A Review of Ground Penetrating Radar Antenna Design and Optimization

Travassos, X. L.; Avila, S. L.; Adriano, R. L. da S.; Ida, N.

doi:10.1590/2179-10742018v17i31321

Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Brasil

Journal of Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic Applications

Español English

Brasil

Español English

sumário « anterior atual seguinte »

Sumário

Article • J. Microw. Optoelectron. Electromagn. Appl. 17 (3) • Sept 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-10742018v17i31321 copy

A Review of Ground Penetrating Radar Antenna Design and Optimization

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Ground Penetrating Radar is a complex nondestructive evaluation technique where the antenna is the most critical part. The antenna is responsible for transmission and reception of waves at the proper level and frequencies defined in the GPR system specifications. Important GPR features such as resolution and penetration depth depend on its characteristics. In this context, this work outlines the fundamental GPR system theory in order to discuss procedures for improving antennas to GPR applications. Additionally, recent works regarding GPR antenna optimization are reviewed and placed in the context of a framework for GPR antenna design and optimization.

Index Terms
GPR Antenna; design; optimization

Ref.	Application Media	Antenna Type	Coupling (Air/Ground)	Bandwidth [GHz]	Ringing concerns
[¹¹11 [11] F. André, M. Jonard, and S. Lambo (2015), “Non-Invasive Forest Litter Characterization Using Full-Wave Inversion of Microwave Radar Data”, IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, v. 53, n. 2, pp. 828-840, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2328776 https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.232877... ]	forest litter	horn	A	0.8 to 5.2	no
[¹³13 [13] X. Li, YicaiJi, W. Lu, and G. Fang (2013), “Analysis of GPR Antenna System Mounted on a Vehicle”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, v. 12, pp. 575-578, doi:10.1109/LAWP.2013.2260818 https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2013.226081... ]	pavement inspection	half-elipse	A	0.25 to 0.75	yes
[¹⁴14 [14] I. Giannakis, A. Giannopoulos and Craig Warren (2016), “A Realistic FDTD Numerical Modeling Framework of Ground Penetrating Radar for Landmine Detection”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 9, n. 1, pp. 37-51, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2468597 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2468... ]	landmine detection	bowtie	A	1.5	yes
[²⁴24 [24] E. R. Almeida, J. L. Porsani, I. Catapano, G. Gennarelli, and F.Soldovieri (2016), “Microwave Tomography-Enhanced GPR in Forensic Surveys: The Case Study of a Tropical Environment” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 9, n. 1, pp. 115-124, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2466556 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2466... ]	forensic survey	horn	A	0.27 to 0.9 MHz	no
[³⁴34 [34] J. F. Höfinghoff and L. Overmeyer (2013), “Resistive Loaded Antenna for Ground Penetrating Radar Inside a Bottom Hole Assembly”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, v. 61, n. 12, pp. 6201-6205, doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2283604 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2283604... ]	boundary layer detection	loaded dipole	G	0.25 to 0.75	yes
[³⁵35 [35] L. Quanhua, Y. Wang, A. Fathy(2012), “A compact integrated 100 GS/s sampling module for UWB see through wall radar with fast refresh rate for dynamic real time imaging,” In: IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS), pp. 59-62, doi: 10.1109/RWS.2012.6175295 https://doi.org/10.1109/RWS.2012.6175295... ]	metallic target behind concrete wall	horn and vivaldi	A	1.5 to 4.5	no

Ref.	Application Media	Antenna Type	Coupling (Air/Ground)	Bandwidth [GHz]
[¹⁵15 [15] J. De Pue, M. Van Meirvenne and W. M. Cornelis (2016), “Accounting for Surface Refraction in Velocity Semblance Analysis With Air-Coupled GPR”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 9, n. 1, pp. 60-73, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2439333 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2439... ]	pavement inspection	aperture array	A	0.2 to 3
[¹⁶16 [16] Z. Zeng, J. Li, L. Huang, X. Feng, and F. Liu (2015), “Improving Target Detection Accuracy Based on Multipolarization MIMO GPR”, IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, v. 53, n. 1, pp. 15-24, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2312937 https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.231293... ]	generic	mimo array	A	0.3 to 4
[²³23 [23] A. De Coster, A. P. Tran, and S. Lambot (2016),”Fundamental Analyses on Layered Media Reconstruction Using GPR and Full-Wave Inversion in Near-Field Conditions”, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, v. 54, n. 9, pp. 5143-5158, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2016.2556862 https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.255686... ]	generic	horn	A	0.8 to 4
[²⁷27 [27] B. Guan, A. Ihamouten, X. Derobert, D. Guilbert, S. Lambot, and G. Villain (2016), “Near-Field Full-Waveform Inversion of Ground-Penetrating Radar Data to Monitor the Water Front in Limestone”, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. x, n. x, pp. 1-9, doi:10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2743215 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2017.2743... ]	dispersive media	vivaldi	A	0.8 to 3
[³⁶36 [36] M. Salucci, L. Poli, N. Anselmi, and A. Massa (2017), “Multifrequency Particle Swarm Optimization for Enhanced Multiresolution GPR Microwave Imaging”, IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, v. 53, n. 3, pp. 1305-1317, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2016.2622061 https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2016.262206... ]	generic	bowtie	G	0.2 to 0.6
[³⁷37 [37] F. Jonard, L. Weihermüller, M. Schwank, K. ZaibJadoon, H. Vereecken, and S. Lam (2015), “Estimation of Hydraulic Properties of a Sandy Soil Using Ground-Based Active and Passive Microwave Remote Sensing”, IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, v. 53, n. 6, pp. 3095-3109, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2014.2368831 https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2014.236883... ]	soil hydraulic	spiral, vivaldi and bowtie	A	0.8 to 5.2
[³⁸38 [38] S. Saiti, S. K. Patra and A. Bhattacharya (2017), “A Modified Plane Wave Model for Fast and Accurate Characterization of Layered Media”, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, v. 65, pp. 3492-3502, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2017.2668416 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2017.266841... ]	layered media	horn	A	0.8 to 2
[³⁹39 [39] D. Comite, A. Galli, S. E. Lauro, E. Mattei, and E. Pettinelli (2016), “Analysis of GPR Early-Time Signal Features for the Evaluation of Soil Permittivity Through Numerical and Experimental Surveys” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 9, n. 1, pp. 178-187, doi: 10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2466174 https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2466... ]	soil permittivity	loaded dipole	G	0.5 to 4.5

Manufacturer	Waveform	Antenna Type	Coupling (A/G)
Ditch Witch	Impulse	dipole	G
Easyrad	Impulse	dipole	A, G
Geoscanners	Impulse	bowtie, airbone and borehole	A, G
Logis-Geotech	Impulse	horn	A, G
GSSI	Impulse	horn and shielded array	A, G
IDS GeoRadar	Impulse	horn and shielded array	A, G
Mala Geoscience	Impulse	Dipole	G
TerraPlus	Impulse, CW	bowtie and borehole	G

Ref.	Antenna Type	Goals and Methods
[²⁶26 [26] M. Biancheri-Astier, V. Ciarletti, A. Reineix, and A. Le Gall (2015), “Optimization of the Antennas of the EISS Radar Designed to Perform Deep Martian Subsurface Sounding” IEEE Transactions on Geosciences and Remote Sensing, v. 53, n. 8, pp. 4627-4637, doi:10.1109/TGRS.2015.2404356 https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.240435... ]	dipole	To fit into the mass and volume allocation, wire antennas made of identical loaded dipoles have been selected; the resistive profile along the monopoles needs to be chosen to ensure proper behavior of the antenna once they are deployed on the surface. No optimization method has been cited.
[⁶⁸68 [68] C. M. Coevorden, M. F. Pantoja, S. G. Garcia, A. R. Bretones, R. Gomez-Martin, K. Palmer (2013), “Multiobjective-Optimized Design of a New UWB Antenna for UWB Applications”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, vol. 2013, Article ID 476878, doi: 10.1155/2013.476878. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013.476878... ]	bowtie	Antenna geometry optimization using a multiobjective genetic algorithm (Non dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II), looking for (i) S₁₁ below 10dBi; (ii) maximum gain; and (iii) the width of the band where the gain is between its maximum value and 3dB below it.
[⁶⁹69 [69] M. Li, R.Birken, N. Sun, and M. Wang (2016), “Compact Slot Antenna With Low Dispersion for Ground Penetrating Radar Application”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, v. 15, pp. 638-641, doi:10.1109/LAWP.2015.2465854. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2015.246585... ]	eye-shaped slot	Antenna geometry is fine-tuned for maximum gain and minimum ringing using exhaustive parametric analyses.
[⁷⁰70 [70] A. Ahmed, Y Zhang, D. Burns, D. Huston and T Xia (2016), “Design of UWB Antenna for Air-Coupled Impulse Ground-Penetrating Radar,” IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 13, pp. 92-96. doi:10.1109/LGRS.2015.2498404. https://doi.org/10.1109/LGRS.2015.249840... ]	horn	Structure anatomy for impedance matching throughout an ultrawide band. The design starts with an analytic model that is optimized using exhaustive parametric analyses.
[⁷¹71 [71] R. Nayak, S. Maiti and S. K. Patra, (2016) “Design and simulation of compact UWB Bow-tie antenna with reduced end-fire reflections for GPR applications,” Int. Conference on Wireless Communication, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, pp. 1786-1790. doi:10.1109/WiSPNET.2016.7566447. https://doi.org/10.1109/WiSPNET.2016.756... ]	bowtie	The sharp corners are rounded to minimize the end-fire reflections. The design starts with a triangular bowtie antenna. The design is improved with rounding corners and resistive loading introduced using inbuilt optimization tool available in the CST Microwave Studio.
[⁷²72 [72] M. Salucci, G. Oliveri, P Rocca, A. Massa (2017), “A system-by-design approach for efficient multiband patch antennas design” In: Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Symposium (ACES), doi:10.23919/ROPACES.2017.7916339. https://doi.org/10.23919/ROPACES.2017.79... ]	fractal horn	The geometry of the patch antenna is changed in order to satisfy the condition of S₁₁ below −10dB. An Ordinary Kriging predictor is used as a surrogate model of the cost function while the Differential Evolution algorithm is used to effectively minimize it.
[⁷³73 [73] S. Liu, Q. Wang, R.Gao (2014), A topology optimization method for design of small GPR antennas, Springer-Verlag, Struct Multidisc Optim, doi: 10.1007/s00158-014-1106-y. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00158-014-1106-... ]	fractal bowtie	To reduce the center operating frequency of the miniaturized antenna, a design strategy is given to determine a reasonable distribution of conductive material within a given domain. A gradient-based topology optimization method has been used.
[⁷⁴74 [74] N. Liu, P. Yang, W. Wang (2013), Design of a Miniaturized Ultra-wideband Compound Spiral Antenna, In: IEEE Microwave Technology & Computational Electromagnetics (ICMTCE), Qingdao, doi: 10.1109/ICMTCE.2013.6812453. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMTCE.2013.6812... ]	spiral	The geometry of this antenna combined equiangular spiral and Archimedean spiral smoothly looking for a better VSWR performance, axial ratio and gain. The optimization method was not specified.
[⁷⁵75 [75] B. Hutchinson, Design of an Ultra-Wideband Spiral Antenna for Ground-Penetrating Microwave Impulse Radar Application, (Ph.D. dissertation), California Polytechnic State University, 2015.]	horn and spiral	Optimization of antennas group delay, axial ratio, and pulse fidelity.
[⁷⁶76 [76] Z. Wang and X. Xie (2012), “Design and Optimization of the Antenna Applied for Detecting the Voids in Tunnel Lining by GPR, In: IEEE 16th International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, Shanghai. doi:10.1109/ICGPR.2012.6254847. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGPR.2012.62548... ]	Vivaldi	The antenna dimensions are changed using exhaustive parametric analyses in order to optimize: the bandwidth, radiation efficiency (S-parameters) and the gain.
[⁷⁷77 [77] A. A. Jamali and R.Marklein (2011), “Design and optimization of ultra-wideband TEM horn antennas for applications”, In: 30th URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium, Istanbul, DOI: 10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6050360. https://doi.org/10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.60... ]	horn	Reflections and ringing effects are reduced by antenna geometry adjust.
[⁷⁸78 [78] H. S. Faraji, R. Moimi, S. H. H. Sadeghi and H. A. Talebi (2009), “Design of a New Wire Bow-tie Antenna for Ultrawide-Band GPR Applications Using Genetic Algorithm,” In: 13th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetic and the Canadian Radio Sciences Meeting, Toronto, DOI: 10.1109/ANTEMURSI.2009.4805110. https://doi.org/10.1109/ANTEMURSI.2009.4... ]	wired bowtie	VSWR and bandwidth optimization by tapering the arms and applying Genetic Algorithm to choose the parameters for tapered configuration.

Sociedade Brasileira de Microondas e Optoeletrônica e Sociedade Brasileira de Eletromagnetismo Praça Mauá, n°1, 09580-900 São Caetano do Sul - S. Paulo/Brasil, Tel./Fax: (55 11) 4238 8988 - São Caetano do Sul - SP - Brazil
E-mail: editor_jmoe@sbmo.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS