Solubility and Bioaccessibility of Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Sr and Zn in Slim Coffee Infusions by <i>in vitro</i> Gastrointestinal Digestion

Szymczycha-Madeja, Anna; Welna, Maja; Pawel, Pohl

doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20150154

Anna Szymczycha-Madeja ^**e-mail: anna.szymczycha@pwr.wroc.pl

Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 23, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland

Maja Welna

Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 23, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland

Pohl Pawel

Department of Analytical Chemistry and Chemical Metallurgy, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Smoluchowskiego 23, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland

*e-mail: anna.szymczycha@pwr.wroc.pl

Concentration / (μg mL^-1)
	Soluble fraction^a a Average value (n = 4) ± standard deviation (SD) (soluble fraction contribution / %);		Bioaccessible fraction^b b average value (n = 4) ± SD (bioaccessible fraction contribution / %). SGJ1: 0.02% pepsin in 0.10 mol L-1 HCl; SIJ1: 0.015% pancreatin with 0.15% bile salts in 0.10 mol L-1 NaHCO3; SGJ2: 0.32% pepsin with 0.20% sodium chloride in 0.08 mol L-1 HCl; SIJ2: 0.40% pancreatin with 2.5% bile salts in 0.10 mol L-1NaHCO3.
	SGJ1 + SIJ1	SGJ2 + SIJ2	SGJ1 + SIJ1	SGJ2 + SIJ2
Ba	0.110 ± 0.002 (85.3)	0.114 ± 0.005 (88.4)	0.062 ± 0.003 (48.1)	0.066 ± 0.003 (51.2)
Ca	43.3 ± 1.8 (86.1)	44.8 ± 1.6 (89.1)	19.7 ± 0.7 (39.2)	23.6 ± 0.5 (46.9)
Cr	0.104 ± 0.018 (77.6)	0.115 ± 0.018 (85.8)	0.039 ± 0.003 (29.1)	0.060 ± 0.007 (44.8)
Cu	0.114 ± 0.004 (86.4)	0.118 ± 0.008 (89.4)	0.038 ± 0.001 (28.8)	0.036 ± 0.003 (27.3)
Fe	0.708 ± 0.021 (67.4)	0.767 ± 0.038 (73.1)	0.047 ± 0.005 (4.5)	0.034 ± 0.004 (3.2)
Mg	84.0 ± 1.9 (90.8)	83.9 ± 4.1 (90.7)	62.4 ± 2.7 (67.5)	65.6 ± 3.5 (70.9)
Mn	0.203 ± 0.009 (47.9)	0.208 ± 0.008 (49.1)	0.104 ± 0.008 (24.5)	0.118 ± 0.009 (27.8)
P	153 ± 6 (90.0)	164 ± 6 (96.5)	133 ± 5 (78.2)	145 ± 6 (85.3)
Sr	0.356 ± 0.010 (92.0)	0.363 ± 0.004 (93.8)	0.180 ± 0.006 (46.5)	0.197 ± 0.011 (50.9)
Zn	0.132 ± 0.005 (66.0)	0.178 ± 0.006 (89.0)	0.079 ± 0.005 (39.5)	0.124 ± 0.010 (62.0)

Concentration^a a Average value (n = 3) ± standard deviation (SD); / (mg µL-1)
Infusiona
	SCC	SCDe	SCDi	SC	CS	GC	Minimum-Maximum	Mean
Ba	0.051 ± 0.001	0.080 ± 0.003	0.085 ± 0.004	0.057 ± 0.003	0.129 ± 0.002	0.082 ± 0.002	0.051-0.129	0.081
Ca	34.8 ± 0.8	36.3 ± 0.4	48.3 ± 1.5	85.7 ± 3.1	50.3 ± 1.6	31.9 ± 1.2	31.9-85.7	47.9
Cr	0.011 ± 0.001	< LOD^b b below the limit of detection (LOD) (0.97 ng mL-1);	< LOD^b b below the limit of detection (LOD) (0.97 ng mL-1);	0.022 ± 0.002	0.134 ± 0.003	< LOD^b b below the limit of detection (LOD) (0.97 ng mL-1);	< LOD^b b below the limit of detection (LOD) (0.97 ng mL-1); -0.134	0.056
Cu	0.033 ± 0.002	0.037 ± 0.002	0.046 ± 0.003	0.051 ± 0.003	0.132 ± 0.006	0.077 ± 0.005	0.033-0.132	0.063
Fe	2.32 ± 0.01	2.15 ± 0.03	2.10 ± 0.09	3.42 ± 0.09	1.05 ± 0.03	0.772 ± 0.016	0.772-3.42	1.97
Mg	15.9 ± 0.4	18.5 ± 0.3	20.4 ± 0.2	26.1 ± 0.7	92.5 ± 3.4	15.0 ± 0.1	15.0-92.5	31.4
Mn	0.506 ± 0.016	0.327 ± 0.011	0.398 ± 0.002	0.645 ± 0.028	0.424 ± 0.004	0.172 ± 0.002	0.172-0.645	0.412
P	54.8 ± 1.0	64.0 ± 2.4	63.2 ± 2.6	89.9 ± 2.6	170 ± 2	130 ± 1	54.8-170	95.3
Sr	0.261 ± 0.012	0.426 ± 0.008	0.342 ± 0.016	0.416 ± 0.016	0.387 ± 0.016	0.247 ± 0.009	0.247-0.426	0.346
Zn	0.245 ± 0.006	0.231 ± 0.011	0.326 ± 0.014	0.324 ± 0.012	0.200 ± 0.002	0.198 ± 0.006	0.198-0.326	0.254
Soluble fraction^c c average value (n = 3) ± SD (soluble fraction contribution / %);
	SCC	SCDe	SCDi	SC	CS	GC	Minimum-Maximum	Mean
Ba	0.037 ± 0.002 (72.6)	0.064 ± 0.001 (80.0)	0.066 ± 0.001 (77.6)	0.046 ± 0.001 (80.7)	0.114 ± 0.005 (88.4)	0.072 ± 0.003 (87.8)	0.037-0.114 (72.6-88.4)	0.067 (81.2)
Ca	30.7 ± 1.2 (88.2)	32.4 ± 0.1 (89.3)	38.9 ± 0.7 (80.5)	78.0 ± 1.4 (91.0)	44.8 ± 1.6 (89.1)	21.7 ± 0.8 (68.0)	21.7-78.0 (68.0-91.0)	41.1 (84.4)
Cr	0.009 ± 0.001 (81.8)	< LOD^d d below the limit of detection (1.5 ng mL-1); (–)^e e not calculated;	< LOD^d d below the limit of detection (1.5 ng mL-1); (–)^e e not calculated;	0.016 ± 0.002 (72.7)	0.115 ± 0.018 (85.8)	< LOD^d d below the limit of detection (1.5 ng mL-1); (–)^e e not calculated;	< LOD^d d below the limit of detection (1.5 ng mL-1); -0.115 (<72.7-85.8)	0.047 (80.1)
Cu	0.028 ± 0.001 (84.8)	0.028 ± 0.001 (75.7)	0.026 ± 0.001 (56.5)	0.031 ± 0.002 (60.8)	0.118 ± 0.008 (89.4)	0.037 ± 0.002 (48.0)	0.026-0.118 (48.0-89.4)	0.045 (69.2)
Fe	1.82 ± 0.02 (78.4)	1.67 ± 0.02 (77.7)	1.60 ± 0.06 (76.2)	2.46 ± 0.07 (71.9)	0.767 ± 0.038 (73.1)	0.445 ± 0.007 (57.6)	0.445-2.46 (57.6-78.4)	1.46 (72.5)
Mg	14.6 ± 0.4 (91.8)	16.5 ± 0.7 (89.2)	17.7 ± 0.3 (86.8)	23.9 ± 1.2 (91.6)	83.9 ± 4.1 (90.7)	13.0 ± 0.1 (86.7)	13.0-83.9 (86.7-91.8)	28.3 (89.5)
Mn	0.251 ± 0.008 (49.6)	0.131 ± 0.003 (40.1)	0.158 ± 0.006 (39.7)	0.281 ± 0.002 (43.6)	0.208 ± 0.008 (49.1)	0.075 ± 0.002 (43.6)	0.075-0.281 (39.7-49.6)	0.184 (44.3)
P	53.0 ± 1.2 (96.7)	62.1 ± 0.7 (97.0)	61.9 ± 0.1 (97.9)	84.9 ± 2.7 (94.4)	164 ± 6 (96.5)	126 ± 2 (96.9)	53.0-164 (94.4-97.9)	92.0 (96.6)
Sr	0.246 ± 0.003 (94.2)	0.340 ± 0.008 (79.8)	0.282 ± 0.004 (82.5)	0.343 ± 0.003 (82.4)	0.363 ± 0.004 (93.8)	0.204 ± 0.001 (82.6)	0.204-0.363 (79.8-94.2)	0.296 (85.9)
Zn	0.201 ± 0.008 (82.0)	0.183 ± 0.007 (79.2)	0.251 ± 0.001 (77.0)	0.269 ± 0.001 (83.0)	0.178 ± 0.006 (89.0)	0.148 ± 0.005 (74.8)	0.148-0.269 (74.8-89.0)	0.205 (80.8)
Bioaccessible fraction^f f average value (n = 3) ± SD (bioaccessible fraction contribution / %);
	SCC	SCDe	SCDi	SC	CS	GC	Minimum-Maximum	Mean
Ba	0.018 ± 0.001 (35.3)	0.019 ± 0.001 (23.8)	0.028 ± 0.001 (32.9)	0.018 ± 0.001 (31.6)	0.066 ± 0.003 (51.2)	0.025 ± 0.001 (30.5)	0.018-0.066 (23.8-51.2)	0.029 (34.2)
Ca	18.3 ± 0.5 (52.6)	17.1 ± 0.4 (47.1)	21.6 ± 0.1 (44.7)	44.6 ± 1.0 (52.0)	23.6 ± 0.5 (46.9)	7.56 ± 0.14 (23.7)	7.56-44.6 (23.7-52.6)	22.1 (44.5)
Cr	< LOD^g g below the limit of detection (1.7 ng mL-1). SCC: Slim Coffee Classic; SCDe: Slim Coffee Detox; SCDi: Slim Coffee Diabetic; SC: Slim Coffee; CS: Coffee Slimmer; GC: Green Coffee. (–)^e e not calculated;	< LOD^g g below the limit of detection (1.7 ng mL-1). SCC: Slim Coffee Classic; SCDe: Slim Coffee Detox; SCDi: Slim Coffee Diabetic; SC: Slim Coffee; CS: Coffee Slimmer; GC: Green Coffee. (–)^e e not calculated;	< LOD^g g below the limit of detection (1.7 ng mL-1). SCC: Slim Coffee Classic; SCDe: Slim Coffee Detox; SCDi: Slim Coffee Diabetic; SC: Slim Coffee; CS: Coffee Slimmer; GC: Green Coffee. (–)^e e not calculated;	< LOD^g g below the limit of detection (1.7 ng mL-1). SCC: Slim Coffee Classic; SCDe: Slim Coffee Detox; SCDi: Slim Coffee Diabetic; SC: Slim Coffee; CS: Coffee Slimmer; GC: Green Coffee. (–)^e e not calculated;	0.060 ± 0.007 (44.8)	< LOD^g g below the limit of detection (1.7 ng mL-1). SCC: Slim Coffee Classic; SCDe: Slim Coffee Detox; SCDi: Slim Coffee Diabetic; SC: Slim Coffee; CS: Coffee Slimmer; GC: Green Coffee. (–)^e e not calculated;	< LOD^f f average value (n = 3) ± SD (bioaccessible fraction contribution / %); -0.060 (<44.8)	–^e e not calculated; (–)^e e not calculated;
Cu	0.011 ± 0.001 (33.3)	0.010 ± 0.001 (27.0)	0.008 ± 0.001 (17.4)	0.013 ± 0.001 (25.5)	0.036 ± 0.003 (27.3)	0.011 ± 0.001 (14.3)	0.008-0.036 (14.3-33.3)	0.015 (24.1)
Fe	0.215 ± 0.001 (9.3)	0.212 ± 0.007 (9.9)	0.106 ± 0.007 (5.1)	0.227 ± 0.013 (6.6)	0.034 ± 0.004 (3.2)	0.042 ± 0.003 (5.4)	0.034-0.227 (3.2-9.9)	0.139 (6.6)
Mg	12.4 ± 0.1 (78.0)	14.0 ± 0.1 (75.7)	13.5 ± 0.1 (66.2)	18.8 ± 0.8 (72.0)	65.6 ± 3.5 (70.9)	8.24 ± 0.01 (54.9)	8.24-65.6 (54.9-78.0)	22.1 (69.6)
Mn	0.178 ± 0.003 (35.2)	0.101 ± 0.004 (30.9)	0.097 ± 0.004 (24.4)	0.200 ± 0.001 (31.0)	0.118 ± 0.009 (27.8)	0.036 ± 0.001 (20.9)	0.036-0.200 (20.9-35.2)	0.122 (28.4)
P	48.0 ± 0.9 (87.6)	57.4 ± 3.0 (89.7)	52.8 ± 1.5 (83.5)	68.1 ± 2.4 (75.8)	145 ± 6 (85.3)	111 ± 2 (85.4)	48.0-145 (75.8-89.7)	80.4 (84.6)
Sr	0.146 ± 0.011 (55.9)	0.207 ± 0.003 (48.6)	0.157 ± 0.006 (45.9)	0.216 ± 0.002 (51.9)	0.197 ± 0.011 (50.9)	0.068 ± 0.001 (27.5)	0.068-0.216 (27.5-55.9)	0.165 (46.8)
Zn	0.163 ± 0.008 (66.5)	0.138 ± 0.008 (59.7)	0.167 ± 0.007 (51.2)	0.204 ± 0.012 (63.0)	0.124 ± 0.010 (62.0)	0.108 ± 0.003 (54.6)	0.108-0.204 (51.2-66.5)	0.151 (59.5)

	DRI^a a DRI: dietary recommended intake for a 31-50 year life stage group (males and females); / (mg day^-1)		DRI realization^b b one cup of slim coffee was considered: 6.0 g of powdered coffee brewed in 150 mLl of water. SCC: Slim Coffee Classic; SCDe: Slim Coffee Detox; SCDi: Slim Coffee Diabetic; SC: Slim Coffee; CS: Coffee Slimmer; GC: Green Coffee. / %
			Bioaccessible fraction
			SCC		SCDe		SCDi		SC		CS		GC
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Ca	1000	1000	0.27	0.27	0.26	0.26	0.32	0.32	0.67	0.67	0.35	0.35	0.11	0.11
Cr	0.035	0.025	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	25.7	36.0	–	–
Cu	0.9	0.9	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.13	0.13	0.22	0.22	0.60	0.60	0.18	0.18
Fe	8	18	0.40	0.18	0.40	0.18	0.20	0.09	0.42	0.19	0.06	0.03	0.08	0.04
Mg	420	320	0.44	0.58	0.50	0.66	0.48	0.63	0.67	0.88	2.3	3.1	0.29	0.39
Mn	2.3	1.8	1.2	1.5	0.66	0.84	0.63	0.81	1.3	1.7	0.77	0.98	0.23	0.30
P	700	700	1.0	1.0	1.2	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.4	1.4	3.1	3.1	2.4	2.4
Zn	11	8	0.22	0.31	0.19	0.26	0.23	0.31	0.28	0.38	0.17	0.23	0.15	0.20

[1] *e-mail: anna.szymczycha@pwr.wroc.pl

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Solubility and Bioaccessibility of Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P, Sr and Zn in Slim Coffee Infusions by in vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion