Inherited Metabolic Diseases as a Multisystem Model of Mental Disorders Research

Abstract

Recent biological and genetic research data confirm shared pathological mechanisms of inherited metabolic diseases and mental disorders. We suggest that for further research a model of synergistic heterozygosity can become a convenient tool. In that case the use of inherited metabolic disorders as a multisystem research model can provide both significant theoretical and practical results. At the initial stage of this hypothesis evaluation, it seems efficient to screen for mental symptoms the families of patients with inherited metabolic disorders.

Keywords:
inherited metabolic disorders; mental disorders; multisystem model; genetic risks

The study of mental disorders in patients with inherited metabolic disorders (IMD) has recently become the object of intensive research. Patients with IMD are frequently diagnosed with mental disorders in adulthood. Moreover, mental symptoms in such cases are often isolated for many years before the manifestation of more specific metabolic ones. This was shown by a retrospective evaluation of patients with various IMD (Wilson's disease, Niemann-Pick disease type C, acute porphyria and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis)[1,2]. Phenomenologically, mental symptoms in patients with IMD can fit into the diagnostic criteria of common mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, affective disorders, OCD, personality disorders[3] (for most common variants of mental disorders in different IMD see Table 1).

Table 1.
Mental disorders in different types of IMD[1-3].

IMD	Genes affected	Mental pathology mechanisms	Mental disorders
Hyperhomocysteinemia	CBS, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, MMADHC	Increased homocysteine levels; decrease in S-adenosylmethionine synthesis; NMDA receptors agonism; neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic neurons	Major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, cognitive decline, OCD - in nearly 50% of cases
Prader-Willi syndrome	Deletion 15q11.2-q13, maternal isodiosmy upd(15)mat, pathological imprinting	No sufficient data	Schizophrenia-like psychosis (10-30%), OCD spectrum disorders (71%), mental retardation (50-65%), major depressive disorder (23%), bipolar disorder (10%)
Fabry disease	GLA	Alpha-galactosidase A dificiency	Major depressive disorder (46-58%), anxiety/panic attacks (39%), ADHD (24%)
Niemann-Pick diseases	SMPD1, NPC1, NPC2	Accumulation of sphingomyelin	Cognitive decline (90%), psychosis (62%), affective disorders (38%)
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome	Long shoulder of X-chromosome of HPRT gene	Dysfunction of HPRT enzyme	Cognitive decline, inadequate behavior, autoaggression, aggression
Maple syrup urine disease	DLD, BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBT	Decreased activity of BCKDH complex; decreased degradation of the branched-chain amino acids; hyperleucinemia inhibits tyrosine, tryptophan and other essential aminoacids transport through hematoencephalic barrier restricting substrate for serotonin synthesis	ADHD, anxiety and depressive symptoms
Wilsons disease	ATP7B	Altered cooper transportation by cerulloplasmin	Emotional lability, impulsivity, sexual deviations, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia-like psychosis, catatonic symptoms - in 10-20% of cases (more prevalent in neuro type)
Acute intermittent porphyria	HMBS	Partial deficiency of the enzyme hydroxymethylbilane synthase	Depressive and anxiety disorders, insomnia, anorexia - 80-99% of cases; hallucinations - 5-29%; psychosis - 1%
Phenylketonuria	PAH	Increase in phenylalanine levels, decrease in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)	Mental retardation - 30-79%; anxiety and depressive disorders, aggressive behavior - 5-29%; ADHD, ОCD, psychosis -1%
Primary urea cycle disorders	CPS1, OTC, ASS1, ASL, ARG1, NAGS	Ammonia metabolism defects, ammonia and other metabolites accumulation	Hallucinations, atypical depression, schizophrenia-like psychosis

Thus, standard psychiatric therapeutic strategies are chosen for these patients, and the question of additional laboratory tests does not arise until further multisystemic manifestations. However, in case the diagnosis of the disease "at the psychiatric stage" corresponds to a relatively early phase of the IMD manifest, early specific treatment can provide maximum effectiveness[1], which determines the importance of the mental status evaluation in patients with IMD.

On the other hand, the diagnosis of IMD in patients with mental disorders during metabolic screening is high even for orphan diseases. Thus, the prevalence of acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) in patients with mental disorders is 20 times higher than in the general population[4]. In patients with mental disorders, as well as in IMD, systemic disorders of the connective tissue are more prevalent than in the general population[5]. There is strong evidence for an association of joint hypermobility syndrome with a wide range of mental disorders[6]. This suggests shared etiopathogenetic mechanisms of mental disorders with a number of hereditary syndromes of connective tissue dysplasia (Ehlers-Danlos, Marfan), and also indicates the systemic nature of the pathological process in mental disorders. The probable association of IMD with mental disorders is also confirmed by the results of new generation sequencing family studies. The findings suggest a potential phenotypic burden of rare genetic variants for mendelian monogenic diseases and pleiotropic effects in the etiology of multifactorial mental disorders[7].

The mechanisms of multifactorial diseases cannot be reduced to a single genetic variant. Dysfunctions of genes at several loci lead to polygenic multifactorial diseases. From these positions, metabolic medicine is a bridge for the transition in the study from well-known multisystem monogenic diseases to multisystem polygenic diseases. For the further hypotheses, a model of synergistic heterozygosity can become a convenient tool, which is a special example of epistasis or multifactorial inheritance, when multiple loci (heterozygous for harmful mutations in the genes of the metabolic pathway) interact, forming a phenotype that is realized under the impact of stress or environmental factors[8,9,10].

The question is: can a heterozygous mutation, if it does not lead to a full clinical IMD, become a predisposing factor for the mental disorders? Unlike homozygous carriers, clinical signs are not obvious in heterozygotes, although a biochemical phenotype can be found[11]. This suggests that heterozygotes have a not critical, but possibly a significant decrease in several enzymes, which can affect at certain stages the risk of and the course of mental and somatic disorders.

The development of cell biology has made it possible to change the attitude towards heterozygotes for Mendelian diseases. It is assumed that in heterozygotes, the normal alleles are protective against the expected IMD phenotype, while the mutated allele acts as a risk factor for another disease process[9,10]. At the same time, there are few published studies with very variable methodology examining the heterozygous mutations in IMD genes in patients with mental disorders. Thus, to support this hypothesis, at the initial stage, it is efficient to screen for mental symptoms in the families of patients with IMD.

Today, the study of the possible pathogenetic association of IMD with mental disorders remains a poorly studied area both in psychiatry and metabolic diseases. But the combination of the competencies of these two medical areas can give both theoretical and practical results. The use of metabolic screening algorithms for the diagnosis of mental disorders is a promising direction that will allow detecting IMD in the early stages and ensure the introduction of substitution therapy before the onset of metabolic decompensations. On the other hand, metabolic screening can change the diagnostic process in psychiatry and make it possible to identify specific biotypes of mental disorders which treatment with enzyme replacement therapy can become the object of research.

References

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• Funding

  The research is supported by the Russian Foundation of Basic Research grant #19-015-00420.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  12 Feb 2021
• Date of issue
  2021

History

• Received
  05 Oct 2020
• Reviewed
  09 Jan 2021
• Accepted
  22 Jan 2021