Influence of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles on okra seed germination under PEG-6000 simulated water deficit stress

A comparative study for evaluating the influence of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and SiO₂) on seed germination and seedling growth in okra was implemented under water deficit stress stimulated by PEG-6000. The results revealed that additive of SiO₂ nanoparticles (SNPs) and Al₂O₃ (ANPs) have significant positive effect on seeds germination, while a reduction of that were observed by using TiO₂ nanoparticles (TNPs) at 50 mg.L^-1 concentration under 5% PEG-6000 stimulated drought stress as compared to that without MONPs. Further, relative to non-MONPs treatment, all the tested MONPs dramatically enhanced the drought stress tolerance in okra seedlings due to the improvement of morphological growth despite a few traits were inhibited under certain water deficiency to some degree. Improvement of drought resistance induced by TNPs and ANPs were found to be higher than that by SNPs. Our finding provides a promising approach to cope with water scarcity, as application of metal oxide nanoparticles to be a potential option to protect okra plants against drought stress.

Index terms:
nanoparticles; okra; seed germination; seedlings

Authorship

Jiyue Wang

Guiyang University, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, 550005-Guiyang, China.Guiyang UniversityChinaGuiyang, ChinaGuiyang University, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, 550005-Guiyang, China.

Guiyang University, Platform for Exploitation and Utilization of Characteristic Plant Resources, 550005-Guiyang, China.Guiyang UniversityChinaGuiyang, ChinaGuiyang University, Platform for Exploitation and Utilization of Characteristic Plant Resources, 550005-Guiyang, China.

Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, 550005-Guiyang, China. Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien SpeciesChinaGuiyang, ChinaKey Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species in Guizhou Education Department, 550005-Guiyang, China.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2737-7479

Jiajun Xu

https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8036-4632

Mingli Yang

https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4225-8087

Mingzhi Miao

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6379-6798

*Corresponding author
miaomz74@163.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (9)

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Table 1
Germination of seeds in okra exposed to SNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 2
Growth characteristics of one-week-old seedlings in okra germinated from seeds treated with SNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 3
Germination of seeds in okra treated with ANPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 4
Growth characteristics of one-week-old seedlings in okra germinated from seeds treated with ANPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 5
Germination of seeds in okra exposed to TNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 6
Growth characteristics of one-week-old seedlings in okra germinated from seeds treated with TNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 7
The function values of indicators analysis of germination of seed treated with SNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 8
The function values of indicators analysis of germination of seed treated with ANPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

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Table 9
The function values of indicators analysis of germination of seed treated with TNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Table 1 Germination of seeds in okra exposed to SNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Properties	PEG-6000 (%)	Concentration of SNPs (mg.L^-1)
Properties	PEG-6000 (%)	0	25	50	100	200
GP (%)	0	0.98±0.04a(a)	0.93±0.00b(a)	0.98±0.04ab(a)	0.87±0.00c(b)	0.96±0.04a(a)
	5	0.87±0.00c(bc)	0.91±0.04b(b)	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.98±0.04a(a)	0.82±0.04b(c)
	10	0.89±0.04b(b)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.91±0.08b(b)	0.91±0.04bc(b)	0.89±0.04ab(b)
	15	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.84±0.17c(b)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.87±0.07ab(ab)
GE (%)	0	0.98±0.04a(a)	0.93±0.00b(a)	0.98±0.04ab(a)	0.87±0.00c(b)	0.96±0.04a(a)
	5	0.87±0.00c(b)	0.91±0.04b(b)	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.98±0.04a(a)	0.82±0.04b(c)
	10	0.89±0.04bc(b)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.91±0.08b(b)	0.91±0.04bc(b)	0.89±0.04ab(b)
	15	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.84±0.17c(b)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.87±0.07ab(ab)
GR	0	36.86±1.38a(a)	34.97±1.26a(ab)	37.2±1.80ab(a)	33.71±0.00c(b)	37.16±1.50a(a)
	5	33.21±0.87b(bc)	36.5±1.31a(ab)	34.1±2.03b(bc)	38.03±1.50a(a)	31.31±1.30b(c)
	10	34.57±1.5b(bc)	37.89±1.73a(a)	37.16±2.99ab(ab)	35.44±1.5bc(bc)	33.4±0.27b(c)
	15	34.44±0.63b(a)	32.34±7.33a(a)	38.56±0.58a(a)	36.3±0.00ab(a)	33.71±2.25b(a)
VI	0	10.97±1.17a(b)	9.88±2.77b(bc)	11.32±1.96a(ab)	8.54±2.16b(c)	13.61±2.60a(a)
	5	9.66±0.44b(a)	11.4±0.14a(a)	10.35±2.94ab(a)	11.56±0.97a(a)	11.08±2.07b(a)
	10	4.39±0.2d(b)	9.84±1.09ab(a)	4.33±0.47c(b)	10.04±1.47ab(a)	10.09±1.44b(a)
	15	7.40±0.26c(ab)	7.54±1.01b(ab)	7.12±1.07bc(ab)	8.42±0.22b(a)	6.64±1.53c(b)

GP: Germination percentage; GE: Germination energy; GR: Germination rate; VI: Vitality index. Different lowercase letters without parentheses showed the significant differences among PEG-6000 treatments in the same SNPs level at p ≤ 0.05. Different lowercase letters within parentheses showed the significant differences among SNPs treatments in the same PEG-6000 level at p ≤ 0.05.

Table 2 Growth characteristics of one-week-old seedlings in okra germinated from seeds treated with SNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Parameters	PEG-6000 (%)	Concentration of SNPs (mg.L^-1)
Parameters	PEG-6000 (%)	0	25	50	100	200
SL (mm)	0	46.67±5.66a(a)	55.92±6.74a(a)	54.86±8.86a(a)	45.66±3.75a(a)	51.89±16.58ab(a)
	5	37.23±2.13b(b)	47.38±4.47b(ab)	43.29±5.44b(ab)	39.44±4.02a(b)	53.83±11.25a(a)
	10	25.65±0.51c(b)	32.02±3.15c(a)	21.59±0.25c(b)	31.66±3.70a(a)	34.02±4.89bc(a)
	15	20.18±1.01c(a)	22.4±1.45d(a)	22.76±2.32c(a)	19.04±0.52b(a)	21.26±3.64c(a)
LMR (mm)	0	26.52±0.75b(a)	29.03±3.32a(a)	29.57±6.88a(a)	27.37±7.65ab(a)	21.17±4.71a(a)
	5	31.25±2.33a(a)	31.67±1.18a(a)	24.68±7.48a(ab)	21.81±5.90b(b)	20.11±5.49a(b)
	10	26.1±2.36b(ab)	27.98±3.44a(ab)	21.14±3.58a(b)	34.11±2.04a(a)	26.8±9.25a(ab)
	15	25.52±1.82b(bc)	31.27±9.81a(ab)	29.05±0.23a(ab)	36.69±5.18a(a)	18.27±2.78a(c)
SD (mm)	0	1.65±0.04a(a)	1.47±0.22a(a)	1.55±0.02a(a)	1.48±0.15a(a)	1.54±0.08a(a)
	5	1.44±0.02bc(a)	1.51±0.11a(a)	1.52±0.05a(a)	1.43±0.09a(a)	1.51±0.07ab(a)
	10	1.31±0.11c(b)	1.49±0.04a(a)	1.23±0.05b(b)	1.34±0.04a(b)	1.35±0.11b(b)
	15	1.48±0.12b(a)	1.42±0.03a(a)	1.51±0.05a(a)	1.5±0.02a(a)	1.43±0.12ab(a)
FW (g)	0	0.30±0.02a(ab)	0.28±0.10ab(ab)	0.32±0.02a(ab)	0.25±0.06ac(b)	0.39±0.08a(a)
	5	0.28±0.02a(ab)	0.33±0.02a(a)	0.25±0.06b(b)	0.30±0.02a(ab)	0.32±0.04ac(a)
	10	0.12±0.00c(b)	0.28±0.00ab(a)	0.12±0.02c(b)	0.28±0.04ab(a)	0.25±0.04bc(a)
	15	0.21±0.01b(a)	0.22±0.01b(a)	0.20±0.02b(a)	0.23±0.00bc(a)	0.20±0.04b(a)
DW (g)	0	0.02±0.00b(b)	0.03±0.00b(ab)	0.02±0.00b(b)	0.03±0.00ab(a)	0.03±0.01a(ab)
	5	0.03±0.00b(a)	0.03±0.01a(a)	0.02±0.00b(b)	0.02±0.00b(b)	0.02±0.00a(b)
	10	0.02±0.01b(a)	0.03±0.00a(a)	0.03±0.01a(a)	0.03±0.00ab(a)	0.02±0.01a(a)
	15	0.05±0.02a(a)	0.03±0.00a(b)	0.03±0.00ab(b)	0.03±0.00a(b)	0.04±0.02a(ab)
MC	0	0.93±0.01a(a)	0.90±0.04a(a)	0.92±0.01a(a)	0.91±0.00a(a)	0.93±0.01a(a)
	5	0.91±0.01a(ab)	0.90±0.02a(b)	0.93±0.00a(a)	0.92±0.01a(ab)	0.93±0.01a(a)
	10	0.84±0.06ab(b)	0.89±0.01a(ab)	0.74±0.02c(c)	0.92±0.04a(a)	0.90±0.04ab(ab)
	15	0.77±0.09b(a)	0.87±0.01a(a)	0.85±0.02b(a)	0.87±0.01bc(a)	0.80±0.09b(a)

SL: Shoot length; LMR: Length of main root; SD: Stem diameter; FW: Fresh weight each plant; DW: Dry weigh each plant; MC: Moisture content. Different lowercase letters without parentheses showed the significant differences among PEG-6000 treatments in the same SNPs level at p ≤ 0.05. Different lowercase letters within parentheses showed the significant differences among SNPs treatments in the same PEG-6000 level at P ≤ 0.05.

Table 3 Germination of seeds in okra treated with ANPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Properties	PEG-6000 (%)	Concentration of ANPs (mg.L^-1)
Properties	PEG-6000 (%)	0	25	50	100	200
GP (%)	0	0.91±0.04a(b)	0.89±0.04ab(b)	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.91±0.04ab(b)	0.98±0.04a(a)
	5	0.87±0.00a(b)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.93±0.07a(ab)	0.87±0.07b(b)	0.91±0.04ab(b)
	10	0.71±0.1b(c)	0.73±0.12c(b)	0.93±0.00ab(a)	0.87±0.00b(a)	0.84±0.04bc(ab)
	15	0.96±0.04a(a)	0.82±0.04bc(b)	0.87±0.00b(b)	0.98±0.04a(a)	0.82±0.04c(b)
GE (%)	0	0.91±0.04a(b)	0.89±0.04b(b)	0.93±0.00ab(ab)	0.91±0.04ab(b)	0.98±0.04a(a)
	5	0.87±0.00a(b)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.93±0.07a(ab)	0.87±0.07b(b)	0.91±0.04ab(b)
	10	0.71±0.10b(c)	0.73±0.12c(b)	0.93±0.00ab(a)	0.87±0.00b(a)	0.84±0.04bc(ab)
	15	0.96±0.04a(a)	0.82±0.04bc(b)	0.87±0.00b(b)	0.98±0.04a(a)	0.82±0.04c(b)
GR	0	34.6±1.47ab(ab)	32.71±1.39ab(b)	36.3±0.00a(a)	36.16±1.30a(a)	37.2±2.13a(a)
	5	33.1±1.06ab(b)	37.89±1.73a(a)	37.03±1.63a(ab)	34.71±3.12ab(ab)	33.71±2.59bc(b)
	10	32.15±3.75b(a)	26.91±3.41b(b)	35.3±0.87a(a)	32.26±1.42b(a)	34.07±0.63ab(a)
	15	36.7±1.06a(a)	31.15±2.23b(b)	32.18±1.36b(b)	38.03±1.50a(a)	30.37±1.30c(b)
VI	0	11.43±2.51a(ab)	8.41±1.23b(c)	12.68±1.99a(a)	12.59±0.30a(a)	9.40±0.67b(bc)
	5	11.04±7.51a(a)	12.64±9.9a(a)	13.7111.98a(a)	7.15±5.35b(a)	13.65±4.95a(a)
	10	8.76±1.07a(ab)	4.97±0.99b(c)	6.37±2.27a(bc)	9.7±1.55ab(a)	6.17±2.03b(bc)
	15	6.87±4.14a(a)	5.81±1.20b(a)	7.98±0.95a(a)	7.31±1.27ab(a)	7.36±2.01b(a)

GP: Germination percentage; GE: Germination energy; GR: Germination rate; VI: Vitality index. Different lowercase letters without parentheses showed the significant differences among PEG-6000 treatments in the same ANPs level at p ≤ 0.05. Different lowercase letters within parentheses showed the significant differences among ANPs treatments in the same PEG-6000 level at P ≤ 0.05.

Table 4 Growth characteristics of one-week-old seedlings in okra germinated from seeds treated with ANPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Parameters	PEG-6000 (%)	Concentration of ANPs (mg.L^-1)
Parameters	PEG-6000 (%)	0	25	50	100	200
SL (mm)	0	52.68±11.39a(b)	48.11±5.43a(b)	48.99±5.64a(b)	66.2±3.64a(a)	48.81±5.28a(b)
	5	25.95±5.99bc(c)	38.90±10.56ab(ab)	22.57±9.56b(c)	35.09±11.85ab(b)	44.93±12.06a(a)
	10	34.05±1.56b(b)	23.94±7.90b(c)	29.27±16.62ab(bc)	44.08±4.49ab(a)	24.51±4.73a(c)
	15	20.12±4.87c(b)	36.64±6.11ab(a)	28.02±3.56ab(ab)	23.28±7.55b(b)	26.11±7.05a(b)
LMR (mm)	0	35.12±2.75a(a)	29.24±1.50a(ab)	27.41±1.74b(b)	31.77±5.23ab(ab)	26.00±5.80a(b)
	5	26.19±6.1b(a)	26.28±2.78a(a)	16.94±5.25b(b)	14.79±4.83b(b)	23.52±1.43a(a)
	10	33.34±5.23ab(a)	29.26±8.14a(a)	29.44±6.44ab(a)	33.60±4.36a(a)	24.10±2.66a(b)
	15	25.48±2.23b(b)	32.55±5.74a(ab)	45.89±5.78b(a)	23.84±8.66ab(b)	29.23±11.96a(b)
SD (mm)	0	1.66±0.05a(ab)	1.69±0.17a(a)	1.52±0.03a(bc)	1.47±0.02a(c)	1.43±0.03bc(c)
	5	1.69±0.20a(a)	1.53±0.08a(a)	0.99±0.86a(a)	1.01±0.87a(a)	1.58±0.13b(a)
	10	1.47±0.02a(ab)	1.70±0.10a(a)	1.55±0.27a(a)	1.48±0.07a(ab)	1.24±0.13b(b)
	15	1.62±0.24a(ab)	1.66±0.06a(ab)	1.57±0.14a(ab)	1.41±0.13a(b)	1.79±0.11a(a)
FW (g)	0	0.33±0.07a(ab)	0.26±0.03b(bc)	0.35±0.05a(a)	0.35±0.01a(a)	0.25±0.01b(c)
	5	0.33±0.02a(b)	0.55±0.08a(a)	0.37±0.03a(ab)	0.18±0.06b(c)	0.52±0.11a(a)
	10	0.27±0.01a(a)	0.18±0.02b(b)	0.18±0.06a(b)	0.30±0.05ab(a)	0.18±0.06b(b)
	15	0.19±0.12a(a)	0.19±0.04b(a)	0.25±0.02a(a)	0.19±0.03ab(a)	0.24±0.05b(a)
DW (g)	0	0.02±0.00c(ab)	0.02±0.00b(ab)	0.02±0.00a(ab)	0.03±0.01a(a)	0.02±0.00a(b)
	5	0.02±0.00c(a)	0.04±0.02a(a)	0.03±0.03a(a)	0.02±0.02a(a)	0.04±0.03a(a)
	10	0.04±0.00a(a)	0.02±0.00b(b)	0.03±0.01a(a)	0.04±0.01a(a)	0.03±0.00a(ab)
	15	0.03±0.00b(a)	0.03±0.00ab(a)	0.03±0.00a(a)	0.03±0.00a(a)	0.02±0.01a(b)
MC	0	0.93±0.02a(a)	0.91±0.02a(a)	0.92±0.01a(a)	0.92±0.02a(a)	0.91±0.04a(a)
	5	0.88±0.03ab(a)	0.92±0.00a(a)	0.61±0.53a(a)	0.59±0.51a(a)	0.94±0.04a(a)
	10	0.87±0.00ab(a)	0.88±0.02a(a)	0.79±0.13a(a)	0.89±0.01a(a)	0.85±0.04b(a)
	15	0.81±0.08b(bc)	0.81±0.04b(c)	0.89±0.01a(a)	0.91±0.02a(a)	0.85±0.10a(ab)

SL: Shoot length; LMR: Length of main root; SD: Stem diameter; FW: Fresh weight each plant; DW: Dry weigh each plant; MC: Moisture content. Different lowercase letters without parentheses showed the significant differences among PEG-6000 treatments in the same ANPs level at p ≤ 0.05. Different lowercase letters within parentheses showed the significant differences among ANPs treatments in the same PEG-6000 level at P ≤ 0.05.

Table 5 Germination of seeds in okra exposed to TNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Properties	PEG-6000 (%)	Concentration of TNPs (mg.L^-1)
Properties	PEG-6000 (%)	0	25	50	100	200
GP (%)	0	0.95±0.10a(a)	0.92±0.10a(a)	0.93±0.05a(a)	0.93±0.05a(a)	0.92±0.06ab(a)
	5	0.98±0.03a(ab)	0.93±0.05a(bc)	0.92±0.03a(c)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.98±0.03a(ab)
	10	0.93±0.05a(a)	0.95±0.06a(a)	0.95±0.03a(a)	0.95±0.03a(a)	0.92±0.03ab(a)
	15	0.90±0.09a(a)	0.93±0.08a(a)	0.90±0.04a(a)	0.90±0.12a(a)	0.87±0.09b(a)
GE (%)	0	0.95±0.10a(a)	0.92±0.10a(a)	0.93±0.05a(a)	0.93±0.05a(a)	0.92±0.06ab(a)
	5	0.98±0.03a(ab)	0.93±0.05a(bc)	0.92±0.03a(c)	1.00±0.00a(a)	0.98±0.03a(ab)
	10	0.93±0.05a(a)	0.93±0.05a(a)	0.95±0.03a(a)	0.95±0.03a(a)	0.92±0.03ab(a)
	15	0.90±0.09a(a)	0.93±0.08a(a)	0.90±0.04a(a)	0.88±0.10a(a)	0.87±0.09b(a)
GR	0	36.70±3.75a(a)	35.40±3.64a(a)	36.30±2.12a(a)	34.93±1.55ab(a)	35.40±2.06ab(a)
	5	37.87±2.05a(ab)	35.55±2.54a(bc)	35.03±1.94ab(c)	38.64±0.50a(a)	37.79±1.31a(ab)
	10	36.05±1.73a(a)	36.18±1.78a(a)	36.32±0.05a(a)	36.57±1.70a(a)	35.40±1.22ab(a)
	15	33.50±4.85a(a)	34.84±1.87a(a)	32.75±1.83b(a)	31.18±5.17b(a)	32.46±4.87b(a)
VI	0	12.69±1.02a(a)	15.42±6.34a(a)	13.89±1.76a(a)	14.57±2.08a(a)	13.03±1.21a(a)
	5	13.79±1.09a(bc)	12.70±0.84a(c)	12.95±0.99ab(c)	16.57±1.41a(a)	14.74±1.28a(b)
	10	10.84±0.98b(ab)	11.03±1.18ab(ab)	11.35±0.88b(a)	9.76±0.46b(b)	10.62±0.82b(ab)
	15	6.38±1.27c(a)	7.15±1.25b(a)	7.24±1.04c(a)	6.69±1.03c(a)	6.70±1.52c(a)

GP: Germination percentage; GE: Germination energy; GR: Germination rate; VI: Vitality index. Different lowercase letters without parentheses showed the significant differences among PEG-6000 treatments in the same TNPs level at p ≤ 0.05. Different lowercase letters within parentheses showed the significant differences among TNPs treatments in the same PEG-6000 level at p ≤ 0.05.

Table 6 Growth characteristics of one-week-old seedlings in okra germinated from seeds treated with TNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Parameters	PEG-6000 (%)	Concentration of TNPs (mg.L^-1)
Parameters	PEG-6000 (%)	0	25	50	100	200
SL (mm)	0	34.30±1.75a(a)	31.88±5.64a(a)	31.32±3.17a(a)	32.90±1.86a(a)	33.36±2.27a(a)
	5	29.16±1.50b(b)	30.18±1.99a(b)	31.15±2.10a(ab)	30.80±1.50a(b)	33.81±1.86a(a)
	10	30.29±1.75b(a)	29.87±2.83a(a)	32.08±0.87(a)	30.90±2.54a(a)	29.43±1.81b(a)
	15	14.87±1.05c(ab)	16.15±2.39b(ab)	17.14±1.61b(a)	16.79±1.12b(ab)	14.81±0.87c(b)
LMR (mm)	0	44.87±8.44a(a)	51.00±10.08a(a)	42.94±3.55b(a)	46.78±1.92a(a)	49.18±3.29a(a)
	5	44.76±5.66a(a)	46.83±4.63a(a)	49.45±1.65ab(a)	46.48±2.91a(a)	45.49±5.40a(a)
	10	49.48±3.92a(a)	51.35±6.32a(a)	54.49±7.98a(a)	49.73±6.28a(a)	50.06±6.54a(a)
	15	35.54±1.98b(bc)	34.22±5.70b(c)	41.79±7.41b(ab)	45.17±4.97a(a)	33.54±2.24b(c)
SD (mm)	0	1.70±0.04a(a)	1.68±0.04a(a)	1.63±0.06a(a)	1.72±0.05a(a)	1.81±0.23a(a)
	5	1.57±0.05b(a)	1.63±0.02a(a)	1.63±0.04a(a)	1.61±0.09b(a)	1.59±0.04b(a)
	10	1.31±0.05c(a)	1.32±0.04b(a)	1.34±0.05b(a)	1.30±0.05c(a)	1.27±0.05c(a)
	15	1.29±0.04c(a)	1.24±0.06c(a)	1.27±0.05c(a)	1.23±0.06c(a)	1.29±0.07c(a)
FW (g)	0	0.35±0.03a(a)	0.43±0.04a(a)	0.38±0.03a(a)	0.42±0.06a(a)	0.37±0.01a(a)
	5	0.36±0.00a(b)	0.36±0.03ab(b)	0.37±0.01a(b)	0.43±0.03a(a)	0.39±0.02a(b)
	10	0.30±0.02b(a)	0.30±0.03bc(a)	0.31±0.03b(a)	0.27±0.02b(b)	0.30±0.02b(a)
	15	0.19±0.01c(a)	0.21±0.02c(a)	0.22±0.01c(a)	0.22±0.03b(a)	0.21±0.02c(a)
DW (g)	0	0.03±0.00c(b)	0.03±0.00a(a)	0.03±0.00b(ab)	0.03±0.01a(ab)	0.03±0.00b(ab)
	5	0.03±0.00b(b)	0.03±0.00a(b)	0.03±0.00b(b)	0.04±0.01a(a)	0.03±0.00ab(ab)
	10	0.03±0.00bc(ab)	0.03±0.00a(a)	0.03±0.00b(a)	0.03±0.00a(b)	0.03±0.00b(ab)
	15	0.04±0.00a(a)	0.04±0.00a(a)	0.04±0.00a(a)	0.04±0.02a(a)	0.04±0.00a(a)
MC	0	0.92±0.01a(a)	0.92±0.00a(a)	0.92±0.00a(a)	0.92±0.00a(a)	0.92±0.01a(a)
	5	0.91±0.01a(a)	0.92±0.00a(a)	0.91±0.01a(a)	0.91±0.01a(a)	0.91±0.01a(a)
	10	0.90±0.00a(a)	0.89±0.01b(a)	0.90±0.01b(a)	0.90±0.01a(a)	0.90±0.01b(a)
	15	0.80±0.04b(a)	0.83±0.01c(a)	0.83±0.02c(a)	0.80±0.11b(a)	0.82±0.01c(a)

SL: Shoot length; LMR: Length of main root; SD: Stem diameter; FW: Fresh weight each plant; DW: Dry weigh each plant; MC: Moisture content. Different lowercase letters without parentheses showed the significant differences among PEG-6000 treatments in the same TNPs level at p ≤ 0.05. Different lowercase letters within parentheses showed the significant differences among TNPs treatments in the same PEG-6000 level at P ≤ 0.05.

Table 7 The function values of indicators analysis of germination of seed treated with SNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Concentration of SNPs (mg.L^-1)	Concentration of PEG-6000 (%)	Function values of indicators										Sum	Order
Concentration of SNPs (mg.L^-1)	Concentration of PEG-6000 (%)	GP	GE	GR	VI	SL	LMR	SD	FW	DW	MC	Sum	Order
0	0	0.88	0.88	0.77	0.72	0.75	0.45	1.00	0.66	0.09	0.97	0.72	3
	5	0.25	0.25	0.26	0.57	0.49	0.70	0.50	0.61	0.23	0.88	0.47	10
	10	0.38	0.38	0.45	0.01	0.18	0.42	0.20	0.00	0.07	0.49	0.26	16
	15	0.62	0.62	0.43	0.33	0.03	0.39	0.59	0.33	1.00	0.17	0.45	11
25	0	0.62	0.62	0.50	0.60	1.00	0.58	0.58	0.60	0.19	0.82	0.61	7
	5	0.50	0.50	0.72	0.76	0.77	0.73	0.65	0.77	0.42	0.83	0.67	5
	10	1.00	1.00	0.91	0.59	0.35	0.53	0.61	0.59	0.45	0.76	0.68	4
	15	0.12	0.12	0.14	0.35	0.09	0.71	0.44	0.36	0.44	0.66	0.34	14
50	0	0.88	0.88	0.81	0.75	0.97	0.61	0.76	0.74	0.00	0.95	0.74	1
	5	0.62	0.62	0.39	0.65	0.66	0.35	0.68	0.47	0.09	0.98	0.55	9
	10	0.50	0.50	0.81	0.00	0.07	0.16	0.00	0.01	0.45	0.00	0.25	17
	15	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.30	0.10	0.59	0.67	0.29	0.34	0.58	0.59	8
100	0	0.25	0.25	0.33	0.45	0.72	0.49	0.58	0.50	0.23	0.87	0.47	10
	5	0.88	0.88	0.93	0.78	0.55	0.19	0.49	0.69	0.13	0.94	0.65	6
	10	0.50	0.50	0.57	0.61	0.34	0.86	0.26	0.61	0.32	0.90	0.55	9
	15	0.62	0.62	0.69	0.44	0.00	1.00	0.64	0.41	0.39	0.67	0.55	9
200	0	0.75	0.75	0.81	1.00	0.89	0.16	0.73	1.00	0.20	1.00	0.73	2
	5	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.73	0.94	0.10	0.66	0.74	0.02	0.99	0.42	13
	10	0.38	0.38	0.29	0.62	0.41	0.46	0.28	0.49	0.15	0.82	0.43	12
	15	0.25	0.25	0.33	0.25	0.06	0.00	0.48	0.28	0.66	0.33	0.29	15

GP: Germination percentage; GE: Germination energy; GR: Germination rate; VI: Vitality index; SL: Shoot length; LMR: Length of main root; SD: Stem diameter; FW: Fresh weight each plant; DW: Dry weigh each plant; MC: Moisture content.

Table 8 The function values of indicators analysis of germination of seed treated with ANPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Concentration of ANPs (mg.L^-1)	Concentration of PEG-6000 (%)	Function values of indicators										Sum	Order
Concentration of ANPs (mg.L^-1)	Concentration of PEG-6000 (%)	GP	GE	GR	VI	SL	LMR	SD	FW	DW	MC	Sum	Order
0	0	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.41	0.71	0.65	0.84	0.40	0.11	1.00	0.62	4
	5	0.54	0.54	0.56	0.39	0.13	0.37	0.88	0.41	0.10	0.87	0.48	12
	10	0.00	0.00	0.47	0.24	0.30	0.60	0.60	0.25	0.59	0.83	0.39	14
	15	0.85	0.85	0.88	0.12	0.00	0.34	0.79	0.02	0.36	0.65	0.49	11
25	0	0.62	0.62	0.52	0.22	0.61	0.46	0.88	0.21	0.08	0.96	0.52	8
	5	1.00	1.00	0.99	1.00	0.41	0.37	0.68	1.00	0.96	0.96	0.84	1
	10	0.08	0.08	0.00	0.00	0.08	0.47	0.89	0.01	0.11	0.84	0.26	16
	15	0.38	0.38	0.38	0.05	0.36	0.57	0.84	0.02	0.34	0.63	0.40	13
50	0	0.77	0.77	0.84	0.49	0.63	0.41	0.66	0.46	0.14	0.97	0.61	5
	5	0.77	0.77	0.91	0.56	0.05	0.34	0.00	0.51	1.00	0.05	0.50	10
	10	0.77	0.77	0.75	0.09	0.20	0.47	0.70	0.00	0.48	0.59	0.48	12
	15	0.54	0.54	0.47	0.19	0.17	1.00	0.73	0.18	0.42	0.89	0.51	9
100	0	0.69	0.69	0.83	0.49	1.00	0.55	0.60	0.45	0.31	0.98	0.66	3
	5	0.54	0.54	0.70	0.08	0.32	0.00	0.03	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.22	17
	10	0.54	0.54	0.48	0.30	0.52	0.60	0.61	0.32	0.67	0.89	0.55	7
	15	0.92	0.92	1.00	0.15	0.07	0.29	0.53	0.03	0.38	0.91	0.52	8
200	0	0.92	0.92	0.93	0.28	0.62	0.36	0.55	0.20	0.00	0.99	0.58	6
	5	0.69	0.69	0.61	0.81	0.54	0.28	0.74	0.91	0.66	0.97	0.69	2
	10	0.46	0.46	0.64	0.08	0.10	0.30	0.31	0.00	0.40	0.63	0.34	15
	15	0.38	0.38	0.31	0.15	0.13	0.46	1.00	0.16	0.03	0.93	0.39	14

GP: Germination percentage; GE: Germination energy; GR: Germination rate; VI: Vitality index; SL: Shoot length; LMR: Length of main root; SD: Stem diameter; FW: Fresh weight each plant; DW: Dry weigh each plant; MC: Moisture content.

Table 9 The function values of indicators analysis of germination of seed treated with TNPs under water stress simulated by PEG-6000.

Concentration of TNPs (mg.L^-1)	Concentration of PEG-6000 (%)	Function values of indicators										Sum	Order
Concentration of TNPs (mg.L^-1)	Concentration of PEG-6000 (%)	GP	GE	GR	VI	SL	LMR	SD	FW	DW	MC	Sum	Order
0	0	0.63	0.62	0.74	0.62	1.00	0.54	0.79	0.66	0.00	1.00	0.66	6
	5	0.88	0.87	0.90	0.73	0.74	0.54	0.57	0.73	0.32	0.93	0.72	3
	10	0.50	0.50	0.65	0.44	0.79	0.76	0.13	0.46	0.17	0.84	0.52	10
	15	0.25	0.25	0.31	0.00	0.00	0.10	0.10	0.00	0.82	0.00	0.18	15
25	0	0.38	0.38	0.57	0.89	0.88	0.83	0.76	1.00	0.55	0.97	0.72	3
	5	0.50	0.50	0.59	0.62	0.79	0.63	0.67	0.71	0.22	0.95	0.62	8
	10	0.63	0.50	0.67	0.46	0.77	0.85	0.15	0.48	0.39	0.77	0.57	9
	15	0.50	0.50	0.49	0.08	0.07	0.03	0.02	0.07	0.60	0.25	0.26	12
50	0	0.50	0.50	0.69	0.74	0.85	0.45	0.67	0.80	0.60	0.25	0.26	12	0.27	0.98	0.65	7
	5	0.38	0.38	0.52	0.64	0.84	0.76	0.67	0.75	0.34	0.94	0.62	8
	10	0.63	0.62	0.69	0.49	0.89	1.00	0.18	0.51	0.41	0.79	0.62	8
	15	0.25	0.25	0.21	0.08	0.12	0.39	0.06	0.13	0.81	0.23	0.25	13
100	0	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.80	0.93	0.63	0.83	0.95	0.47	0.98	0.71	4
	5	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.82	0.62	0.63	1.00	0.84	0.91	0.88	1
	10	0.63	0.62	0.72	0.33	0.83	0.77	0.11	0.33	0.03	0.80	0.52	10
	15	0.25	0.12	0.00	0.03	0.10	0.56	0.00	0.11	1.00	0.07	0.22	14
200	0	0.38	0.38	0.57	0.65	0.95	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.29	0.95	0.67	5
	5	0.88	0.87	0.89	0.82	0.98	0.57	0.60	0.84	0.50	0.93	0.79	2
	10	0.38	0.38	0.57	0.42	0.75	0.79	0.06	0.46	0.28	0.80	0.49	11
	15	0.00	0.00	0.17	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.10	0.07	0.67	0.21	0.13	16

GP: Germination percentage; GE: Germination energy; GR: Germination rate; VI: Vitality index; SL: Shoot length; LMR: Length of main root; SD: Stem diameter; FW: Fresh weight each plant; DW: Dry weigh each plant; MC: Moisture content.

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Influence of SiO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 nanoparticles on okra seed germination under PEG-6000 simulated water deficit stress

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