, supercritical fluid and phase balance.

José L. G. de Almeida graduated with a degree in Chemical Engineering from UFRJ (1979); received a master’s degree in Chemical Engineering from Coppe UFRJ (1983) and a doctorate in catalysis from Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France (1995); graduated from the Advanced Business Management Program, Instituto Internacional San Telmo, Spain (2007); and achieved specialization in data sciences at UFBA (2020). Fluent in English, French, and Spanish, and intermediate level in German. General director of DETEN Química S.A. for 12 years, with experience in project management (R&D). Currently works at SENAI CIMATEC as an executive manager, responsible for the areas of chemistry, energy efficiency, pulp and paper, environment, food, and laboratories.

Miguel Andrade Filho received a master’s degree in energy industry regulation from Universidade Salvador (2007); graduated with a degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Federal University of Bahia (1976); specialized in petroleum and petrochemical equipment (PETROBRAS, 1977); received an MBA in business administration from Universidade Federal da Bahia; and currently works as a consultant, researcher, and new business manager at SENAI CIMATEC University Center. He has experience in the areas of industrial maintenance, marketing, and management in the oil and natural gas processing industry, working mainly in the areas of quality, reliability, technology, maintenance, management, and marketing. He has published works on the evaluation of biodiesel B5 and B20 in captive fleets and is co-author of the Wind and Solar Atlas of the state of Bahia, among others.

Flavio S. Marinho received a PhD in computational modeling and industrial technologies (2020), master’s degree in business administration (2005) and marketing (2000), and a bachelor’s degree in social communication (1997). Professional career includes experience as an executive, consultant, professor, and academic researcher in the fields of new business development, innovation, technological entrepreneurship, startups, open innovation, and related subjects.

Gisele O. da Rocha has a Chemistry degree from Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM, 1998), a PhD in Chemistry from Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP, 2003), with a supervised internship at the Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (2002). She did a 3-years post-doc at the Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA, 2006). Also, she took a 1-year sabbatical at the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA, 2016), Los Angeles, USA. She is an Associate Professor at Institute of Chemistry from UFBA since 2006.

Jailson B. de Andrade is a full professor and deputy provost for research and graduate studies at SENAI-CIMATEC, member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (regional VP) and Bahia Academy of Science (president), and fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He was honored as a Knight of the National Order of Scientific Merit by the President of the Republic of Brazil (Commendateur in 1998 and Grã-Cruz in 2009) and received the most important decoration of the Brazilian Chemical Society, the Simão Mathias Medal, in 2007. He is the chair of the National Institute for Science and Technology in Energy and Environment since 2008 and coordinator of the Interdisciplinary Center in Energy and Environment (UFBA).

Type of energy used	H₂ production method		Raw material
Electric	electrolysis		water
Electric	plasma arc decomposition		natural gas
Thermal	thermochemical processes		-
	with catalysis	H₂S splitting	H₂S
		water splitting	water
		biomass conversion	biomass
	without catalysis	water splitting	water
		gasification	biomass
		reform	biofuels
		H₂S splitting	H₂S
Photonics	photovoltaic electrolysis		water
	photocatalysis		water
	photoelectrochemical		water
	biophotolysis		water
Biochemical	dark fermentation		biomass
Biochemical	enzyme		water
Electric + thermal	high temperature electrolysis		water
	hybrid thermochemical cycles		water
	catalytic term cracking of fossil fuels (with CO₂ capture and storage)		fossil fuel
	coal gasification (with CO₂ capture and storage)		water
	fossil fuel reform		fossil fuel
Electrical + photonics + biochemistry + thermal	photoelectrolysis		water
Electrical + photonics + biochemistry + thermal	thermophilic digestion		biomass
Photonics + biochemistry	biophotolysis		biomass, water
	photofermentation		biomass
	artificial photosynthesis		biomass, water

Country	Production in 2016 / (× 10⁹ L)
USA	57730
Brazil	27616
Europe	5213
China	3199
Canada	1651
Thailand	1219
Argentina	1113
India	852
Rest of the world	1855

Reference	Scale	Type of storage	Type of tank	Requirements	Note
⁹⁷97 Hua, T. Q.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Peng, J.-K.; Kromer, M.; Lasher, S.; McKenney, K.; Direito, K.; Sinha, J.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2011, 36, 3037.,⁹⁸98 Tietze, V.; Luhr, S.; Stolten, D. In Hydrogen Science and Engineering : Materials, Processes, Systems and Technology; Stolten, D.; Emonts, B., eds.; Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA: Weinheim, Germany, 2016, p. 659-690.	small	board vehicles	2, 3 or 4	5-10 kg compressed gas at 350-950 bar	high pressures require tanks to be reinforced with carbon fibers or pre-stressed concrete
¹⁰⁰100 Papadias, D. D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 34527.	small	buffer hydrogen	2 or 4	100 kg	-
⁹¹91 Meena, R. A. A.; Banu, J. R.; Kannah, R. Y.; Yogalakshmi, K. N.; Kumar, G.; Bioresour. Technol. 2020, 298, 122449.,¹⁰¹101 Sapre, S.; Vyas, M.; Pareek, K.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 16685.	small	tube trailers for hydrogen delivery to refueling stations	4	1000 kg at 540 bar	-
¹⁰⁰100 Papadias, D. D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 34527.	medium	spherical vessels or underground pipe facilities	-	ca. 20 bar	protection from adverse weather conditions and no requirement for shaft structures
⁹³93 Lam, M. K.; Loy, A. C. M.; Yusup, S.; Lee, K. T. In Biohydrogen, 2nd ed.; Pandey, A.; Mohan, S. V.; Chang, J.-S.; Hallenbeck, P. C.; Larroche, C., eds.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2019, p. 219-245.,¹⁰²102 Ishimoto, Y.; Voldsund, M.; Nekså, P.; Roussanaly, S.; Berstad, D.; Osk, S.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2020, 45, 32865.	large	cryogenically as a liquid	spherical tanks	LH2 at 20 K	hydrogen liquefaction process requires very high energy and is costly
	large	cryogenically as a liquid	spherical tanks	two 3200-m³3 Pinto, A. C.; Guarieiro, L. L. N.; Rezende, M. J. C.; Ribeiro, N. M.; Torres, E. A.; Lopes, W. A.; Pereira, P. A. P.; de Andrade, J. B.; J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 2005, 16, 1313. spheres, 21.3 m in diameter, each capable of storing 230 t of LH2	largest LH2 storage facility at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center
¹⁰⁰100 Papadias, D. D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 34527.	large	underground pipes	type-1, API 5L X52 pipes	< 20 t H₂	more economical than geological caverns but estimated capital cost is high
¹⁰⁰100 Papadias, D. D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 34527.	large	underground lined rock caverns	-	> 750 t useable H₂ requires multiple caverns	installed capital cost of lined rock caverns decreases with increased H₂ storage
¹⁰⁰100 Papadias, D. D.; Ahluwalia, R. K.; Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 34527.	large	underground salt caverns	-	50-250 bar	installed capital cost of salt caverns decreases with increased H₂ storage
	large	underground salt caverns	-	50-250 bar	salt caverns are more economical than lined rock caverns

[1] *e-mail: jailsondeandrade@gmail.com

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Technological Perspectives and Economic Aspects of Green Hydrogen in the Energetic Transition: Challenges for Chemistry