kHz Linewidth Laser Characterization using Low Frequency and Excess Noise Measurements

Mahjour, Seyed Saman; Rodigheri, Mareli; Gallep, Cristiano M; Conforti, Evandro

doi:10.1590/2179-10742023v22i4273046

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Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications

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Article • J. Microw. Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl. 22 (4) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-10742023v22i4273046 copy

kHz Linewidth Laser Characterization using Low Frequency and Excess Noise Measurements

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Low frequency noise (LFN) of highly coherent laser (linewidth below 10 kHz) is analyzed using an unbalanced Mach- Zehnder interferometer (UMZI) with adjustable long arm span. Furthermore, the Laser Relative Excess Noise (LREN) is introduced here to set a comparison of the laser coherence in relation to its emission power. The LREN is obtained using the addition of laser high and low frequency noises that appear in excess to the ideal power spectral density (PSD) Lorentzian distribution. Using this approach, it is possible to compare the tested laser in relation to an ideal laser with the same linewidth.

Index Terms
laser excess noise; laser linewidth; laser low frequency noise; unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer.

P (dBm)	PT (mW)	PL (mW)	PG (mW)	PE (mW)	LREN
10	9.866	6.621	1.441	1.805	0.49
8	6.208	3.44	1.692	1.076	0.805
6	3.925	2.049	0.948	0.928	0.916
4	2.475	1.11	0.782	0.583	1.23
2	1.553	0.92	0.468	0.165	0.688
0	0.987	0.491	0.294	0.201	1.009
-2	0.62	0.276	0.214	0.13	1.246
-4	0.392	0.161	0.143	0.088	1.434
-6	0.247	0.103	0.062	0.082	1.403
-8	0.156	0.058	0.041	0.056	1.672
-10	0.097	0.037	0.029	0.032	1.659

P (dBm)	PT (mW)	PL (mW)	PG (mW)	PE (mW)	LREN
10	9.818	5.448	2.327	2.042	0.802
8	6.204	4.646	0.717	0.841	0.335
6	3.911	2.775	0.583	0.553	0.41
4	2.465	1.129	0.578	0.758	1.184
2	1.557	0.814	0.334	0.41	0.914
0	0.983	0.44	0.284	0.259	1.234
-2	0.62	0.307	0.152	0.16	1.017
-4	0.392	0.177	0.093	0.122	1.215
-6	0.247	0.086	0.075	0.087	1.888
-8	0.156	0.06	0.047	0.049	1.586
-10	0.098	0.037	0.029	0.032	1.624

P (dBm)	PT (mW)	PL (mW)	PG (mW)	PE (mW)	LREN
10	9.821	7.717	1.403	0.701	0.273
8	6.201	4.192	1.331	0.677	0.479
6	3.922	2.879	0.862	0.181	0.362
4	2.475	1.675	0.464	0.337	0.478
2	1.562	0.911	0.393	0.258	0.715
0	0.98	0.46	0.319	0.202	1.131
-2	0.621	0.3	0.212	0.109	1.072
-4	0.392	0.181	0.123	0.089	1.169
-6	0.246	0.094	0.106	0.047	1.631
-8	0.156	0.065	0.055	0.037	1.42
-10	0.099	0.039	0.037	0.023	1.561

P (dBm)	PT (mW)	PL (mW)	PG (mW)	PE (mW)	LREN
10	9.837	6.709	1.543	1.585	0.466
8	6.213	4.48	0.77	0.963	0.387
6	3.732	1.855	0.327	1.55	1.012
4	2.454	1.729	0.365	0.36	0.42
2	1.548	0.733	0.297	0.518	1.112
0	0.986	0.643	0.189	0.154	0.533
-2	0.617	0.357	0.138	0.123	0.729
-4	0.384	0.171	0.117	0.097	1.252
-6	0.246	0.102	0.058	0.085	1.404
-8	0.155	0.046	0.06	0.049	2.347
-10	0.097	0.047	0.037	0.013	1.048

P (dBm)	PT (mW)	PL (mW)	PG (mW)	PE (mW)	LREN
10	9.853	5.66	1.968	2.224	0.741
8	6.212	4.046	1.104	1.062	0.535
6	3.921	2.293	0.968	0.66	0.71
4	2.467	1.293	0.605	0.569	0.909
2	1.561	0.763	0.449	0.349	1.047
0	0.983	0.412	0.327	0.244	1.383
-2	0.622	0.286	0.171	0.165	1.177
-4	0.392	0.174	0.13	0.087	1.249
-6	0.247	0.089	0.071	0.087	1.777
-8	0.156	0.053	0.057	0.046	1.966
-10	0.098	0.03	0.029	0.04	2.325

P (dBm)	PT (mW)	PL (mW)	PG (mW)	PE (mW)	LREN
10	9.822	7.207	0.298	2.317	0.363
8	6.206	4.132	1.312	0.762	0.502
6	3.906	2.312	0.896	0.698	0.69
4	2.449	0.983	0.664	0.802	1.492
2	1.56	0.829	0.444	0.287	0.882
0	0.981	0.425	0.317	0.239	1.308
-2	0.621	0.267	0.216	0.138	1.321
-4	0.391	0.14	0.111	0.14	1.784
-6	0.247	0.093	0.084	0.071	1.664
-8	0.156	0.061	0.055	0.04	1.571
-10	0.099	0.037	0.029	0.032	1.639

P (dBm)	PT (mW)	PL (mW)	PG (mW)	PE (mW)	LREN
10	9.74	5.274	2.087	2.379	0.847
8	6.081	4.16	0.763	1.158	0.462
6	3.908	2.036	1.016	0.857	0.92
4	2.476	1.378	0.493	0.605	0.796
2	1.554	0.782	0.402	0.37	0.986
0	0.985	0.59	0.217	0.179	0.671
-2	0.617	0.325	0.162	0.13	0.9
-4	0.39	0.189	0.099	0.103	1.069
-6	0.245	0.089	0.079	0.076	1.74
-8	0.156	0.069	0.037	0.05	1.254
-10	0.099	0.038	0.026	0.035	1.613

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[1] *Corresponding author: mareli@decom.fee.unicamp.br (Mareli Rodigheri)