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A vibroacoustic application of modeling and control of linear parameter-varying systems

Abstract

This paper applies recent advances in both modeling and control of Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems to a vibroacoustic setup whose dynamics is highly sensitive to variations in the temperature. Based on experimental data, an LPV model is derived for this system using the State-space Model Interpolation of Local Estimates (SMILE) technique. This modeling technique interpolates linear time-invariant models estimated at distinct operating conditions of the system (in this case, different temperatures). Using the obtained LPV model, gain-scheduled and robust multiobjective H2/H∞ state feedback controllers are designed such that can consider a priori known bounds on the rate of parameter variation. Numerical simulations using the closed-loop systems are performed to validate the controllers and to show the advantages and versatility of the proposed techniques.

Gain-scheduled and robust control; LPV modeling; H2 and H∞ performance; linear parameter-varying systems


TECHNICAL PAPERS

A vibroacoustic application of modeling and control of linear parameter-varying systems

Jan De CaignyI; Juan F. CaminoII; Ricardo C. L. F. OliveiraIII; Pedro L. D. PeresIV; Jan SweversV

IKatholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Mechanical Engineering Celestijnenlaan 300B, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium. jan.decaigny@mech.kuleuven.be

IIUniversity of Campinas - UNICAMP School of Mechanical Engineering 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. camino@fem.unicamp.br

III ricfow@dt.fee.unicamp.br

IVUniversity of Campinas - UNICAMP School of Electrical and Computer Engineering 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. peres@dt.fee.unicamp.br

VKatholieke Universiteit Leuven Department of Mechanical Engineering Celestijnenlaan 300B, B-3001, Heverlee, Belgium. jan.swevers@mech.kuleuven.be

ABSTRACT

This paper applies recent advances in both modeling and control of Linear Parameter-Varying (LPV) systems to a vibroacoustic setup whose dynamics is highly sensitive to variations in the temperature. Based on experimental data, an LPV model is derived for this system using the State-space Model Interpolation of Local Estimates (SMILE) technique. This modeling technique interpolates linear time-invariant models estimated at distinct operating conditions of the system (in this case, different temperatures). Using the obtained LPV model, gain-scheduled and robust multiobjective H2/H state feedback controllers are designed such that can consider a priori known bounds on the rate of parameter variation. Numerical simulations using the closed-loop systems are performed to validate the controllers and to show the advantages and versatility of the proposed techniques.

Keywords: Gain-scheduled and robust control, LPV modeling, H2 and H performance, linear parameter-varying systems

Introduction

A main source of noise within aircraft cabins is the vibration of the surrounding structure, usually denoted as structural noise (Berglund et al., 1996; Persson and Björkman, 1988). Research in the area of acoustics has shown that active control strategies are efficient in reducing this noise in the low frequency range (see, for example, Alujevic et al., 2008; Camino and Arruda, 2009; Donadon et al., 2006; Fuller and von Flotow, 1995; Kaiser et al., 2003; Meurers et al., 2002; Sas et al., 1995). Several of these techniques assume that the plant under consideration is linear time-invariant (LTI), although this is not a realistic assumption for some applications. For instance, aircraft structures are frequently subjected to temperature variations that cause significant changes in its dynamics. To use robust control synthesis techniques for such parameter-varying systems, the nominal model and the uncertainty bounds should be appropriately determined, to ensure a realistic trade-off between performance and robustness. For most practical applications, however, this is a difficult task, and the estimated uncertainty set is in general too conservative. Therefore, a more elaborate control strategy should be investigated which can be used for linear parameter-varying (LPV) systems. This topic has received attention from the control community for over a decade, during which there has been a continuing effort to design LPV controllers, scheduled as a function of the varying parameters, that achieve higher performance while still guaranteeing stability for all possible parameter variations (see, for instance, Apkarian and Adams, 1998; Apkarian et al., 1995; Leith and Leithead, 2000; Packard, 1994; Rugh and Shamma, 2000; Scherer, 2001; Shamma and Athans, 1992). In the LPV control framework, the scheduling parameters that govern the variation of the dynamics of the system are usually a priori unknown, but measured or estimated in real-time (Shamma and Athans, 1991).

Two distinct approaches are commonly used to control LPV systems: interpolating gain-scheduling (IGS) control and linear parameter-varying (LPV) control. In IGS control, the design is split into two parts. First, LTI controllers are designed for linearized models of the system, estimated at several fixed operating conditions. Second, a parameter-dependent controller is obtained by interpolating these LTI controllers. Although the stability of the closed-loop system is not guaranteed, this approach has been successfully used in many practical applications (Aouf et al., 2002; De Caigny et al., 2007; Nichols et al., 1993). In LPV control, on the other hand, stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed during the design phase. Several analysis and synthesis techniques for LPV systems have been proposed based on different types of Lyapunov functions. For instance, the well-known quadratic stability approach uses a constant Lyapunov matrix that allows arbitrarily fast variation of the scheduling parameters (Kaminer et al., 1993; Peres et al., 1994). Obviously, this yields conservative controllers for practical applications where the rate of parameter variation is bounded. To mitigate some of the conservatism associated with the approaches based on quadratic stability, many synthesis procedures based on parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions have been proposed. For instance, synthesis procedures for H2 and H gain-scheduled and robust static output feedback controllers have been presented (De Caigny et al., 2008a,b, 2010a) for polytopic discrete-time LPV systems with an a priori known bound on the rate of parameter variation. The case where the system can have a homogeneous polynomial dependency on the scheduling parameter has been considered in De Caigny et al. (2009a, 2010a, 2010b). Most LPV control design techniques require an LPV model of the system that accurately describes the variation of the system dynamics over the workspace. However, while identification of linear time invariant (LTI) systems based on measured input-output (IO) data has been intensely studied and LTI model estimation algorithms are widely spread, estimation of LPV models remains a difficult problem which is still in a state of development. In the literature, there exist two main approaches to obtain LPV models: a global identification approach (see, for example, Bamieh and Giarré, 2002; Felici et al., 2007; Lee and Poolla, 1999; Nemani et al., 1995; Verdult and Verhaegen, 2005) and a local modeling approach (see, for example, De Caigny et al., 2008c, 2009b, 2011; Lovera and Mercere, 2007; Paijmans et al., 2008; Steinbuch et al., 2003; Wassink et al., 2005). The global approach is based on the assumption that it is possible to perform a global experiment by exciting the system while the scheduling parameters are persistently changing the system dynamics. In case it is impossible to perform a global experiment, it is appropriate to use a local approach, based on the interpolation of a set of local LTI models that are estimated using a collection of local experiments, performed by exciting the system at different fixed operating conditions. To properly interpolate these local models, all local LPV modeling techniques require that the local LTI models are transformed in a consistent state-space form to assure that they are defined with respect to a consistent state-space basis. Afterwards, an appropriate methodology is applied to construct an LPV model that interpolates these consistent local models. The main drawback of the local approach is the fact that the time propagation of the scheduling parameter is not used. Therefore, these local methods are more suitable for systems with scheduling parameters that vary slowly in time; a common guideline in interpolating gain-scheduling control practice (Shamma and Athans, 1992).

The aim of this paper is to show the recent advances in both modeling and control of LPV systems using a vibroacoustic setup as a practical application. First, experimental data is used to obtain an LPV model of the vibroacoustic setup using the State-Space Model Interpolation of Local Estimates (SMILE) technique; a local LPV modeling technique developed in De Caigny et al. (2008c, 2009b). Second, using the obtained LPV model, multiobjective H2/H gain-scheduled and robust static state feedback controllers are computed. The LPV control design is then validated through numerical simulations. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed LPV modeling and control design techniques are discussed. The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, the vibroacoustic application is introduced. The following section starts by presenting an overview of the SMILE technique which is then used to obtain an LPV model of the vibroacoustic setup. The synthesis conditions for gain-scheduled and robust H2 and H state feedback control which are applied to the obtained LPV model is then presented as well as the concluding remarks.

Vibroacoustic Application

This section describes the vibroacoustic setup (displayed in Fig. 1), that consists of a lexan plate clamped on a rigid baffle in a semi-anechoic room (see Donadon et al., 2006, for details). The exogenous disturbance that causes the vibration of the plate is provided by a point force driven by a shaker. The control input , used to attenuate the sound pressure inside the semi-anechoic room, is provided by a flexural moment driven by a piezoelectric patch attached to the plate. The output z is the sound pressure measured by a single microphone, located in the semi-anechoic room near the plate.


The experiments performed by the authors in Donadon et al. (2006) revealed that the system dynamics was highly sensitive to the temperature in the semi-anechoic room. Therefore, the setup is an LPV system with the temperature as the scheduling parameter. For the modeling of this vibroacoustic setup, it is necessary to consider a local LPV modeling approach because of the slow rate of variation of the temperature. Indeed, since the temperature can only be changed slowly, a long measurement should have to be performed to ensure the conditions of persistent excitation of the scheduling parameter (Bamieh and Giarré, 2002), resulting in an intractable amount of data. Therefore, performing local identification experiments, for different fixed values of the temperature, is the most convenient option.

To apply the local approach, frequency response functions (FRFs) were measured from the disturbance w and the control input to the output z at four different temperatures θ ∈{22.9º, 23.4º, 24.4º, 25.4º}. Based on the measured FRFs, a 10th-order discrete-time state-space LTI model has been estimated at each operating condition, using the subspace identification method (Ljung, 1999; van Overschee and Moor, 1996; Verhaegen, 1994) implemented in the Matlab Identification toolbox. Figure 2 presents the magnitude and phase of the experimentally obtained FRFs (black, dashed) and of the corresponding estimated LTI models (red, solid) in the frequency range 120 - 260 Hz. All the estimated models have five complex poles, for instance, the poles of the estimated model from w to z corresponding to the temperature 22.9º are located at 135 Hz, 160 Hz, 206 Hz, 247 Hz, and 253 Hz. The LTI models clearly show a good correspondence to the FRFs. The next section shows how to use the SMILE technique to obtain an LPV model by interpolating these four LTI models. Notice that the output sound pressure z is given by z = (jω)u + (jω)w, where (jω) and (jω) denote respectively the transfer functions from the disturbance and the control input to the output z. In the active noise control community, (jω) is referred as the primary source and (jω) as the secondary source.


LPV Modeling Using the Smile Technique

This section presents how to use the SMILE technique to model the vibroacoustic setup. For a detailed presentation, see De Caigny et al. (2008c). The notation in this section is as follows: matrices associated with the interpolating LPV model are denoted using standard math font, e.g., A0, ...; matrices associated with the local LTI models are denoted using San Serif font, e.g., Aℓ, ...; the subscript indicates the index of the local model. Throughout the paper, the discrete-time state-space model

is indicated by

The interpolating LPV model is chosen to have the following state-space representation affine in the single scheduling parameter θ:

where

A0, A1n×n, B0, B1n×r, C0, C1s×n, and D0, D1s×r.

This choice has the advantage that the LPV model H(θ) given by model (1) can be used in LPV control synthesis techniques for affine LPV models (for example, Amato et al., 2005; Apkarian et al., 1995; de Souza and Trofino, 2006; Lu et al., 2008) as well as in the linear fractional transformation framework (for example, Packard, 1994; Scherer, 2001). Moreover, when θ is bounded, model (1) can be converted exactly in a polytopic LPV model1 1 See Boyd et al. (1994) for an introduction on polytopic models and LMI representation. with two vertices, which is useful since control synthesis for polytopic models has been widely studied (De Caigny et al., 2008a, 2008b; Leite and Peres, 2004; Montagner et al., 2007; Oliveira and Peres, 2008). The recent work De Caigny et al. (2011) has extended the LPV modeling technique to consider a more general class of LPV models that can be parameterized using a homogeneous polynomial dependency on the scheduling parameter, which include as a particular case, affine models.

The aim of the SMILE technique is to estimate the system matrices of model (1) such that the resulting LPV model H(θ) interpolates the local LTI models

identified at distinct operating conditions, that is, for different fixed values of the scheduling parameter θ , indicated by for l = 1, ..., . All local LTI models are assumed to have the same number of states n, the same number of inputs r and the same number of outputs s. As the state-space representation is not unique, the local models (2) cannot be readily interpolated since it is not guaranteed that they are represented with respect to the same state-space basis. Therefore, a similarity transformation matrix Tl needs to be calculated for each local model such that the transformed models

are defined with respect to the same basis. Once the models (3) have been calculated, an optimization problem can be formulated and solved to find the optimal system matrices of the interpolating LPV model (1). Assuming that the m MIMO LTI models (2) are available, the SMILE technique consists of five steps to compute an interpolating LPV model (see the flowchart in Fig. 3).


These five steps are now briefly presented and applied to the four (= 4) local 10th-order 2-input 1-output LTI models identified for the vibroacoustic setup.

STEP 1: Choose one input-output (IO) combination (i, j) for all original local MIMO models obtain local SISO models

For the vibroacoustic setup, the IO combination (i, j) = (1,2) from the control input to the microphone z is chosen, thus yielding four LTI SISO models, (1,2), l =1, ..., 4.

STEP 2: Calculate the poles pl (independent of the choice of IO-combination (i, j)) and zeros zl,(1,2) of the original local SISO models . Sort these poles and zeros such that they are in the same order for all local SISO models . Fig. 4 shows the real and imaginary part of the poles and zeros of the 4 local SISO models as a function of the varying temperature θ. All local models have 5 complex conjugated pole pairs, 1 non-minimum phase real zero and 4 complex conjugated zero pairs. The sorting of the poles and zeros is indicated in Fig. 4 with solid lines that connect corresponding poles (resp. zeros) for the 4 different local temperatures.


STEP 3: Divide the local SISO models into a gain multiplied by the series connection of τ1 1st-order and τ2 2nd-order state-space submodels expressed in the observable form. Then, explicitly calculate this series connection to obtain a new and consistent state-space representation of the local SISO models (denoted as ). Since all LTI SISO models are 10th-order, they can be represented by a gain multiplied by the series connection of τ2 = 5 2nd-order submodels. In Fig. 4 this division is emphasized by assigning the poles and zeros 5 different markers and colors: poles and zeros with the same marker and color are assigned to the same LTI SISO submodel.

STEP 4: Calculate, for each local model , the similarity transformation matrix Tl that transforms the system matrices of into those of . Apply this transformation matrix Tl to the corresponding original MIMO LTI model to obtain the model Hl.

STEP 5: To obtain the system matrices of the interpolating MIMO LPV model (1), the following linear least-squares cost function is minimized

where || ||F represents the Frobenius norm of a matrix.

Figure 5 compares the 4 local LTI MIMO models (red, solid) to the obtained interpolating LPV model (black, solid with dots), evaluated at 11 equidistantly spaced temperatures in the interval [22.9º; 25.4º]. The LPV model clearly shows a smooth interpolation of the local MIMO models.


The quality of the fit can also be numerically verified by comparing the vector of Hankel singular values (Moore, 1981) of the local LTI models with the interpolating LPV model evaluated at the four local operating conditions. These vectors, for the LTI and the LPV case, are respectively denoted by Glti[i] and Glpv[i], for i = 1, ..., 4. Table 1 presents the relative difference between these two vectors, calculated as ║ Glti[i] - Glpv[i] ║2 / ║ Glti[i] ║2.

Gain-Scheduled and Robust H2 and H State Feedback

This section presents synthesis procedures for gain-scheduled and robust H2 and H state feedback controllers for discrete-time polytopic LPV systems with known bounds on the rate of parameter variation. First, the modeling of the uncertainty domain is introduced, then the synthesis conditions are given and afterwards state feedback controllers are computed for the LPV model obtained in the previous section. A schematic view of the closed-loop system is shown in Fig. 6, in which the model H(α) already contains the transfer functions of the primary and the secondary sources.


Modeling of the Uncertainty Domain

Consider the polytopic discrete-time linear parameter-varying system

where the system matrices

A(α(k)) ∈n×n, Bw(α(k)) ∈n×r, Bu(α(k)) ∈n×m, Cz(α(k)) ∈s×n, Dw(α(k)) ∈ s×r, and Du(α(k)) ∈s×m belong to the polytope

with the vector of time-varying parameters α(k) ∈N belonging to the unit simplex given by

The rate of variation of the parameters Δαi(k) = αi(k+1) - αi(k), i = 1, ... , N, is assumed to be limited by an a priori known bound b such that

with 0 < b < 1. Compared to synthesis procedures based on quadratic stability, that allows Δαi(k) to be arbitrarily large, synthesis procedures that yield less conservative controllers can be derived by explicitly taking into account that Δαi(k) satisfies Eq. (7), as discussed in (Oliveira and Peres, 2008).

Gain-Scheduled Control Synthesis

The goal is to provide a parameter-dependent state feedback control law u(k) = K(α(k))x(k), with K(α(k)) ∈m×n, such that the closed-loop system

is exponentially stable with a guaranteed H2 and H performance for all possible parameter variation. A solution to the gain-scheduled H state feedback design problem, in terms of a finite set of LMIs defined in the vertices of the polytope (5), is provided by the next theorem.

Theorem 1: Let the saclar η be given. If there exist, for i = 1, ..., N, matrices Gin×n, Zim×n and symmetric positive-definite matrices Pi ∈ RRn×n such that† † The symbol * within a matrix represents the symmetric term of the matrix.

for i = 1, ..., N and = 1, ..., N and

for = 1, ..., N, i = 1, ..., N-1 and j = i+1, ..., N, then the parameter-dependent static state feedback gain

stabilizes system (4) with a guaranteed H performance bounded by .

The proof for Theorem 1 can be found in De Caigny et al. (2008b). The next theorem provides a finite set of LMIs for the design of a gain-scheduled H2 state feedback controller for system (4).

Theorem 2: If there exist, for i = 1, ..., N, matrices Gin×n, Zim×n, and symmetric positive definite matrices Pin×n and Wip×p such that

for i = 1, ..., N and = 1, ..., N,

for = 1, ..., N, i = 1, ..., N-1 and j = i+1, ..., N,

for i = 1, ..., N,

for i = 1, ..., N-1 and j = i+1, ..., N, then the parameter-dependent state feedback gain (9) stabilizes system (4) with a guaranteed H2 performance bounded by v given by v2 = max Tr {Wi}. The proof for Theorem 2 can be found in De Caigny et al. (2008a).

By combining the LMI conditions presented in Theorems 1 and 2, it is possible to design mixed H2/H controllers. Multiobjective H2 and H specifications can be imposed on different closed-loop input-output combinations by appropriately selecting the right input-output channels of the open-loop system (4) and applying the control synthesis procedures of Theorem 1 or 2, using the same variables Gi and Zi for all performance specifications. For each performance specification, however, a different set of Lyapunov matrices can be used. This mixed H2/H synthesis technique extends the G shaping paradigm, presented in de Oliveira et al. (2002) for uncertain LTI systems, to the class of polytopic LPV systems with bounds on the rate of parameter variation.

Robust Control Synthesis

Robust state feedback controllers (k) = Kx(k) can be easily derived from Theorems 1 and 2, as shown in the following corollaries.

Corollary 1: If there exist matrices Gin×n, Zim×n, and symmetric positive-definite matrices Pin×n, for i = 1, ..., N, such that (8) holds for i = 1, ..., N and = 1, ..., N, with Gi = G and Zi = Z, for i = 1, ..., N, then the robust state feedback gain K = ZG-1 stabilizes system (4), with a guaranteed H performance bounded by .

Corollary 2: If there exist matrices Gin×n, Zim×n, and symmetric positive-definite matrices Pin×n and Rip×p, for i = 1, ..., N, such that (10) holds for i = 1, ..., N and = 1, ..., N and (11) holds for i = 1, ..., N, with Gi = G and Zi = Z, for i = 1, ..., N, then the robust static output feedback gain K = ZG-1 stabilizes system (4), with a guaranteed H2 performance ν given by v2 = max Tr {Wi}.

Obviously, robust multiobjective H2/H state feedback controllers can be obtained as well, by combining the results of these two corollaries for different performance specifications.

The following subsection presents the numerical results obtained using the proposed gain-scheduled and robust multiobjective H2/H state feedback synthesis conditions.

Numerical Results

The aim of this subsection is to design gain-scheduled and robust state feedback controllers for the vibroacoustic system by applying the synthesis conditions to the LPV model computed in previous section. The goal of the control design is to minimize an upper bound γ2 on the closed-loop H2 performance from the disturbance to the output z (indicated here as ║Twz2), while an upper bound γ1 is enforced on the closed-loop H performance from the disturbance w to the control signal u (indicated here as ║Twu) to obtain controllers that do not have excessively large control signals.

To use the synthesis conditions of Theorems 1 and 2 and Corollaries 1 and 2, the affine LPV model obtained with the SMILE technique is converted to a polytopic model with two vertices. For this model, the corresponding two scheduling parameters are given by

with θmin = 22.9º and θmáx = 25.4º. Note that αi > 0, for i = 1, 2, and that α1 + α2 = 1. Consequently, α = [α1 α2]T belongs to the unit simplex Λ2 as defined in (6).

The obtained controllers are validated through numerical simulations. First, Pareto optimal curves that describe the trade-off between the obtained upper bound γ2 on ║Twz2 and the imposed upper bound γ1 on ║Twu are presented. Afterwards, the performance of the gain-scheduled controllers is analyzed using Bode plots and time domain simulations.

1) Pareto optimal curves: Figure 7 shows the trade-off curve between the imposed upper bound γ1 on ║Twu and the obtained upper bound γ2 on ║Twz2for two bounds b = 0.2 and b = 0.8 on the rate of parameter variation. The bound γ1 takes values in a fine grid of the interval [0;50]. In this figure, the label GS denotes gain-scheduled control designs (dashed lines) and the label R denotes robust control designs (solid lines). For each bound (b = 0.2 and b = 0.8), one gain-scheduled and one robust H2 controller is calculated without the bound γ1 on ║Twu using Theorem 2 and Corollary 2. These four designs (indicated in Fig. 7 with dotted lines for the gain-scheduled case and with dash-dotted lines for the robust case) provide the best achievable upper bound on ║Twz2, that is, the smallest achievable value for γ2, denoted by . The value of for each control design case is given in Table 2. As can be seen from Fig. 7, the mixed H2/H control designs always provide a bigger upper bound γ2 > , thus having worse guaranteed performance compared to the H2 control design. It is also clear that the performance decreases as the bound b on the rate of parameter variation increases. For small values of γ1 the synthesis conditions become infeasible (indicated with squares). As expected, the gain-scheduled controllers GS outperform the robust controllers R.


2) Performance of the gain-scheduled controllers obtained for b = 0.2: The performance of the gain-scheduled control design for the case b = 0.2 is now analyzed using Bode plots (see Fig. 8) for five equidistantly spaced temperatures in the interval [22.9º; 25.4º]. The following three controllers are compared:


 






• Controller K1: no upper bound on ║Twu, yielding the smallest achievable upper bound on ║Twz2 (Fig. 8a, red);

• Controller K2: upper bound γ1 = 35 on ║Twu (Fig. 8b, green);

• Controller K3: upper bound γ1 = 10 on ║Twu(Fig. 8c, magenta).

The Bode magnitude plot from the disturbance to the microphone z of the open-loop system is indicated using black lines.

From Fig. 8, it is clear that compared to the open-loop system, all controllers improve the H2 performance from the disturbance w to the microphone z, for all temperatures. Controller K1 yields the best H2 performance (see Fig. 8a). However, since no upper bound is imposed on║Twu, the red curves in the right side of Fig. 8a have the highest peaks, thus requiring large control authority. Compared to controller K1, controller K2 yields slightly worse H2 performance (as can be seen in the left side of Fig. 8b), but since an upper bound γ1 = 35 is imposed on║Twu, the green curves in the right side of Fig. 8b have slightly smaller peaks compared to Fig. 8a. The third controller K3 is designed with a significantly tighter bound γ1 = 10 on ║Twu and consequently the curves in the right side of Fig. 8c are significantly lower compared to the curves associated with K1 and K2.

Thus, controller K3 requires less control authority. However, the obtained H2 performance is also considerably worse, as can be seen in the left side of Fig. 8c.

The difference between these three controllers can also be seen in Fig. 7. Controller K1 is indicated with the red dotted line and provides the lowest possible upper bound . Controller K2 is indicated with the green diamond and provides a slightly bigger upper bound γ2, but guarantees an upper bound γ1 = 35 on║Twu. Controller K3 is indicated with the magenta diamond and provides a significantly bigger upper bound γ2, but guarantees a smaller upper bound γ1 = 10 on║Twu. The upper bound γ1 = 35 corresponds to 20 log10 35 ≈ 31[dBref=1Pa/N] and is indicated in Fig. 8b with the green dashed line, while the upper bound γ1 = 10 corresponds to 20 log10 10 = 20[dBref=1Pa/N] and is indicated in Fig. 8c with the magenta dashed line.

Figure 9 shows a time domain simulation, where a unit impulse is applied (at t = 0) to the open-loop system and to the closed-loop systems computed using the three controllers K1, K2 and K3 described above. The time interval used for the simulation is t ∈ [0; 0.1]. During the simulation, the scheduling parameter (the temperature) changes randomly in the interval [22.9º; 25.4º] with a bounded rate of variation b = 0.2. The open-loop response from the disturbance to the microphone z (black) is compared with the closed-loop response computed using the controllers K1 (red), K2 (green) and K3 (magenta). The time simulation emphasizes again the difference between the 3 controllers. Controller K1 shows the best attenuation of the disturbance (as can be seen in the left side of Fig. 9a), but results in the highest peaks in the control signals (as can be seen in the right side of Fig. 9b). Controller K2 yields slightly worse disturbance attenuation, but has smaller peaks in the control signal (see Fig. 9b).


 






Finally, controller K3 performs significantly worse in attenuating the disturbance, but does not require large control signals (see Fig. 9c).

Discussion

The numerical results presented in Figs. 7, 8 and 9 show the potential of the proposed multiobjective H2/H gain-scheduled and robust control design techniques. Based on the trade-off curves shown in Fig. 7, a specific controller can be chosen that yields a guaranteed closed-loop H2 performance, while still guaranteeing an upper bound on the H performance from the disturbance w to the control signal u. Certainly, the main drawback of the proposed control design is its current limitation to the state feedback case. In many engineering applications, such as the vibroacoustic setup in this paper, it is impossible to measure all states of the system and consequently full state feedback laws cannot be directly implemented in practice. However, no results yet exist in the literature that provide gain-scheduled dynamic output feedback controllers that consider bounds on the rate of parameter variation. It is important to stress the incorporation of a priori known bounds on the rate of parameter variation into the synthesis procedure, since for the vibroacoustic application, quadratic stability based approaches fail to yield a feasible set of synthesis conditions.

There are two possible strategies that can be used to achieve gain-scheduled dynamic output feedback controllers. The first possibility is to consider the joint design of a gain-scheduled state observer and a gain-scheduled state feedback controller. The second possibility is to derive synthesis conditions for gain-scheduled dynamic output feedback controllers. These are interesting open questions the authors plan to investigate in future works.

Although no experimental validation is provided in this paper, the proposed state feedback synthesis conditions are valuable for several reasons. First, the state feedback controllers provide the best possible closed-loop performance that can be achieved for the vibroacoustic system. Second, the state feedback synthesis results might be the first step towards the design of a dynamic output feedback controller in the form of a full order observer combined with a state feedback law. Third, the influence of the bound b on the rate of variation can be easily verified by calculating different trade-off curves as presented in Fig. 7. Fourth, this paper also shows that recent theoretical results for LPV control have the potential to be applied to models obtained from experimental data.

Conclusion

This paper shows that recently developed techniques to model and control linear parameter-varying systems can be applied to realistic engineering problems, in this case a vibroacoustic setup whose dynamics are highly sensitive to temperature variation. Based on experimentally obtained FRFs, a set of LTI models is estimated for different fixed temperatures. Then, an LPV model is derived for the vibroacoustic setup by interpolating these local LTI models using the State-space Model Interpolation of Local Estimates (SMILE) technique. Gain-scheduled and robust multiobjective H2/H state feedback controllers are designed using LMI synthesis conditions based on a parameter-dependent Lyapunov matrix. These synthesis procedures consider a priori known bounds on the rate of parameter variation, which reduces the conservatism generally associated with methods that allow arbitrarily fast parameter variation, like the quadratic stability based approaches. Numerical simulations clearly show the advantages and versatility of the proposed modeling and control design procedures.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Vibroacoustic Lab at the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) for providing the experimental data used in the paper. The authors R. C. L. F. Oliveira and P. L. D. Peres are supported by grants from CAPES, CNPq and FAPESP. The author J. F. Camino is supported through grants from CAPES and FAPESP project 09/03304-5. The authors J. De Caigny and J. Swevers are supported through the following funding: project G.0446.06 of the Research Foundation - Flanders (FWO - Vlaanderen), K.U.Leuven - BOF EF/05/006 Center-of-Excellence Optimization in Engineering and the Belgian Programme on Interuniversity Attraction Poles, initiated by the Belgian Federal Science Policy Office. The scientific responsibility rests with its author(s).

Paper accepted April, 2010.

Technical Editor: Domingos Alves Rade.

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  • 1
    See Boyd et al. (1994) for an introduction on polytopic models and LMI representation.
  • †
    The symbol * within a matrix represents the symmetric term of the matrix.
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      16 May 2011
    • Date of issue
      Dec 2010

    History

    • Received
      Apr 2010
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