Effect of perillyl alcohol on gene expression of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells

Abstracts

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of perillyl alcohol on the gene expression of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells. METHODS: Pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells were incubated with perillyl alcohol in dilutions ranging from 0.03% to 0.0003% for 48 hours. Alterations were observed in the cell morphology, and cell viability was quantified using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assays. Protein synthesis of samples previously targeted with S35 was analyzed using electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel. Expression of the proteins p53 and p44/42 was determined using the Western blot method. RESULTS: After 48 hours of incubation, greater nsumbers of morphological alterations were observed in cells treated with the 0.03% perillyl alcohol dilution than in those treated with perillyl alcohol diluted to 0.003% or further. Treatment with perillyl alcohol dilutions of 0.03%, 0.003% and 0.0003% inhibited cellular viability by 60.17% (p < 0.001), 15.62% (p < 0.001) and 11.53% (p < 0.05), respectively. The results show that 28-kDa, 42-kDa and 110-kDa proteins were induced. No statistically significant effect on p53 expression was observed. In comparison with the expression of alpha-tubulin, the 0.003% perillyl alcohol dilution induced an increase in p42 phosphorylation and a marked decrease in p44 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there are other, previously undescribed, metabolic pathways for perillyl alcohol effects in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells.

Adenocarcinoma; Lung neoplasms; Monoterpenes; Cell culture; Lung

OBJETIVO: Estudar a ação do álcool perílico na expressão gênica de células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão humano. MÉTODOS: Incubaram-se células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão com álcool perílico em diluições que variaram entre 0,03% e 0,0003% por 48 horas. Observaram-se as alterações na morfologia celular e quantificou-se a viabilidade celular pelo método do MTT (3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-yl)-2,5 difeniltertrazolim brometo). Analisou-se a síntese de proteínas das amostras previamente marcadas radioativamente com 35S, através de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Determinou-se a expressão das proteínas p53 e p42/44 através do método de Western Blot. RESULTADOS: Após 48 horas de incubação, observaram-se alterações na morfologia celular para a diluição de 0,03% de álcool perílico, as quais foram pouco verificadas em diluições superiores a 0,003%. A inibição da viabilidade celular foi de 60,17% (p < 0,001), 15,62% (p < 0,001) e 11,53% (p < 0,05) para as diluições de 0,03%, 0,003% e 0,0003% de álcool perílico, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram a indução de proteínas de 110 kDa, 42 kDa e 28 kDa. Não se observou variação estatisticamente significativa para a expressão da proteína p53. Em comparação com a expressão de alfa-tubulina, a diluição de 0,003% de álcool perílico provocou uma diminuição marcante da fosforilação da p44 e um aumento da fosforilação da p42. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados apresentados sugerem novos caminhos metabólicos da ação do álcool perílico em células de adenocarcinoma de pulmão humano.

Adenocarcinoma; Neoplasias pulmonares; Monoterpenos; Cultura de células; Pulmão

ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Effect of perillyl alcohol on gene expression of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells^*

Juliana de Saldanha da Gama Fischer^I; Marcelo Soares da Mota e Silva^II; Marcos Eduardo Paschoal^III; Cerli Rocha Gattass^IV; Paulo Costa Carvalho^V; Maria da Gloria da Costa Carvalho^IV

^IMasters in Medicine from the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro) School of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

^IIBasic research student at the Clementino Fraga University Hospital - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

^IIIPhysician at the Tuberculosis Clinic of the Clementino Fraga Filho University Hospital - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

^IVAdjutant Professor and Chief of the Gene Expression Laboratory at the Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

^VMasters student at the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC, Oswaldo Cruz Institute), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

^{Correspondence to}

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of perillyl alcohol on the gene expression of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells.

METHODS: Pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells were incubated with perillyl alcohol in dilutions ranging from 0.03% to 0.0003% for 48 hours. Alterations were observed in the cell morphology, and cell viability was quantified using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assays. Protein synthesis of samples previously targeted with S35 was analyzed using electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel. Expression of the proteins p53 and p44/42 was determined using the Western blot method.

RESULTS: After 48 hours of incubation, greater nsumbers of morphological alterations were observed in cells treated with the 0.03% perillyl alcohol dilution than in those treated with perillyl alcohol diluted to 0.003% or further. Treatment with perillyl alcohol dilutions of 0.03%, 0.003% and 0.0003% inhibited cellular viability by 60.17% (p < 0.001), 15.62% (p < 0.001) and 11.53% (p < 0.05), respectively. The results show that 28-kDa, 42-kDa and 110-kDa proteins were induced. No statistically significant effect on p53 expression was observed. In comparison with the expression of a-tubulin, the 0.003% perillyl alcohol dilution induced an increase in p42 phosphorylation and a marked decrease in p44 phosphorylation.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that there are other, previously undescribed, metabolic pathways for perillyl alcohol effects in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells.

Keywords: Adenocarcinoma; Lung neoplasms; Monoterpenes; Cell culture; Lung/cytology

INTRODUCTION

Patients with lung cancer have an extremely low survival rate, which reflects their high mortality rate. The main reasons for this are late diagnosis of the disease and the inefficacy of the adopted treatments. For these reasons, it is necessary to seek new chemotherapy treatments.

Perillyl alcohol (PA), which is a monoterpene isolated from the essential oils in mint, cherries and celery seeds, as well as from those found in other plants,⁽¹⁾ has been studied as an alternative treatment for solid tumors. Studies in animals have shown that PA is an efficacious chemotherapeutic agent for the regression of breast,⁽²⁾ pancreas,⁽³⁾ liver⁽⁴⁾ and prostate tumors,⁽⁵⁾ and that it is a chemopreventive agent for colon tumors,⁽⁶⁾ melanomas⁽⁷⁾ and neuroblastomas.⁽⁸⁾ Active in the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, PA does not affect normal cells and might even revert tumor cells to a differentiated stage.⁽¹⁾ The PA-induced inhibition of signal transduction through the membrane prevents the anchorage of Ras proteins through the inhibition of Ras isoprenylation. In lung adenocarcinoma, Ras protein mutates in 19% of cases; hence it is an important therapeutic target.⁽⁹⁾

Based on these problems, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of PA on the gene expression of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells in order to better understand its mechanism of action as a chemotherapeutic agent.

METHODS

Monolayers of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells (A549; American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, VA, USA) were cultivated in RPMI 1640 culture medium (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD, USA). For cell subculture, the confluent monolayers (1 x 107 cells/bottle) were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2, with 0.8% NaCl, 0.02% KCl, 0.15% Na₂HPO₄ and 0.02% KH₂PO₄.H₂O, followed by rapid treatment with trypsin solution (0.25% in PBS), and resuspended, with mild agitation, in fresh culture medium. The PA (96%; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added to the semiconfluent cell monolayers in various dilutions (0.03%, 0.003 % and 0.0003%), and the cells were incubated in a carbon dioxide incubator at 37ºC for 48 hours.

Cell viability was quantified using [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assays (MTT method) as described by Mosmann.⁽¹⁰⁾ In summary, 104 cells/well were grown in 96-well plates, which, 24 hours later, were incubated with perillyl alcohol at the various dilutions previously cited. After 24 hours of incubation, 20 µL of MTT (5µg/mL) were added to each well, and cells were incubated in total darkness at 37°C for 4 hours. The supernatant was then discarded and the precipitate was suspended in 150 µL of dimethyl sulfoxide. The microplates were read with a BenchMark ELISA reader (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA) at 570-nm using a 630-nm reference filter.

Semiconfluent cell monolayers were incubated in PA dilutions of 0.03%, 0.003% and 0.0003%. After 48 hours, the monolayers were removed from the culture medium and immersed in serum-free Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium containing 40 µCi/mL of methionine for 120 min. After incorporation, cell monolayers were treated with a buffer solution: 62.5 mM of Tris-HCl, pH 6.8; 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); 10% glycerol; 5% 2-mercaptoethanol; and 0.001% bromophenol blue. Radiolabeled proteins were then analyzed using autoradiography.

The fractionated proteins were analyzed using electrophoresis on a 12% polyacrylamide gel in accordance with the technique described by Laemmli in 1970.⁽¹¹⁾ The molecular weight of the proteins was determined using co-electrophoresis of proteins whose molecular weight was known (Life Technology, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA): myosin (200 kDa); phosphorylase B (97.4 kDa); bovine serum albumin (68 kDa); beta- lactoglobulin (18.4 kDa); and lysozyme (14.3 kDa). Gel samples were stained with Coomassie blue, dried and exposed to Kodak X-Omat YAR-S radiographic film (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA).

The exposed film was scanned using an LKB 2202 Ultroscan laser densitometer (Pharmacia LKB, Uppsala Sweden). The densitometric tracing presented the protein profile of the control cells as well as that of those incubated with perillyl alcohol for 48 hours.

Western blots were performed for the following proteins: p44/42 kinases (ERK1 and ERK2), -tubulin and p53. The proteins were fractionated on a 12% SDS-PAGE gel,⁽¹¹⁾ electroblotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane and submitted to separate immunodetection reactions for each antibody. The nitrocellulose membrane was blocked using a 5% w/v skimmed milk powder in TBST (10 mM Tris, pH 8.3; 150 mM NaCl; 0.15% Tween 20).

After three 15-min rinses in TBST, membranes were separately incubated for 24 hours with the following monoclonal antibodies: anti-p53 (Mab 1801, Gibco); anti- -tubulin (monoclonal anti- -tubulin clone B-5-1-2; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA); and anti-ERK1/2 [Phospho-p44/42 MAPK (Thr 202/Try 204) E10 monoclonal antibody; Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA], all at the dilutions recommended by the manufacturers. Subsequently, membranes were reincubated with peroxidase-conjugated mouse secondary anti-IgG antibody (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA) at a dilution of 1:1.000. The complexes were visualized using the Amersham Enhanced Chemiluminescence System development kit (Amersham) with exposure to X-Omat YAR-S radiographic film (Kodak).

Three independent experiments were carried out in triplicate. Statistical significance was analyzed using the unpaired Student's t-test. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.^(12-13)

RESULTS

We studied the alterations in cell morphology at PA dilutions ranging from 0.03% to 0.0003%. Figure 1A shows the morphology of cells not incubated with PA. Figure 1B shows that, in comparison with control cells (Figure 1A), the 0.03% dilution provoked intense cell lysis, which was slight at the 0.003% and 0.0003% dilutions (Figures 1C and 1D). The inhibition of cellular viability, quantified using the MTT method, was 60.17% (p < 0.001), 15.62% (p < 0.001) and 11.53% (p < 0.05), respectively, at PA dilutions of 0.03%, 0.003% and 0.0003% (Figure 2). These results are in accordance with the alterations in cell morphology shown in Figure 1.

With the objective of determining whether the altered control of gene expression at the protein synthesis level was associated with the results shown in Figures 1 and 2, the protein pattern was analyzed through the incorporation of a radioactive precursor (Figure 3). The results showed that treatment with 0.003% PA led to the induction of 110-kDa, 42-kDa and 28-kDa proteins. However, this was not observed at the 0.0003% dilution, as indicated by the arrows in the autoradiogram (Figure 3A) and in the densitometric tracing (Figure 3B). Since PA led to a decrease in cell viability (Figure 2), we also analyzed the possible involvement of proteins present in the proliferation and apoptosis pathways (Figure 4). The expression of p53 and p44/42 proteins was determined using the Western blot method. As an internal control, -tubulin was used. The same quantity of -tubulin was detected for all dilutions (Figure 4A), except for the 0.03% PA dilution, in which cell viability was found to be reduced (Figure 2). Figure 4B shows that there was no statistically significant difference for p53. In comparison with -tubulin expression, the 0.003% PA dilution provoked a marked decrease in p44 phosphorylation and an increase in p42 phosphorylation (Figure 4C).

DISCUSSION

The understanding of the molecular profile of human tumors is essential for the effective use of chemotherapeutic agents. The cellular alterations demonstrated in this study suggest that PA is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer. These results show a new mechanism of action of this agent, through alteration of the pathways that regulate cell growth and differentiation.

The p42 and p44 kinase proteins are present in the cascade of kinases that regulate cell growth and differentiation. The mitogen-activated protein kinases are activated by a variety of extracellular factors, including growth factors, hormones and neurotransmitters.^(14-16) The activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases occurs through the phosphorylation of tyrosine and threonine (202 and 204 of human ERK1, or 183 and 185 of mouse ERK2) in the threonine and tyrosine amino acid sequence by one single kinase.^(17-18) The results indicated that PA was able to induce p42 protein phosphorylation at the 0.003% and 0.0003% dilutions within 48 hours (Figure 4C) and to inhibit p44 phosphorylation. The physiologic meaning of this in vitro activation/inhibition has not been well established.

The results show, for the first time, that ERK1/2 was one of the molecular targets of the modulation of the response to PA in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells. The effect of PA is not limited to inhibition of Ras farnesylation but also directly affects the kinase phosphorylation state regulated by extracellular signals (ERK).

ACKNOWLEGMENTS

We would like to thank Professor Maria Christina Soares Rebello for her collaboration in writing the Discussion.

REFERENCES

Submitted: 9 March 2005. Accepted, after review: 20 May 2005.

Source of funding: Capes and CNPq - Grant number: 5506532002-3

• 1. Belanger JT. Perillyl alcohol: applications in oncology. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3(6):448-57.
• 2. Haag JD, Lindstrom MJ, Gould MN. Limonene-induced regression of mammary carcinomas. Cancer Res. 1992;52(14):4021-6.
• 3. Stark MJ, Burke YD, McKinzie JH, Ayuobi AS, Crowell PL. Chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer with the monoterpene perillyl alcohol. Cancer Lett. 1995;96(1):15-21.
• 4. Mills JJ, Chari RS, Boyer IJ, Gould MN, Jirtle RL. Induction of apoptosis in liver tumors by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res.1995;55(5):979-83.
• 5. Jeffers L, Church D, Gould M, Wilding G. The effect of perillyl alcohol on the proliferation of human prostatic cell lines. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 1995;36:303.
• 6. Reddy BS, Wang CX, Samaha H, Lubet T, Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, et al. Chemoprevention of colon carcinogesis by dietary perillyl alcohol. Cancer Res. 1997;57(3):420-5.
• 7. He L, Mo H, Hadisusilo S, Oureshi AA, Elson CE. Isoprenoids suppress the growth of murine B16 melanomas in vitro and in vivo. J Nutr. 1997;127(5):668-74.
• 8. Shi W, Gould MN. Induction of differentiation in neuro-2A cells by the monoterpene perillyl alcohol. Cancer Lett. 1995;95(1-2):1-6.
• 9. Kawamura MT. Estudo das alterações moleculares em soros de pacientes com câncer de pulmão[tese]. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2002. 98p.
• 10. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983;65(1-2):55-63.
• 11. Laemmli UK. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970;227(5259):680-5.
• 12. Kanji GK. 100 statistical tests. London: Sage;1983.
• 13. Medronho RA, Carvalho DM, Bloch KV, Luiz RR, Werneck GL. Epidemiologia. São Paulo: Atheneu; 2003.
• 14. Marshall CJ. Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal- regulated kinase activation. Cell. 1995;80(2):179-85.
• 15. Hunter T. Protein kinase and phosphatases: the yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell.1995;80(2):225-36.
• 16. Hill CS, Treisman R. Transcriptional regulation by extracellular signals: mechanism and specificity. Cell. 1995;80(2):199-211.
• 17. Cobb MH, Goldsmith EJ. How MAP kinases are regulated. J Biol Chem.1995;270(25):14843-6.
• 18. Burack WR, Sturgill TW. The activating dual phosphorylation of MAPK by MEK is nonprocessive Biochemistry. 1997;36(20):5929-33.

*

Study carried out in the Laboratory of Molecular Oncology at the Institute for Thoracic Diseases of the Clementino Fraga University Hospital - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  03 Mar 2006
• Date of issue
  Dec 2005

History

• Received
  09 Mar 2005
• Accepted
  20 May 2005