Levels of Soybean Oil and Time of Treatment for Nile Tilapia: a Factorial Design for Total n-3 Fatty Acids, n-6/n-3 and PUFA/SFA Ratios

Lopes, Ana P.; Schneider, Vanessa V. A.; Montanher, Paula F.; Figueiredo, Ingrid L.; Santos, Hevelyse M. C.; Maruyama, Swami A.; Araújo, Angela M. M.; Visentainer, Jesuí V.

doi:10.5935/0103-5053.20150012

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Articles • J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 26 (3) • Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20150012 copy

Levels of Soybean Oil and Time of Treatment for Nile Tilapia: a Factorial Design for Total n-3 Fatty Acids, n-6/n-3 and PUFA/SFA Ratios

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

A 2² factorial design (two factors with two levels, in triplicate) was performed to investigate the influence of factors A (soybean oil content in supplemented diet, at 2.1 and 4.2%) and B (time of treatment, 15 and 30 days) in three responses [(a) total n-3 fatty acids; (b) n-6/n-3 ratio; and (c) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio] from lipids of Nile tilapia submitted to experimental treatment. Normality of residuals was assessed through statistical tests. Factors A and B were significant in all obtained regression models, while AB interaction was not a significant contributor for PUFA/SFA response. ANOVA and response surfaces obtained from factorial design indicated best results in tilapia that received the diet containing 4.2% of soybean oil during 30 days.

Oreochromis niloticus; omega-3; response surface; chemometrics

	Soybean oil level
Ingredients / %	2.1%	4.2%
Soybean bran	53.65	53.65
Maize	23.28	21.18
Wheat bran	8.62	8.62
Brewers rice	7.66	7.66
Bicalcium phosphate	2.87	2.87
Salt	0.48	0.48
Premix^a a Mineral and vitamin supplement;	0.48	0.48
L-lysine	0.19	0.19
DL-methionine	0.14	0.14
L-threonine	0.14	0.14
L-tryptophan	0.05	0.05
Choline chloride	0.10	0.10
Antifungal	0.10	0.10
Vitamin C (mono)	0.10	0.10
Antioxidant	0.04	0.04
Soybean oil	2.10	4.20
Proximate composition^b b and c results expressed as mean ± S.D. of three replicates. Values with different letters in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05) by t test. SFA = total saturated fatty acid; MUFA = total monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA = total polyunsaturated fatty acid; n-6 = total omega-6 fatty acid; n-3 = total omega-3 fatty acid; n-6/n-3 omega-6/omega-3 ratio; PUFA/SFA = total polyunsaturated fatty acid/total saturated fatty acid ratio. / (g 100 g ¹ of feed)
Ash	7.31^B ± 0.04	7.58^A ± 0.08
Crude protein	33.09^A ± 0.87	33.53^A ± 1.29
Moisture	7.31^A ± 0.20	6.02^B ± 0.16
Total lipids	5.09^B ± 0.31	6.95^A ± 0.15
Lipids composition^c b and c results expressed as mean ± S.D. of three replicates. Values with different letters in the same row are significantly different (p < 0.05) by t test. SFA = total saturated fatty acid; MUFA = total monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA = total polyunsaturated fatty acid; n-6 = total omega-6 fatty acid; n-3 = total omega-3 fatty acid; n-6/n-3 omega-6/omega-3 ratio; PUFA/SFA = total polyunsaturated fatty acid/total saturated fatty acid ratio. / (mg 100 g ¹ of feed)
SFA	937.1^B ± 23.4	1269.1^A ± 30.7
MUFA	1057.2^B ± 24.8	1445.3^A ± 19.9
PUFA	2113.9^B ± 49.3	2922.1^A ± 31.6
n-6	1914.0^B ± 46.6	2652.8^A ± 31.2
n-3	199.9^B ± 3.4	269.3^A ± 0.7
n-6/n-3 ratio	9.6^A ± 0.1	9.9^A ± 0.1
PUFA/SFA	2.3^A ± 0.1	2.3^A ± 0.1

Factor	Unit	Symbol	Type	Levels
Factor	Unit	Symbol	Type	-1	+1
Soybean oil content in feed	%	A	Numeric	2.1	4.2
Time of treatment	days	B	Numeric	15	30

Assay	Soybean oil content in feed / %	Time of treatment / days	Response	Average	Random error
n-3 fatty acids (mg g ¹ of total lipids) response
1	2.1	15	26.60	25.70	0.90
			23.67		-2.03
			26.83		1.13
2	4.2	15	27.03	27.96	-0.93
			26.97		-0.99
			29.89		1.93
3	2.1	30	36.09	32.37	3.72
			30.82		-1.55
			30.19		-2.18
4	4.2	30	42.98	44.43	-1.45
			43.76		-0.67
			46.56		2.13
n-6/n-3 ratio response
5	2.1	15	9.55	9.43	0.12
			9.22		-0.21
			9.53		0.10
6	4.2	15	8.8	8.75	0.05
			8.95		0.20
			8.50		-0.25
7	2.1	30	7.42	8.06	-0.64
			8.22		0.16
			8.54		0.48
8	4.2	30	6.69	6.38	0.31
			6.43		0.05
			6.03		-0.35
PUFA/SFA ratio response
9	2.1	15	1.34	1.25	0.09
			1.08		-0.17
			1.34		0.09
10	4.2	15	1.33	1.40	-0.07
			1.33		-0.07
			1.55		0.15
11	2.1	30	1.49	1.42	0.07
			1.37		-0.05
			1.40		-0.02
12	4.2	30	1.83	1.80	0.03
			1.80		0.00
			1.77		-0.03

Source	Sum of square	Degree of freedom	Mean square	F-value	Prob > F
Model	627.60	3	209.20	42.03	< 0.0001	significant
A	153.96	1	153.96	30.93	0.0005	-
B	401.55	1	401.55	80.68	< 0.0001	-
AB	72.09	1	72.09	14.48	0.0052	-
Pure error	39.82	8	4.98	-	-	-
Cor total	667.42	11	-	-	-	-

Source	Sum of square	Degree of freedom	Mean square	F-value	Prob > F
Model	15.39	3	5.13	38.17	< 0.0001	significant
A	4.18	1	4.18	31.08	0.0005	-
B	10.48	1	10.48	77.96	< 0.0001	-
AB	0.74	1	0.74	5.48	0.0473	-
Pure error	1.08	8	0.13	-	-	-
Cor total	16.47	11	-	-	-	-

Source	Sum of square	Degree of freedom	Mean square	F-value	Prob > F
Model	0.44	2	0.22	15.49	0.0012	significant
A	0.21	1	0.21	14.59	0.0041	-
B	0.23	1	0.23	16.40	0.0029	-
Residual	0.13	9	0.014	-	-	-
Lack of fit	0.040	1	0.040	3.54	0.0966	not significant
Pure error	0.089	8	0.011	-	-	-
Cor total	0.57	11	-	-	-	-

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