App adoption and switching behavior: applying the extended tam in smartphone app usage

Roy, Subhadin

doi:10.4301/S1807-17752017000200006

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Articles • JISTEM J.Inf.Syst. Technol. Manag. 14 (2) • Aug 2017 • https://doi.org/10.4301/S1807-17752017000200006 copy

App adoption and switching behavior: applying the extended tam in smartphone app usage

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The increasing use of mobile applications have been escalating with the increasing use of smartphones. In the present study, we examine (a) the adoption behavior of mobile apps using the extended TAM framework, and (b) whether adoption leads to subsequent use behavior and switching intentions. Based on data collected from two surveys in India we test the conceptual model of extended TAM and the effects of behavior on switching intentions using factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The major findings indicate a significant effect of most predictor variables on the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use of apps. Further, we found a significant effect of behavioral intention on use behavior and subsequent switching intentions to apps from computers/laptops.

Keywords
Mobile Applications (APPS); App Adoption; Switching Behavior; Extended TAM; Structural Equation Modeling

Construct/items	Mean (s.d.)	Factor Loading	Coefficient Alpha	Construct/items	Mean (s.d.)	Factor Loading	Coefficient Alpha
Subjective Norm (SN1)	3.91 (1.18)	.707	0.68	Smartphone Playfulness (SPL1)	5.11 (1.09)	.692	0.72
SN2	4.27 (1.14)	.790		SPL2	5.50 (1.16)	.820
SN3	4.38 (1.59)	.750		SPL3	5.46 (1.66)	.695
SN4	4.97 (1.08)	.614		Perceived Enjoyment (ENJ1)	5.73 (1.28)	.853	0.77
Image (IMG1)	3.71 (1.03)	.798	0.76	ENJ2	5.50 (1.02)	.887
IMG2	3.48 (1.07)	.855		ENJ3	6.84 (0.46)	.821
IMG3	3.83 (1.11)	.813		Perceived Usefulness (PU1)	4.98 (1.06)	.825	0.76
Job Relevance (REL1)	5.21 (1.32)	.811	0.68	PU2	4.39 (1.15)	.728
REL2	4.98 (1.03)	.762		PU3	4.94 (1.12)	.823
REL3	4.90 (1.17)	.761		PU4	5.54 (1.47)	.662
Output Quality OUT1	5.18 (1.04)	.792	0.74	Perceived Ease of Use (PEU1)	5.68 (1.30)	.583	0.71
OUT2	4.81 (1.06)	.822		PEU2	4.66 (1.09)	.675
OUT3	5.00 (1.16)	.862		PEU3	5.68 (1.45)	.877
Result Demonstrability (RES1)	5.57 (1.26)	.789	0.71	PEU4	5.21 (1.54)	.802
RES2	5.79 (1.02)	.796		Behavioral Intention (BI1)	4.76 (1.06)	.849	0.73
RES3	5.63 (1.18)	.751		BI2	4.66 (1.22)	.827
Smartphone self-efficacy (SSE1)	5.03 (1.04)	.861	0.74	BI3	4.19 (1.19)	.819
SSE2	4.61 (1.40)	.876
SSE3	3.76 (1.19)	.852
SSE4	4.90 (1.03)	.874
Perceptions of External Control (PEC1)	5.29 (1.26)	.711	0.64
PEC2	4.14 (1.04)	.828
PEC3	5.39 (1.17)	.711
Smartphone Anxiety (SNX1)	2.89 (2.02)	.614	0.68
SNX2	2.65 (1.13)	.794
SNX3	2.62 (1.09)	.855
SNX4	2.46 (1.08)	.856

Construct/Items	Std. Loading	t Value	p

Subjective Norm (CR=0.90, AVE=0.67, α =0.66)
People who influence my behavior think that I should use APPs	0.85	4.23	< .001
People who are important to me think that I should use APPs	0.82	4.46	< .001
My peers/tech experts have been helpful in my learning of the use of APPs	0.79	4.70	< .001
In general, my social/ college environment has supported the use of APPs	0.81

Image (CR=0.86, AVE=0.67, α =0.71)
People in my college/social circle who use APPs have more prestige than those who do not	0.69	5.75	< .001
People in my college/social circle who use APPs have a high profile	0.89	5.36	< .001
Having the latest APPs is a status symbol in my college/social circle	0.86

Task Relevance (CR=0.89, AVE=0.71, α =0.73)
In my daily activities, usage of APPs is important	0.91	5.99	< .001
In my daily activities, usage of APPs is relevant	0.89	7.12	< .001
The use of APPs is pertinent to my various daily activities	0.73

Output Quality (CR=0.84 , AVE=0.66, α =0.77)
The quality of the output/help I get from APPs is high	0.85	7.87	< .001
I have no problem with the quality of the APP’s output	0.82	6.83	< .001
I rate the results from the APPs to be excellent	0.75

Result Demonstrability (CR=0.86, AVE=0.67, α =0.74)
I have no difficulty telling others about the results of using the APPs	0.83	4.13	< .001
I believe I could communicate to others the benefits of using the APPs	0.86	4.17	< .001
The results of using the APPs are clear to me	0.76

Smartphone self-efficacy (CR=0.94, AVE=0.80, α =0.73) (I am able to complete a job/activity using an APP …
. . .even if there was no one around to tell me what to do	0.91	5.35	< .001
. . . even if I had just the built-in help facility for assistance.	0.88	4.44	< .001
. .. only if someone showed me how to do it first	0.92	3.33	< .01
. . .only if I had used similar App/software before this one to do the same job/activity.	0.87

Perceptions of External Control (CR=0.89, AVE=0.71, α =0.66)
I have control over using the APP	0.83	3.06	< .01
I have the resources necessary to use the APP	0.87	3.32	< .01
Given the resources, opportunities and knowledge it takes to use the APP, it would be easy for me to use the APP	0.83

Smartphone Anxiety (CR=0.89, AVE=0.67, α =0.71)
Smartphone Apps do not scare me at all	0.73	2.77	< .01
Working with a Smartphone App makes me nervous	0.82	4.16	< .001
Smartphone Apps make me feel uncomfortable	0.85	4.09	< .001
Smartphone Apps make me feel uneasy	0.86

Smartphone Playfulness (CR=0.84, AVE=0.64, α =0.72) (how you would characterize yourself when you use an App)
. . . spontaneous	0.76	4.75	< .001
. . . creative	0.84	6.51	< .001
. . . playful	0.81

Perceived Enjoyment (CR=0.92, AVE=0.80, α =0.82)
I find using APPs to be enjoyable.	0.89	7.42	< .001
The actual process of using APP is pleasant.	0.92	7.08	< .001
I have fun using APPs.	0.88

Perceived Usefulness (CR=0.88, AVE=0.63, α =0.79)
Using the APP improves my performance in my daily activities.	0.86	3.91	< .01
Using the APP increases my productivity.	0.75	7.50	< .001
Using the APP enhances my effectiveness in my daily activities.	0.85	6.54	< .001
I find the APP to be useful in my daily activities.	0.73

Perceived Ease of Use (CR=0.91, AVE=0.72, α =0.73)
My interaction with the APP is clear and understandable.	0.76	3.62	< .01
Interacting with the APP does not require a lot of my mental effort.	0.83	5.19	< .001
I find the APP to be easy to use.	0.97	6.93	< .001
I find it easy to get the APP to do what I want it to do.	0.82

Behavioral Intention (CR=0.90, AVE=0.74, α =0.69)
Assuming I had access to the APP, I intend to use it.	0.89	4.45	< .001
Given that I had access to the APP, I predict that I would use it.	0.84	6.00	< .001
I plan to use the APP till it becomes out-dated.	0.86

Use Behaviour (CR=0.86, AVE=0.69, α =0.81)
I am likely to use smartphone APPs for various commercial activities in the near future.	0.79	5.64	< .001
I am likely to use smartphone APPs to shop for products and services in the near future.	0.83	5.53	< .001
I am likely to use smartphone APPs for entertainment services in the near future.	0.85

Switching Intention (CR=0.89, AVE=0.73, α =0.80)
It is likely that I would use smartphone APPs instead of a computer/laptop for my commercial needs in the near future.	0.89	2.78	< .01
It is likely that I would use smartphone APPs instead of a computer/laptop for my product/service needs in the near future.	0.82	3.21	< .01
It is likely that I would use smartphone APPs instead of a computer/laptop for my entertainment needs in near future	0.85

Exogenous Variable	Endogenous Variable	Std. Estimate	S.E.	P
Subjective Norm (SN)	Image (IMG) (R²=0.25)	0.50	0.061	<0.001

Subjective Norm (SN)	Perceived Usefulness (PU) (R²=0.28)	0.14	0.053	.017
Image (IMG)		0.09	0.053	.099
Task Relevance (REL)		0.10	0.062	.089
Output Quality (OUT)		0.05	0.042	.372
Result Demonstrability (RES)		0.17	0.081	.008
Perceived Ease of Use (PEU)		0.22	0.051	<.001
REL X OUT		0.54	0.012	<0.001

Smartphone Self Efficacy (SSE)	Perceived Ease of Use (PEU) (R²=0.45)	0.19	0.057	.024
Perceptions of External Control (PEC)		0.34	0.061	<0.001
Smartphone Anxiety (SNX)		-0.16	0.054	.001
Smartphone Playfulness (SPL)		0.18	0.072	<0.001
Perceived Enjoyment (ENJ)		0.16	0.055	.003

Perceived Usefulness (PU)	Behavioral Intention (BI) (R²=0.27)	0.28	0.056	<0.001
Perceived Ease of Use (PEU)	Behavioral Intention (BI) (R²=0.27)	0.18	0.057	.002

Behavioral Intention (BI)	Use Behavior (USE) (R²=0.13)	0.27	0.046	<0.001

Use Behavior (USE)	Switching Intention (R²=0.27)	0.19	0.052	.015
Fit Statistics: χ ² /df = 4.4; GFI=0.95; AGFI= 0.92; CFI=0.93; NFI=0.92; RMR=0.04; RMSEA= 0.06

TECSI Laboratório de Tecnologia e Sistemas de Informação - FEA/USP Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908 FEA 3, 05508-900 - São Paulo/SP Brasil, Tel.: +55 11 2648 6389, +55 11 2648 6364 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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[1] E-mail: subhadip.roy@iimu.ac.in

	SN	IMG	REL	OUT	RES	SSE	PEC	SNX	SPL	ENJ	PEU	PUI	BI	USE	SWT
SN	0.67
IMG	0.26	0.67
REL	0.11	0.13	0.71
OUT	0.06	0.14	0.25	0.66
RES	0.17	0.08	0.24	0.27	0.67
SSE	0.12	0.07	0.04	0.12	0.08	0.80
PEC	0.14	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.20	0.11	0.71
SANX	0.10	0.08	0.04	0.15	0.08	0.09	0.18	0.67
SPLAY	0.06	0.12	0.12	0.10	0.16	0.11	0.28	0.07	0.64
ENJ	0.10	0.15	0.14	0.12	0.22	0.10	0.25	0.21	0.18	0.80
PEU	0.21	0.12	0.08	0.16	0.21	0.10	0.35	0.14	0.24	0.26	0.63
PU	0.11	0.07	0.16	0.16	0.21	0.07	0.14	0.21	0.17	0.22	0.26	0.72
BI	0.17	0.11	0.20	0.06	0.18	0.06	0.16	0.13	0.08	0.10	0.05	0.19	0.74
USE	0.13	0.09	0.32	0.26	0.32	0.04	0.22	0.10	0.17	0.30	0.17	0.24	0.29	0.69
SWT	0.02	0.12	0.24	0.19	0.16	0.02	0.11	0.09	0.08	0.15	0.08	0.12	0.18	0.46	0.73