Hydrogen bonds between pyrazine and HX linear acids (X = F, NC, CN and CCH): a theoretical study

Abstracts

Theoretical studies using the B3LYP and MP2 levels of calculation, with the 6-31++G** basis set, have been used to characterize hydrogen bonded complexes between pyrazine and HX linear acids with X = F, NC, CN and CCH. The molecular properties of these complexes and, the structural, electronic and vibrational changes that occur in the isolated species due to H-bond formation have been calculated and then, compared with those previously obtained in T-shaped complexes, involving simple unsaturated hydrocarbons as proton acceptors. Our calculations have shown that these changes in Pyz…HX complexes are much more pronounced than those observed in the pi…HX complexes, as well as their binding energies. BSSE corrections to the energy of binding-H estimated by the B3LYP results are approximately three times smaller than those obtained through MP2 results. Our calculations have also shown that stronger hydrogen bonds in the complexes Pyz…HX are associated with smaller H-bond length values, larger intermolecular charge-transfer and greater downward displacement to the stretching frequency H-X . The H-bond strength for these complexes follows the order: X = F > X = NC > X = CN > X = CCH. As expected, the H-X stretching intensity was enhanced substantially after the H-bond formation. Finally, the new vibrational modes that appear due to the complexation are also analyzed.

pyrazine; hydrogen bonds; ab initio calculations; vibrational properties; linear acids

Estudos teóricos usando os níveis de cálculo B3LYP e MP2 com um conjunto de base 6-31++G** foram empregados para caracterizar complexos de hidrogênio envolvendo pirazina e ácidos lineares HX com X= F, NC, CN e CCH. As propriedades moleculares destes complexos e as mudanças estruturais, eletrônicas e vibracionais que ocorrem nas espécies isoladas devido à formação da ligação de hidrogênio foram calculadas e comparadas com aquelas anteriormente estimadas em complexos do tipo-T envolvendo hidrocarbonetos insaturados simples como doadores de elétrons. Nossos cálculos mostraram que estas mudanças nos complexos de Pyz…HX são muito mais pronunciadas do que aquelas verificadas nos complexos do tipo pi...HX, assim como suas energias de ligação-H. Correções BSSE para as energias da ligação-H estimadas pelos cálculos B3LYP são aproximadamente três vezes menores que aquelas obtidas através dos cálculos MP2. Nossos cálculos também mostraram que ligações de hidrogênio mais fortes nos complexos Pyz...HX estão associadas com menores comprimentos de ligação-H, maiores valores de transferência de carga intermolecular e maiores deslocamentos para baixo na freqüência de estiramento H-X. A força dessas ligações de hidrogênio segue a ordem: X = F > X = NC > X = CN > X = CCH. Como esperado, a intensidade de estiramento H-X foi aumentada substancialmente após a formação da ligação. Finalmente, os novos modos vibracionais que surgem em decorrência da complexação foram também analisados.

ARTICLE

Hydrogen bonds between pyrazine and HX linear acids (X = F, NC, CN and CCH): a theoretical study

João Bosco P. da Silva^*; Mário R. Silva Junior; Mozart N. Ramos

Departamento de Química Fundamental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50740-540 Recife-PE, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Theoretical studies using the B3LYP and MP2 levels of calculation, with the 6-31++G** basis set, have been used to characterize hydrogen bonded complexes between pyrazine and HX linear acids with X = F, NC, CN and CCH. The molecular properties of these complexes and, the structural, electronic and vibrational changes that occur in the isolated species due to H-bond formation have been calculated and then, compared with those previously obtained in T-shaped complexes, involving simple unsaturated hydrocarbons as proton acceptors. Our calculations have shown that these changes in Pyz HX complexes are much more pronounced than those observed in the p HX complexes, as well as their binding energies. BSSE corrections to the energy of binding-H estimated by the B3LYP results are approximately three times smaller than those obtained through MP2 results. Our calculations have also shown that stronger hydrogen bonds in the complexes Pyz HX are associated with smaller H-bond length values, larger intermolecular charge-transfer and greater downward displacement to the stretching frequency H-X . The H-bond strength for these complexes follows the order: X = F > X = NC > X = CN > X = CCH. As expected, the H-X stretching intensity was enhanced substantially after the H-bond formation. Finally, the new vibrational modes that appear due to the complexation are also analyzed.

Keywords: pyrazine, hydrogen bonds, ab initio calculations, vibrational properties, linear acids

RESUMO

Estudos teóricos usando os níveis de cálculo B3LYP e MP2 com um conjunto de base 6-31++G** foram empregados para caracterizar complexos de hidrogênio envolvendo pirazina e ácidos lineares HX com X= F, NC, CN e CCH. As propriedades moleculares destes complexos e as mudanças estruturais, eletrônicas e vibracionais que ocorrem nas espécies isoladas devido à formação da ligação de hidrogênio foram calculadas e comparadas com aquelas anteriormente estimadas em complexos do tipo-T envolvendo hidrocarbonetos insaturados simples como doadores de elétrons. Nossos cálculos mostraram que estas mudanças nos complexos de Pyz HX são muito mais pronunciadas do que aquelas verificadas nos complexos do tipo p...HX, assim como suas energias de ligação-H. Correções BSSE para as energias da ligação-H estimadas pelos cálculos B3LYP são aproximadamente três vezes menores que aquelas obtidas através dos cálculos MP2. Nossos cálculos também mostraram que ligações de hidrogênio mais fortes nos complexos Pyz...HX estão associadas com menores comprimentos de ligação-H, maiores valores de transferência de carga intermolecular e maiores deslocamentos para baixo na freqüência de estiramento H-X. A força dessas ligações de hidrogênio segue a ordem: X = F > X = NC > X = CN > X = CCH. Como esperado, a intensidade de estiramento H-X foi aumentada substancialmente após a formação da ligação. Finalmente, os novos modos vibracionais que surgem em decorrência da complexação foram também analisados.

Introduction

In the last years, we have performed ab initio molecular orbital calculations using different theoretical levels and basis sets to study molecular properties of several hydrogen-bonded complexes involving simple unsaturated hydrocarbons and HX linear acids.¹ In all the complexes studied with acetylene, ethylene and cyclopropane as proton acceptors, they are near prolate asymmetric rotors with the hydrogen bond formed between the p electron system of the hydrocarbon and the electrophilic hydrogen atom of the monoprotic acid. It is well known that the C-C chemical bond in cyclopropane has appreciable electron density outwards from the C-C bonding axis, and so the electron density between its two carbons is quite different from the one in, for instance, acetylene.² These complexes are of great chemical interest as their structures are often suggestive of intermediates whereby addition of hydrogen halides to unsaturated hydrocarbon systems proceeds.³ In our calculations, hydrogen cyanide has been used as both a proton donor and/or proton acceptor. As proton donors, we have also used other linear acids (HX) with X = F, NC, Cl and CCH. Our calculations have shown that the H-bond strength in these complexes follows the order: X = F > X = NC > X = Cl > X = CN > X = CCH. As expected, we have observed that stronger hydrogen bonds are associated with larger charge-transfer values and larger H-X stretching frequency downward displacements. These studies have also been useful to understand and to quantify the H-X stretching intensity enhancement after complexation. In this sense, we have employed the charge-charge flux-overlap (CCFO) model^4,5 for infrared intensities. Nowadays, it is well known that this increase in the H-X stretching intensity is due to the charge-flux term, which is strongly affected by complexation, in contrast to what happens with the atomic charge.¹

Our attention is focused on the study of the molecular properties of hydrogen-bonded complexes involving the pyrazine molecule as proton acceptor and the HX linear acids, with X = F, NC, CN and CCH. Pyrazine is an aromatic ring with two symmetric nitrogen atoms, which can form hydrogen bonds with HX. This H-bond essentially involves charge-transfer from the lone-pair of the nitrogen atom to the s* antibonding orbital of HX. In this paper, we wish to evaluate the molecular properties and binding energies of these complexes as well as the structural, electronic and vibrational changes, which occur due to H-bond formation. These results will also be used to compare with those previously obtained using simple unsaturated hydrocarbons as proton acceptors.

Calculations

High level of quantum chemical calculations with electron correlation and large basis set are necessary for the proper description of a weakly bound hydrogen bonded system. These two combinations are very important in these systems to take into account the dispersion forces⁶ and charge transfer effects.¹ DFT⁷ and MP2⁸ theoretical levels, for instance, can be useful to provide an easy and convenient way to include electron correlation effects in ground-state molecules at reasonable computational cost. Furthermore, it is important to use a basis set containing diffuse functions once they are necessary for the study of weak molecular interactions.^9,10 Thus, we have used here the B3LYP and MP2 theoretical levels, with the 6-31++G** basis set¹¹, to study the molecular properties of hydrogen complexes between pyrazine and HX (X = F, NC, CN and CCH). Notice that the MP2 calculations were performed using the frozen-core electron correlation approach and the basis set includes 6d and 7f polarization functions. These calculations were performed with the GAUSSIAN 94 program.¹² In this procedure, the molecular geometries of the isolated molecules and of their hydrogen complexes at the equilibrium distance were fully optimized and none of the imaginary frequency was found. We have observed that their molecular geometries are planar, except to the Pyz...HCCH complex using the MP2 calculation level. In this case, the (qCN...HC) dihedral angle between pyrazine and acetylene is slightly out-of-plane. The binding energies were computed by considering the basis set superposition error (BSSE)¹³ due to the supermolecule approach. Here, we have considered the full counterpoise method of Boys and Bernardi¹⁴ to estimate the BSSE, including the fragment deformation energy in the estimation of BSSE correction to binding energy as first highlighted by Emsley et al.¹⁵ and stressed elsewhere.^16,17 However, it is important to point out that these problems are, in general, minimized when the CP method is used in conjunction with a large basis set, which is flexible enough to provide a good description of the electrons in both the atomic core and the long-range region of the atoms.^10,18,19

Results and Discussions

Structural properties

The effect of the molecular complexation on the structural properties of the isolated molecules at the B3LYP and MP2 levels of calculation using the 6-31++G** basis set may be visualized in Table 1.

We can observe that the bond lengths in Pyz HX (X = F, NC, CN and CCH) as well as the more significant structural changes occurring after complexation are predicted to be very similar to both the B3LYP and MP2 levels of calculation. The highest change observed from the B3LYP (from MP2 too) is the increase in H-X distance in Pyz H-X amounts until 0.04 Å for X = F. The N-C bond length in pyrazine is also increased after complexation. It is important to point out that both H-X and N-C are directly involved in the H-bond formation and thus, it is expected that their bond lengths are increased after complexation. This can be seen in Table 1 through the positive sign. For instance, their B3LYP/6-31++G** values for HX and NC in Pyz H-F are +0.039 Å and +0.001 Å, respectively. It is interesting to notice that the lengthening of the H-X bonds using the B3LYP/6-31++G** calculations are always slightly greater than the MP2 ones. For example, its B3LYP value is +0.039 Å in Pyz HF whereas its corresponding MP2 value is +0.034 Å. This elongation in the H-X distance for the Pyz H-X complexes is more accentuated than that previously observed in acetylene and HCN as proton acceptors,¹ whose corresponding values are +0.007 Å and 0.011 Å, respectively. The latter were obtained using a MP2 level of calculation with a 6-311++G** basis set. This same behavior is also noticed with X = NC, CN and CCH.

On the other hand, the C-H and C-C chemical bonds of the aromatic ring of pyrazine are decreased upon the H-bond formation. For example, B3LYP calculations for the drC-H and drC-C values in Pyz H-F are equals to -0.001 Å. This slight decrease in the C-C bond length is mainly due to inhibition of the lone-pair trans effect²⁰ due to H-bond formation. The molecular complexation inhibits the charge transfer from electron lone-pair of the nitrogen atom to the s* the antibonding orbital localized on the C-C chemical bond, which is responsible for the elongation in the C-C bond. Therefore, it is expected that the second complexation in pyrazine must produce a reduction still more accentuated on the C-C bond length. In fact, B3LYP/6-31++G** calculations for the FH Pyz HF 1:2 complex show that the C-C bond length is decreased by -0.002 Å whereas its value in Pyz HF is -0.001 Å. It is still interesting to notice in Table 1 that both the B3LYP and MP2 calculation levels indicate that the equilibrium geometry in pyrazine is indeed little affected by the nature of the proton donor molecule.

In Table 1, we can also observe that the B3LYP values for the R_{N X} H-bond lengths are in very good agreement with those corresponding MP2 values. We can see that these values for the Pyz HX hydrogen bonded complexes follow the order X = F < NC < CN < CCH. In particular, we can consider that the stability and structure for the Pyz HX complex with X = CN and CCH is predominantly determined by long-range electrostatic interactions taking into account both the structural changes (almost unchanged pyrazine geometry) due to H-bond formation and large H-bond lengths (>3 Å).

It is interesting to point out that the R_{N X} H-bond lengths in Pyz HX are lower than those observed in HCN HX obtained from MP2 calculation level with a 6-311++G** basis set¹, whose mean value is about 0.2 Å. For instance, its value for Pyz HF is 2.639 Å whereas its corresponding value in HCN HF is 2.815 Å. On the other hand, the R_{N F} H-bond length in Pyz HF of 2.639 Å is very close to the one found in the pyrazine oxalic acid complex (Pyz...OA). Belabbes and Lautié²¹ have found an experimental value of 2.66 Å for the R_{N O} H-bond length in Pyz...OA through its infrared and Raman spectra investigated between 4000 and 30 cm^-1. Thus, we may expect that the H-bond strength in Pyz...HF is close to that found in Pyz...OA. Belabbes and Lautié have also shown that the hydrogen bond in Pyz...OA is formed without proton transfer. So the complexation involves both the two nitrogen atoms of pyrazine and leads to the formation of N...HO hydrogen bonds.

Binding energies

Table 2 shows values of uncorrected binding energies (DE); binding energies corrected by basis set superposition error (DE^BSSE); binding energies corrected by zero-point vibrational contribution (DE^ZPE), and finally, binding energies corrected by BSSE and ZPE (DE^BSSE,ZPE). In this table, we also show the BSSE contributions calculated at both levels of theory.

We can initially notice that the binding energies for the Pyz HX complexes can be ordered as: X = F > X = NC > X = CN > X = CCH. For instance, the DE^BSSE,ZPE values obtained from the B3LYP calculation for the Pyz HF, Pyz HNC, Pyz HCN and Pyz HCCH hydrogen complexes are 39.8 kJ mol^-1, 30.7 kJ mol^-1, 17.3 kJ mol^-1 and 7.2 kJ mol^-1, respectively. This order is similar to that observed in the other previously studied complexes,¹ i.e., C₂H₂ HX, C₃H₆ HX and HCN HX. Our results also show that the binding energy in Pyz HF is much greater than that found in the T-shaped complexes involving p-electrons and HF, i.e. p HF.²² For instance, its DE^BSSE,ZPE value using the B3LYP calculation level in Pyz HF is 39.8 kJ mol^-1, whereas its corresponding values in C₂H₂...HF, C₂HF...HF, C₂H₄...HF, C₄H₂...HF and C₃H₄...HF are 11.6 kJ mol^-1, 7.5 kJ mol^-1, 11.5 kJ mol^-1, 8.7 kJ mol^-1 and 10.6 kJ mol^-1, respectively. It is still interesting to see in Table 2 that BSSE corrections to binding energies are approximately three times lower for B3LYP than the MP2 ones, as found in other complexes.^22,23

In Table 3 we show values for the binding energies corrected by BSSE and ZPE (DE^BSSE,ZPE), H-bond lengths (R_{N X}) and intermolecular charge transfers (DQcorr) for the Pyz HX complexes. DQcorr represents the amount of charge transferred from the proton acceptor (pyrazine) to the proton donor molecule (HX) after complexation. It was calculated using the standard Mulliken atomic charges (q^M_a) corrected by a specific overlap tensor element (D^s,^s_ov, _a) of the charge-charge flux-overlap (CCFO) modified model⁵ for infrared intensities:

where q°_a is the corrected atomic charge of a atom and s is the Cartesian axis perpendicular to the molecular plane.

Figure 1 shows the plot for B3LYP and MP2 values using the 6-31++G** basis set of DQcorr versus R_{N X} in Pyrazine...HX. We can observe that larger intermolecular charge transfers will tend to have smaller H-bond lengths for these hydrogen complexes, similarly to what was also observed in acetylene H-X and HCN HX.¹ In particular, it is still interesting to notice in Table 3 that DQcorr values are almost twice greater than those found in unsaturated hydrocarbons. For instance, the intermolecular charge transfer occurring in pyrazine-HF is 0.128 e obtained from the MP2 calculation, whereas those found in C₂H₂-HF¹ and HCN-HF¹ are 0.061 e and 0.060 e, respectively.

Vibrational properties

It is well known⁹ that both the calculated harmonic frequency and infrared intensity of the H-X stretching mode are overestimated due to lack of anharmonicity correction, basis set truncation, and incomplete treatment of electron correlation. For instance, inclusion of anharmonicity effects are expected to decrease the calculated frequencies around 4%²⁴ bringing them closer to the experimental ones. Here, this picture is not different from that previously observed in other systems, as it can be seen in Table 4.

We can observe that the B3LYP calculation for the H-C stretching frequency in acetylene is 3430 cm^-1, whereas its experimental value is 3282 cm^-1. On the other hand, its corrected B3LYP value is 3293 cm^-1 using a reduction of 4% to include the anharmonicity effect. We can notice that the B3LYP values for the H-X stretching frequencies of the isolated species are in very good agreement with the MP2 ones. But, they are lower than the latter and so, they show a better agreement with the corresponding experimental values.

As expected, we can see in Table 4 that the H-X stretching frequency is shifted downwards after complexation. These displacements obtained from B3LYP calculations are greater than the MP2 ones, similarly to what was found in the C₂H₂...HX, C₂HX...HX, C₂H₄...HX, C₄H₂...HX and C₃H₄...HX complexes for X = F and Cl.²⁰ Chandra and Nguyen have also observed that B3LYP/6-31G** values show a better agreement with the experimental ones. Here, unfortunately, experimental values are unavaliable to our knowledge.

From Tables 3 and 4, we can also see that greater H-X downward stretching frequency displacements are associated with stronger hydrogen bonds, smaller H-bond length values and larger intermolecular charge-transfers. For instance, their B3LYP values for the strongest bounded complex, Pyz...HF, are 842 cm^-1, 39.8 kJ mol^-1, 2.614 Å and 0.145 e, whereas in Pyz...HCCH, i.e., the more weakly bounded complex, their corresponding values are 96 cm^-1, 7.2 kJ mol^-1, 3.346 Å and 0.047 e, respectively. Moreover, the H-F shift in Pyz...HF is much more accentuated than those observed in C₂H₂...HF, C₂HF...HF, C₂H₄...HF, C₄H₂...HF and C₃H₄...HF for both the B3LYP and MP2 calculation levels using the 6-31++G** basis set.¹⁷ For instance, their B3LYP values are 241 cm^-1, 214 cm^-1, 268 cm^-1, 191 cm^-1 and 278 cm^-1, respectively, whereas its corresponding value for Pyz...HF is 842 cm^-1. The magnitude of this shift for the proton acceptor molecules follows the order: pyrazine > C₃H₄ > C₂H₄ > C₂H₂ > C₂HF > C₄H₂, whereas for the HX proton donor molecule it is F > NC > CN > CCH. This HF shift in Pyz HF is also greater than that found in HCN HF using the MP2 calculation level¹, i.e., 768 cm^-1 and 242 cm^-1, respectively.

With respect to H-X stretching intensity, it is increased upon H-bond formation, as it is shown in Table 4. Nowadays, it is already well known¹ that this increase is due to the charge-flux term, which is strongly affected by complexation, in contrast to what happens with the hydrogen charge. This latter is always positive whereas the charge-flux is slightly negative or positive in the free molecule and becomes quite positive after complexation. In the complex, the hydrogen charge and the charge-flux term have the same algebraic sign; then, once the H-X stretching intensity is proportional to the sum of the squares of these terms, it is enormously increased upon H-bond formation, as it can be better seen in the expression below:

where q⁰_H is the corrected atomic charge for the hydrogen atom at equilibrium position, ¶q/¶r_HX is the charge-flux due to the H-X bond stretching obtained from the CCFOM model.⁵r⁰_HX is the H-X bond length at equilibrium position and K is a constant that equals to 975¹ for intensity values in km mol^-1.

From Table 4, we can observe that the A_HX^C/A_HX^is ratios obtained from the B3LYP calculations are in very good agreement with the MP2 ones. The increase of the H-X stretching intensity after complexation varies from 13.7(16.6) for Pyz...HF to 5.1 (4.8) for Pyz...HCCH, whereas MP2 values are given in parenthesis. However, there is not a clear relationship with the H-bond strength, in contrast to what happens with the H-X stretching frequency displacement. In order to better understand how the charge-flux term contributes to this increase on the H-X stretching intensity, it is shown in Table 5 the B3LYP/6-31++G** values of the HX stretching intensities, hydrogen atomic charges and charge fluxes of HX before and after complexation with pyrazine.

We can notice that the charge-flux term (¶q/¶rHX) goes from -0.022 e Å^-1 in the free HCN molecule to +0.580 e Å^-1 after complexation, whereas the hydrogen charge (q_Hº) remains around 0.25e. On the other hand, the IR spectrum of pyrazine is little affected by complexation, i.e., its vibrational frequencies and intensities remain practically unaltered upon H-bond formation.

In Table 6, we can see that other two bands, which are associated with the in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes for the proton in the H-X molecule displaced perpendicular to the C₂ axis, have considerable intensities, similarly to what was also found to the acetylene HX and HCN HX complexes.¹

It is interesting to notice that these two modes are pure rotations in H-F and become infrared-active after complexation. The B3LYP calculations for these vibrational modes show a very good agreement with the MP2 ones. It is interesting to observe that both the calculation levels indicate that the HX out-of-plane bending intensity is always stronger than that corresponding to the HX in-plane bending band. For example, their B3LYP/6-31++G** values for the HX out-of-plane bending intensity of Pyz HF, Pyz HNC, Pyz HCN and Pyz HCCH are 82 km mol^-1, 96 km mol^-1, 39 km mol^-1 and 75 km mol^-1, respectively, whereas their corresponding values for the HX in-plane bending intensity are 31 km mol^-1, 71 km mol^-1, 30 km mol^-1 and 63 km mol^-1, respectively. It is interesting to point out that its intensity is practically dominated by the hydrogen equilibrium charge, which has positive sign. On the other hand, the in-plane bending intensity also possesses important contributions due to charge-fluxes, which contribute with a negative sign, and as a consequence, its intensity is lower than that observed for the out-of-plane bending intensity.

Finally, we also show in Table 6 the intermolecular stretching mode, which is directly associated with the hydrogen bonding. As expected, it appears in the region between 50 cm^-1 and 200 cm^-1. Considering the previous results obtained for the acetylene HX and HCN HX complexes, we can expect that its B3LYP and MP2 values must have a good agreement with the experimental ones. Here, unfortunately, the latter are unknown to our knowledge. It is interesting to notice that the stretch-H frequencies also show a good linear correlation with the H-bond strength. Here the intermolecular stretching frequency obtained from the B3LYP for the strongest bounded complex, Pyz...HF, is 204 cm^-1 whereas its value for Pyz...HCCH is 88 cm^-1.

Conclusions

Our B3LYP and MP2 calculations using the 6-31++G** basis set for the pyrazine...HX hydrogen complexes with X= F, NC, CN and CCH have shown that the effects on the molecular properties of their isolated species due to H-bond formation are much more pronounced than those previously observed to the HCN...HX, C₂H₂...HX, C₂HX...HX, C₂H₄...HX, C₄H₂...HX and C₃H₄...HX complexes. The structural, electronic and vibrational changes in both pyrazine and HX due to molecular complexation estimated from the B3LYP calculations are, in general, in very good agreement with those obtained from the MP2. The H-X and N-C chemical bonds, which are directly involved in the H-bond, are increased after complexation in contrast to what happens to the C-C and C-H bonds in pyrazine. BSSE corrections to binding energy are much lower for B3LYP than the MP2 by a factor of ~3. Moreover, B3LYP values carry a very small BSSE correction. The H-bond strength for the Pyz HX complexes can be ordered as: X = F > X = NC > X = CN > X = CCH. Our calculations have also shown that stronger hydrogen bonds in Pyz HX are associated with smaller H-bond length values, larger intermolecular charge-transfers and greater H-X downward stretching frequency displacements. Taking into account the H-X downward stretching frequency shift for the HCN...HX, C₂H₂...HX, C₂HX...HX, C₂H₄...HX, C₄H₂...HX and C₃H₄...HX complexes, we observe that its displacement in terms of the proton acceptor molecule follows the order: Pyz > HCN > C₃H₄ > C₂H₄ > C₂H₂ > C₂HF > C₄H₂. Moreover, it is X = F > NC > CN > CCH for the HX proton donor molecule. As expected, the H-X stretching intensity is increased upon H-bond formation. It is increased from 5 to 15 times after complexation. The intermolecular stretching frequency shows a good linear correlation with the H-bond strength for both the B3LYP and MP2 calculation levels.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank CNPq, CAPES and FINEP for partial financial support. The final form of this text was benefited by the referees' comments, which are gratefully acknowledged.

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Received: November 20, 2004

Published on the web: June 22, 2005

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Aug 2005
• Date of issue
  Aug 2005

History

• Accepted
  22 June 2005
• Received
  20 Nov 2004