SPME Fiber Evaluation for Volatile Organic Compounds Extraction from Acerola

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were isolated from acerola fruits (Malpighia emarginata D.C.), by means of different solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. For the extraction, the headspace SPME method was used, identifying the VOCs by gas chromatography (GC) with mass spectrometry (MS). The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of SPME fibers and determine the best conditions for extracting VOCs from acerola fruit. The investigated conditions were: extraction time (20, 30 and 40 min), extraction temperature (25, 45 and 65 ºC) and agitation (0, 50 and 100 rpm). Of the evaluated fibers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/divinylbenzene (DVB) extracted the highest number of VOCs, most belonging to terpene, carboxylic acids and hydrocarbons. According to the investigated conditions, most compounds were obtained with an extraction time of 20 min, extraction temperature 65 ºC, and no agitation. Compounds cumene, o-xylene, thymol, m-cymene, o-cymene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, anethol, 3-buten-2-one and methyl octadecanoic ester were responsible for the volatile profile of acerola.

Keywords:
aroma; tropical fruits; Malpighia emarginata; GC-MS; solid phase microextraction; qualitative analysis

Authorship

Yesenia M. García

Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Sete Lagoas, CP 56, 35701-970 Sete Lagoas-MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São João Del-ReiBrazilSete Lagoas, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Sete Lagoas, CP 56, 35701-970 Sete Lagoas-MG, Brazil

José C. M. Rufini

Matheus P. Campos

Mayara N. S. Guedes

Rodinei Augusti

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBrazilBelo Horizonte, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9448-9518

Júlio O. F. Melo ^**e-mail: onesiomelo@gmail.com

Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Sete Lagoas, CP 56, 35701-970 Sete Lagoas-MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São João Del-ReiBrazilSete Lagoas, MG, BrazilDepartamento de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Campus Sete Lagoas, CP 56, 35701-970 Sete Lagoas-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-0942

*e-mail: onesiomelo@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Response surface graphs for the fibers (a) PDMS/DVB; (b) CW/DVB; (c) PA; (d) DVB/CAR/PDMS; and (e) CAR/PDMS.

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Table 1
Factorial planning (2³) with triplicate central point

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Table 2
Number of VOCs extracted by different SPME fibers

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Table 3
Experimental conditions and responses obtained for the extraction of the VOCs of acerola, by HS-SPME and GC-MS

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Table 4
VOCs extracted from acerola, using fibers of different polarities, by HS-SPME/GC-MS

Figure 1 Response surface graphs for the fibers (a) PDMS/DVB; (b) CW/DVB; (c) PA; (d) DVB/CAR/PDMS; and (e) CAR/PDMS.

Table 1 Factorial planning (2³) with triplicate central point

Variable	Level
Variable	-	0	+
Extraction time / min	20	30	40
Extraction temperature / ºC	25	45	65
Agitation / rpm	0	50	100

Table 2 Number of VOCs extracted by different SPME fibers

Assay	Variable			Response
Assay	A / min	B / °C	C / rpm	CAR/PDMS	CW/DVB	DVB/CAR/PDMS	PA	PDMS/DVB
01	20	25	0	24	22	20	22	25
02	40	25	0	26	22	23	26	26
03	20	65	0	23	16	22	35	33
04	40	65	0	18	17	18	29	24
05	20	25	100	21	18	16	23	17
06	40	25	100	21	21	27	34	29
07	20	65	100	15	20	28	34	24
08	40	65	100	24	18	13	29	24
09^a a Triplicate central point. A: extraction time; B: extraction temperature; C: agitation; CAR/PDMS: carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; CW/DVB: carbowax/ divinylbenzene; DVB/CAR/PDMS: divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; PA: polyacrylate; PDMS/DVB: polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene.	30	45	50	19	25	28	37	21
10^a a Triplicate central point. A: extraction time; B: extraction temperature; C: agitation; CAR/PDMS: carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; CW/DVB: carbowax/ divinylbenzene; DVB/CAR/PDMS: divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; PA: polyacrylate; PDMS/DVB: polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene.	30	45	50	19	20	24	32	21
11^a a Triplicate central point. A: extraction time; B: extraction temperature; C: agitation; CAR/PDMS: carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; CW/DVB: carbowax/ divinylbenzene; DVB/CAR/PDMS: divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; PA: polyacrylate; PDMS/DVB: polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene.	30	45	50	23	17	27	30	20

^a
Triplicate central point. A: extraction time; B: extraction temperature; C: agitation; CAR/PDMS: carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; CW/DVB: carbowax/ divinylbenzene; DVB/CAR/PDMS: divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; PA: polyacrylate; PDMS/DVB: polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene.

Table 3 Experimental conditions and responses obtained for the extraction of the VOCs of acerola, by HS-SPME and GC-MS

SPME fiber	Response
SPME fiber	Extraction time / min	Extraction temperature / ^oC	Agitation / rpm
CAR/PDMS	40	25	0
CW/DVB	20	25	0
DVB/CAR/PDMS	20	25	0
PA	20	25	0
PDMS/DVB	20	65	0

SPME: solid phase microextraction; CAR/PDMS: carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; CW/DVB: carbowax/divinylbenzene; DVB/CAR/PDMS: divinylbenzene/ carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; PA: polyacrylate; PDMS/DVB: polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene.

Table 4 VOCs extracted from acerola, using fibers of different polarities, by HS-SPME/GC-MS

No.	Volatile organic compound	SPME fiber
No.	Volatile organic compound	CAR/PDMS	CW/DVB	DVB/CAR/PDMS	PA	PDMS/DVB
Ketone
1	3-buten-2-one	×	×	×	×	×
2	acetophenone¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358. 22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.^-²³23 Bicas, J. L.; Molina, G.; Dionísio, A. P.; Barros, F. F. C.; Wagner, R.; Maróstica, M. R.; Pastore, G. M.; Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1843.	×	×	×	×	×
3	cyclohexanone¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	–	×	×	–	×
Alcohol
4	1-octadecanol¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	–	×	–	–	×
5	1-tetradecanol¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	–	–	×	×	×
6	2-butanol¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.	×	×	×	–	×
7	2-ethyl-1-hexanol¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.	×	–	×	×	×
8	2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.	–	×	×	–	×
9	3-methyl-1-butanol¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²³23 Bicas, J. L.; Molina, G.; Dionísio, A. P.; Barros, F. F. C.; Wagner, R.; Maróstica, M. R.; Pastore, G. M.; Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1843.^,²⁴24 Boulanger, R.; Crouzet, J.; Food Chem. 2001, 74, 209.	–	×	–	×	–
10	benzylic alcohol¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²⁴24 Boulanger, R.; Crouzet, J.; Food Chem. 2001, 74, 209.	×	×	×	×	×
Ester
11	3-methyl-1-butanol acetate²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²⁴24 Boulanger, R.; Crouzet, J.; Food Chem. 2001, 74, 209.	–	×	–	–	–
12	ester methyl octadecanoic	×	×	×	×	×
13	isopropyl formate ester	×	–	–	–	–
14	ethyl acetate¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.^,²⁵25 Carasek, E.; Pawliszyn, J.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 8688.	×	×	×	–	×
15	isopropyl myristate¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.	–	×	×	×	×
16	isopropyl palmitate¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	–	×	×
Phenylpropanoid
17	anethole¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.	×	×	×	×	×
18	ethyl vanillin	–	–	×	–	–
19	eugenol¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.	×	×	×	×	×
20	vanillin¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.	–	×	×	×	×
Aldehyde
21	benzaldehyde²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
22	furfural²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358. 22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.^-²³23 Bicas, J. L.; Molina, G.; Dionísio, A. P.; Barros, F. F. C.; Wagner, R.; Maróstica, M. R.; Pastore, G. M.; Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1843.	×	×	×	×	×
Terpene
23	2-methyl-1,3-butadiene¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.	×	×	×	×	×
24	eucalyptol	–	×	×	×	×
25	m-cymene	×	×	×	×	×
26	o-cymene	×	×	×	×	×
27	p-cymene¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
28	terpinen-4-ol¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
29	terpinolene¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
30	thymol²⁶26 Polo, M.; Garcia-Jares, C.; Llompart, M.; Cela, R.; Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 388, 1789.	×	×	×	×	×
31	a-terpinene¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.	×	×	×	×	×
Carboxylic acid
32	acetic acid²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.	–	–	×	–	×
33	citric acid	–	–	×	×	–
34	decanoic acid²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
35	dodecanoic acid¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
36	heptanoic acid¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²⁴24 Boulanger, R.; Crouzet, J.; Food Chem. 2001, 74, 209.	×	×	×	×	×
37	hexadecanoic acid¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358. 22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.^-²³23 Bicas, J. L.; Molina, G.; Dionísio, A. P.; Barros, F. F. C.; Wagner, R.; Maróstica, M. R.; Pastore, G. M.; Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1843.	×	×	×	×	×
38	hexanoic acid²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.^,²⁴24 Boulanger, R.; Crouzet, J.; Food Chem. 2001, 74, 209.	–	×	–	–	×
39	nonanoic acid¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
40	octanoic acid²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	–	–	×	–
41	pentanoic acid²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	–	–	×	×	×
42	propanoic acid	–	–	×	×	×
43	tetradecanoic acid¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
44	tridecanoic acid	–	×	×	×	×
Hydrocarbon
45	cumene	×	×	×	×	×
46	dodecane	–	–	×	×	×
47	ethylbenzene¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
48	heptadecane¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.	×	–	–	×	–
49	hexadecane¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.	–	–	×	×	×
50	m-xylene¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67.^,²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358.^,²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880.	×	×	×	×	×
51	o-xylene	×	×	×	×	×
Total compounds		33	39	43	41	44

SPME: solid phase microextraction; CAR/PDMS: carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; CW/DVB: carbowax/divinylbenzene; DVB/CAR/PDMS: divinylbenzene/ carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane; PA: polyacrylate; PDMS/DVB: polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene. The superscript numbers refer to compounds that have been detected by other authors: Vendramini and Trugo;¹⁵15 Vendramini, A. L.; Trugo, L. C.; Food Chem. 2000, 71, 195. García et al.;¹⁷17 García, Y. M.; Guedes, M. N. S.; Rufini, J. C. M.; Souza, A. G.; Augusti, R.; Melo, J. O. F.; Sci. Electron. Arch. 2016, 9, 67. Franco and Janzantti;²¹21 Franco, M. R. B.; Janzantti, N. S.; Flavour Fragrance J. 2005, 20, 358. Pino and Marbot;²²22 Pino, J. A.; Marbot, R.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2001, 49, 5880. Bicas et al.;²³23 Bicas, J. L.; Molina, G.; Dionísio, A. P.; Barros, F. F. C.; Wagner, R.; Maróstica, M. R.; Pastore, G. M.; Food Res. Int. 2011, 44, 1843. Boulanger and Crouzet;²⁴24 Boulanger, R.; Crouzet, J.; Food Chem. 2001, 74, 209. Carasek and Pawliszyn;²⁵25 Carasek, E.; Pawliszyn, J.; J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 8688. Polo et al.²⁶26 Polo, M.; Garcia-Jares, C.; Llompart, M.; Cela, R.; Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 388, 1789.

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[1] *e-mail: onesiomelo@gmail.com