| Alatriste et al. (2014) |
30 |
8 weeks |
Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS)
|
Group A was given a fermented dairy drink in an 80-mL bottle with 8 x 109 CFU of LcS; Group B was given two 80-mL bottles de 80 mL of a fermented dairy drink with 16 x 109 CFU of LcS. |
Yes. The patients presented decreased levels of ammonia (a precursor of urea, with which bacteria are involved).' |
None |
Yes |
Decrease greater than 10% in serum urea levels after dietary intervention with LcS for patients with CKD stages 3 and 4. |
| Mora et al. (2014) |
18 |
8 weeks |
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum, prebiotic inulin fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and vitamins (B vitamins, folic acid, ascorbic acid, and vitamin E). |
Nutrihealth: 1 capsule/day – 2.0 x 1012 CFU |
Yes. Increased counts of bifidobacteria. |
None |
Yes |
Symbiotic gel used for two months may be potentially in the therapy of patients with kidney disease and may increase the population of bifidobacteria. |
| Guida et al. (2014) |
30 |
4 weeks |
Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus sporogenes, Streptococcus thermophilus, previotic inulin (VB Beneo Synergy 1), and resistant tapioca starch.
|
Probinul neutro® (5g powder bags dissolved in water, three times a day, away from meal times). |
Yes. The symbiotic agent significantly decreased plasma p-cresol levels of non-dialysis patients with CKD. |
None |
None |
Symbiotic agent may significantly decrease total plasma p-cresol levels in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4. |
| Natarajan et al. (2014) |
22 |
24 weeks |
S. thermophilus KB 19, L. acidophilus KB 27, B. longum KB 31.
|
Two capsules three times a day with meals. Each capsule contained a probiotic formulation with 30 billion CFU. |
None. |
Yes |
None |
Efficacy could not be confirmed primarily due to small sample size and low statistical power - additional studies are needed. |
| Firouzi et al. (2015) |
10 1 |
12 weeks |
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus lactis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium infantis.
|
Daily dosage of 6 × 1010 CFU (Hexbio B-Crobes). Probiotic agent in bags were poured into a glass with approximately 250 mL of water; twice a day (morning and evening) accompanied or not by a meal. |
Yes Urea levels improved significantly after supplementation with probiotics. |
Yes |
Yes |
This study showed that probiotics may improve urea levels, particularly of OW/OB individuals and subjects with high urea levels. However, other renal parameters and liver function were not altered by the administration of probiotics. |
| Wang et al. (2015) |
39 |
24 weeks |
B. bifidum A218, B. catenulatum A302, B. longum A101, and L. plantarum A87.
|
Daily dosage: 1 capsule 4 × 109 CFU/day before going to bed. |
Yes. Significant decreases were seen in the levels of TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, and endotoxins, along with increased levels of IL-10; residual renal function of patients on PD was preserved after six months of treatment with oral probiotics. |
None |
None |
Probiotics may significantly reduce serum levels of endotoxins, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), IL-5, and increase serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and preserve residual renal function of individuals on PD. |
| Dehghani et al. (2016) |
66 |
6 weeks |
Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus cidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgarigus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifido,bacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Streptococcus thermophilus and fructooligosaccharide prebiotic agent. |
Familact 500mg - two capsules a day after meals. |
Yes. Blood urea nitrogen levels of patients with CKD were decreased. |
None |
None |
Treatment with symbiotic probiotics for six weeks led to significant decreases in mean blood urea levels of patients with CKD stages 3 and 4 compared to controls; effects were not seen in other renal function indicators. |
| Rossi et al. (2016) |
31 |
18 weeks |
Nine different strains from the Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus genera. High molecular weight inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and galacto-oligosaccharides, and probiotic component. |
In the first three weeks, participants ingested 7.5g of prebiotic powder and one capsule with probiotics containing 45 billion CFU in the morning with a meal. In the last three weeks, participants took an additional dose (7.5 g of powder and one capsule) with a meal in the evening, yielding a daily dosage of 15g. |
Yes. Symbiotic therapy significantly decreased serum levels of PCS and, to a lesser extent, IS levels in patients with moderate to severe CKD. |
None |
Yes |
Symbiotic therapy led to statistically significant and potentially clinically relevant decreases in serum levels of IS and PCS. |
