Metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway and physiological quality of soybean seeds in storage

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the physiological quality of soybean seeds throughout a storage period in two environments, and to evaluate how these changes are related to metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 4 × 8 factorial arrangement (storage periods × cultivars) with four replications. We used seeds from cultivars with contrasts in lignin content, color, and presence of anthocyanin in the seed coat, and isoflavone content in the seed. The seeds were kept for six months under cold and dry storage and in a non-controlled environment. Germination, first germination count, seedling emergence, and tetrazolium testing were performed on the seeds every two months. The physiological quality of the seeds declines during the storage period, with higher rates of decrease in the non-controlled environment. The metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway that were studied, especially lignin, affect seed storage potential. Cultivars with higher lignin content show greater storage potential, especially in a non-controlled environment.

Index terms:
deterioration; Glycine max (L.) Merrill; isoflavone; lignin; seed coat color

Authorship

Julia Abati ^**Corresponding author. E-mail: juliaabati@yahoo.com.br

Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.Universidade Estadual de LondrinaBrazilLondrina, PR, BrazilDepartamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Caixa Postal 6001, 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6432-9126

Claudemir Zucareli

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5260-0468

Cristian Rafael Brzezinski

Departamento de Pesquisa, GDM Genética do Brasil S.A., 77500-000, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil.GDM Genética do Brasil S.A.BrasilPorto Nacional, TO, BrasilDepartamento de Pesquisa, GDM Genética do Brasil S.A., 77500-000, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4609-4650

Francisco Carlos Krzyzanowski

Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.Embrapa SojaBrazilLondrina, PR, BrazilEmbrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-6690

José de Barros França-Neto

Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.Embrapa SojaBrazilLondrina, PR, BrazilEmbrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5051-8225

Fernando Augusto Henning

Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.Embrapa SojaBrazilLondrina, PR, BrazilEmbrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1705-9047

*Corresponding author.
E-mail: juliaabati@yahoo.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Embrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.Embrapa SojaBrazilLondrina, PR, BrazilEmbrapa Soja, Caixa Postal 231, 86001-970, Londrina, PR, Brasil.

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1
Germination, first germination count, seedling emergence, and mechanical damage (classes 6-8) by the tetrazolium test, according to storage periods under cold and dry storage (A, B, C, and D) and in a non-controlled environment (E); mean of eight soybean cultivars.

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Figure 2
Germination, first germination count, seedling emergence, viability, vigor, and weathering damage (classes 6-8), by the tetrazolium test, of seeds of soybean cultivars during the storage period under non-controlled environmental conditions.

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Figure 3
Viability, vigor, weathering damage and stink bug damage (classes 6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of soybean cultivars during the storage period under cold and dry storage conditions.

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Figure 4
Maximum, mean, and minimum daily temperature (°C) and maximum, mean, and minimum daily relative humidity (%) during the storage period of soybean seeds in cold and dry storage (A) and in a non-controlled environment (B).

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Table 1
Characterization of cultivars regarding metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway (color, anthocyanin, and lignin content in the seed coat; and isoflavone content in seeds).

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Table 2
Germination (GER), first germination count (FGC), seedling emergence (SE), mechanical damage, classes 6-8 (MD6-8), and stink bug damage, classes 6-8 (SBD6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of soybean seeds according to cultivars; mean of four evaluations over the period of six months of storage under cold and dry storage conditions and in a non-controlled environment.

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Table 3
Germination (GER), first germination count (FGC), seedling emergence (SE), viability, vigor, and weathering damage (classes 6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of seeds of soybean cultivars during the storage period (SP) under non-controlled environmental conditions.

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Table 4
Viability, vigor, weathering damage and stink bug damage (classes 6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of seeds of soybean cultivars during the storage period (SP) under cold and dry storage conditions.

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Table 5
Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between the results of the physiological quality variables analyzed and the lignin content (LIG) and isoflavone content (ISO) in seeds of eight soybean cultivars, evaluated in the period of zero (P0) and six months (P6) of storage in cold and dry storage (CS) and in a non-controlled environment (NC).

Figure 1 Germination, first germination count, seedling emergence, and mechanical damage (classes 6-8) by the tetrazolium test, according to storage periods under cold and dry storage (A, B, C, and D) and in a non-controlled environment (E); mean of eight soybean cultivars.

Figure 2 Germination, first germination count, seedling emergence, viability, vigor, and weathering damage (classes 6-8), by the tetrazolium test, of seeds of soybean cultivars during the storage period under non-controlled environmental conditions.

Figure 3 Viability, vigor, weathering damage and stink bug damage (classes 6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of soybean cultivars during the storage period under cold and dry storage conditions.

Figure 4 Maximum, mean, and minimum daily temperature (°C) and maximum, mean, and minimum daily relative humidity (%) during the storage period of soybean seeds in cold and dry storage (A) and in a non-controlled environment (B).

Table 1 Characterization of cultivars regarding metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway (color, anthocyanin, and lignin content in the seed coat; and isoflavone content in seeds).

Cultivar	Seed coat			Seed
Cultivar	Color	Anthocyanin	Lignin content (%)	Isoflavone content (mg.100 g of flour^-1)
BRSMG 715A - L1^* * L1 and L2: Lot 1 and Lot 2, respectively;	Black	+	14.07 b	312.10 b
BRSMG 715A - L2^* * L1 and L2: Lot 1 and Lot 2, respectively;	Black	+	14.38 a	332.78 a
BRS 1001 IPRO	Yellow	-	3.99 e	222.09 d
BRS 1003 IPRO	Yellow	-	3.80 f	237.69 c
BRS 413 RR	Yellow	-	4.19 d	233.74 c
BRS 284	Yellow	-	4.25 d	218.34 d
BMX Valente RR	Yellow	-	3.29 g	173.89 e
DM 6563 IPRO	Yellow	-	4.43 c	301.37 b

^*
L1 and L2: Lot 1 and Lot 2, respectively;
Mean values followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability;
Coefficient of variation - lignin content: 1.71% and isoflavone content: 3.46%.

Table 2 Germination (GER), first germination count (FGC), seedling emergence (SE), mechanical damage, classes 6-8 (MD6-8), and stink bug damage, classes 6-8 (SBD6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of soybean seeds according to cultivars; mean of four evaluations over the period of six months of storage under cold and dry storage conditions and in a non-controlled environment.

Cultivar	Cold and dry storage				Non-controlled environment
Cultivar	GER (%)	FGC (%)	SE (%)	MD6-8 (%)	MD6-8 (%)	SBD6-8 (%)
BRSMG 715A L1	90 c	86 b	89 c	5 b	6 a	1 a
BRSMG 715A L2	95 a	91 a	95 a	3 a	4 a	3 b
BRS 1001 IPRO	90 c	84 b	89 c	10 d	12 c	0 a
BRS 1003 IPRO	87 d	78 c	90 c	5 b	7 b	0 a
BRS 413 RR	93 b	85 b	92 b	6 b	8 b	1 a
BRS 284	86 d	74 c	87 d	5 b	5 a	5 c
BMX Valente RR	89 c	81 b	90 c	9 c	8 b	0 a
DM 6563 IPRO	89 c	76 c	91 c	11 d	13 c	1 a

Mean values followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability.

Table 3 Germination (GER), first germination count (FGC), seedling emergence (SE), viability, vigor, and weathering damage (classes 6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of seeds of soybean cultivars during the storage period (SP) under non-controlled environmental conditions.

Cultivar

GER (%)

FGC (%)

SE (%)

SP (months)

BRSMG 715A L1

92 a

89 b

88 a

86 b

91 a

85 a

79 a

75 a

90 b

92 b

87 b

85 b

BRSMG 715A L2

95 a

90 a

91 a

93 a

92 a

85 a

84 a

98 a

96 a

93 a

91 a

BRS 1001 IPRO

92 a

86 b

83 b

79 c

87 a

79 b

79 a

75 a

90 b

85 c

85 b

83 b

BRS 1003 IPRO

91 a

89 b

81 b

75 d

84 b

84 a

67 b

60 b

91 b

88 c

83 b

77 c

BRS 413 RR

95 a

90 b

88 a

85 b

88 a

84 a

81 a

77 a

94 a

93 b

88 b

87 a

BRS 284

89 a

86 b

81 b

74 d

78 b

74 b

73 b

62 b

88 b

89 c

79 c

BMX Valente RR

95 a

92 a

85 a

83 b

90 a

86 a

72 b

63 b

93 a

88 c

85 b

83 b

DM 6563 IPRO

93 a

90 b

86 a

82 b

81 b

80 b

74 b

65 b

95 a

87 c

86 b

80 c

Cultivar

TZ Viability (%)

TZ Vigor (%)

TZ Weathering 6-8 (%)

BRSMG 715A L1

96 a

95 a

91 a

90 a

85 a

83 a

0 a

1 a

0 a

BRSMG 715A L2

95 a

92 a

91 a

88 a

84 a

82 a

84 a

0 a

1 a

BRS 1001 IPRO

90 b

86 b

84 b

83 c

84 b

80 b

78 b

77 b

1 a

2 a

3 b

4 b

BRS 1003 IPRO

92 b

84 b

78 c

86 b

77 b

75 c

60 d

4 b

6 b

9 d

13 d

BRS 413 RR

94 a

92 a

86 b

91 a

84 a

80 a

80 b

1 a

3 a

1 a

3 b

BRS 284

90 b

88 b

81 b

80 c

80 b

77 b

72 c

67 c

1 a

3 a

6 c

8 c

BMX Valente RR

94 a

87 b

85 b

81 c

90 a

85 a

78 b

68 c

0 a

7 b

6 c

7 c

DM 6563 IPRO

91 b

88 b

83 b

79 c

85 b

84 a

77 b

66 c

0 a

2 a

3 b

2 b

Mean values followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability.

Table 4 Viability, vigor, weathering damage and stink bug damage (classes 6-8), evaluated by the tetrazolium test, of seeds of soybean cultivars during the storage period (SP) under cold and dry storage conditions.

Cultivar	TZ Viability (%)				TZ Vigor (%)
	SP (months)				SP (months)
	0	2	4	6	0	2	4	6
BRSMG 715A L1	96 a	94 a	94 a	92 a	90 a	88 a	87 a	83 a
BRSMG 715A L2	95 a	94 a	95 a	95 a	88 a	89 a	85 a	84 a
BRS 1001 IPRO	90 b	89 b	88 b	89 b	84 b	82 b	81 b	80 a
BRS 1003 IPRO	92 b	89 b	89 b	89 b	86 b	81 b	81 b	80 a
BRS 413 RR	94 a	93 a	93 a	92 a	91 a	89 a	88 a	83 a
BRS 284	90 b	88 b	86 b	86 c	80 b	79 b	77 c	76 b
BMX Valente RR	94 a	93 a	86 b	86 c	90 a	89 a	76 c	76 b
DM 6563 IPRO	91 b	86 b	85 b	85 c	85 b	78 b	72 c	72 b
Cultivar	TZ Weathering 6-8 (%)				TZ Stink bug 6-8 (%)
Cultivar	0	2	4	6	0	2	4	6
BRSMG 715A L1	0 a	1 a	0 a	0 a	1 b	0 a	1 b	0 a
BRSMG 715A L2	0 a	1 a	0 a	0 a	3 c	2 b	2 b	0 a
BRS 1001 IPRO	1 a	1 a	2 b	1 a	0 a	0 a	0 a	0 a
BRS 1003 IPRO	4 b	6 b	3 b	4 b	0 a	1 b	3 c	0 a
BRS 413 RR	1 a	1 a	0 a	1 a	2 b	1 b	0 a	0 a
BRS 284	1 a	6 b	2 b	5 b	6 d	2 b	5 d	2 b
BMX Valente RR	0 a	1 a	3 b	3 b	0 a	0 a	0 a	0 a
DM 6563 IPRO	0 a	2 a	2 b	2 a	1 b	1 b	0 a	0 a

Mean values followed by the same letter in the column do not differ from each other by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability.

Table 5 Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between the results of the physiological quality variables analyzed and the lignin content (LIG) and isoflavone content (ISO) in seeds of eight soybean cultivars, evaluated in the period of zero (P0) and six months (P6) of storage in cold and dry storage (CS) and in a non-controlled environment (NC).

	GER	FGC	SE	TZ VIA	TZ VIG	TZ MD 6-8	TZ WhD 6-8	TZ SBD 6-8
LIG P0	0.09^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.47^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.26^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.54^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.08^ns ns non-significant correlation;	-0.44^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.34^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.14^ns ns non-significant correlation;
LIG P6 CS	0.61^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.63^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.24^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.61^* * significant correlation at 5% probability; ^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.48^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.38^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.57^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.16^ns ns non-significant correlation;
LIG P6 NC	0.60^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.53^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.52^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.76^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.68^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.44^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.57^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.20^ns ns non-significant correlation;
ISO P0	0.21^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.22^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.38^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.29^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.11^ns ns non-significant correlation;	-0.24^ns ns non-significant correlation;	-0.24^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.12^ns ns non-significant correlation;
ISO P6 CS	0.51^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.40^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.17^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.43^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.26^ns ns non-significant correlation;	-0.21^ns ns non-significant correlation;	-0.51^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.19^ns ns non-significant correlation;
ISO P6 NC	0.49^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.41^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.28^ns ns non-significant correlation;	0.48^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.44^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	-0.10^ns ns non-significant correlation;	-0.56^* * significant correlation at 5% probability;	0.03^ns ns non-significant correlation;

^ns
non-significant correlation;
^*
significant correlation at 5% probability;
GER: germination; FGC: first germination count; SE: seedling emergence; TZ VIA: viability evaluated by the tetrazolium test; TZ VIG: vigor evaluated by the tetrazolium test; TZ MD 6-8: mechanical damage tetrazolium classes 6-8; TZ WhD 6-8: weathering damage tetrazolium classes 6-8; TZ SBD 6-8: stink bug damage tetrazolium classes 6-8.

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Metabolites of the phenylpropanoid pathway and physiological quality of soybean seeds in storage

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[1] *Corresponding author.
E-mail: juliaabati@yahoo.com.br