Cowpea yield and quality after application of desiccating herbicides

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pre-harvest desiccant herbicides on the yield and the physiological and technological quality of cowpea seeds after harvest and after storage. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. A split-plot design (6 × 2) was composed of the desiccant herbicides flumioxazin (30 g ai.ha^-1), glufosinate ammonium (500 g ai.ha^-1), paraquat (400 g ai.ha^-1), saflufenacil (70 g ai.ha^-1), and carfentrazone (24 g ai.ha^-1) and an untreated control, as well as two seed evaluation periods, at harvest and six months after h arvest. Desiccants were applied at the R₅ stage. The desiccants affected the yield, classification, color, and physiological quality of seeds of ‘BRS Guariba’. The glufosinate ammonium and paraquat herbicides compromised seed physiological quality. Flumioxazin did not affect seed yield components, color, and physiological quality. Storage at 20 °C for six months affected seed physiological quality.

Index terms:
Vigna unguiculata L.; vigor; storage

Authorship

Jeovane Nascimento Silva

Diretoria de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Instituto Federal Goiano Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Cep: 75901-970, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil.Instituto Federal GoianoBrazilRio Verde, Goiás, BrazilDiretoria de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Inovação, Instituto Federal Goiano Campus Rio Verde, Caixa Postal 66, Cep: 75901-970, Rio Verde, Goiás, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1415-1825

Estevam Matheus Costa

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4137-1222

Leandro Spíndola Pereira

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0016-0330

Elaine Cristina Zuquetti Gonçalves

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2913-5115

Jacson Zuchi

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5428-9650

Adriano Jakelaitis ^**Corresponding author E-mail: adriano.jakelaitis@ifgoiano.edu.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0093-9846

*Corresponding author
E-mail: adriano.jakelaitis@ifgoiano.edu.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (5)

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Table 1
Earlier harvest in days (EHD), seed yield (SY), 1000 seed weight (1000SW), and classification of seeds by means of sieves of 7.5 mm oval mesh (S7.5), 4.5 mm oblong mesh (S4.5), 3.5 mm oblong mesh (S3.5 OB), 3.5 mm oval mesh (S3.5 O), and bottom collector of cowpea as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

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Table 2
Percentage of emergence (E), germination of cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

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Table 3
Shoot length (SHL), root length (RL), and dry matter (SDM) of seedlings from cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

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Table 4
Normal seedlings from accelerated aging (NSAA), water absorption rate (hydration coefficient - HC), and electrical conductivity (EC) of cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

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Table 5
Chroma (C), hue angle (°h), and L coordinate of cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

Table 1 Earlier harvest in days (EHD), seed yield (SY), 1000 seed weight (1000SW), and classification of seeds by means of sieves of 7.5 mm oval mesh (S7.5), 4.5 mm oblong mesh (S4.5), 3.5 mm oblong mesh (S3.5 OB), 3.5 mm oval mesh (S3.5 O), and bottom collector of cowpea as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

Desiccant	EHD^1/	SY^1/	1000SW	S7.5^1/	S4.5^1/	S3.5 OB^1/	S3.5 O^1/	BOTTOM^1/
Desiccant			(kg.ha^-1)	------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------
Control	0.00 e^2/	1315.65 a	194.62 a	4.35 a	573.75 a	55.47 bc	3.82 a	0.52 a
Flumioxazin	2.00 d	1219.15 ab	197.68 a	6.92 a	531.25 ab	55.70 bc	6.75 a	1.90 a
Glufosinate ammonium	4.00 c	855.45 abc	176.04 ab	4.32 a	303.32 cd	101.10 ab	11.40 a	0.17 a
Paraquat	10.00 a	704.75 c	164.38 b	0.65 a	207.62 d	120.30 a	15.35 a	1.80 a
Saflufenacil	6.00 b	791.65 bc	184.92 ab	3.90 a	339.97 bcd	62.85 bc	18.15 a	0.65 a
Carfentrazone	0.00 e	1015.75 abc	195.13 a	2.87 a	433.90 abc	45.15 c	3.52 a	0.00 a
CV (%)	0.00	10.02	2.66	50.31	11.53	15.77	40.10	40.34

¹Data transformed in square root (x + 0.5). ²Mean values followed by the same letters are statistically equal by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 2 Percentage of emergence (E), germination of cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

Desiccant	E^1/ (%)		Germination
Desiccant	Harvest	6 MO	Harvest	6 MO
Control	91^2/	81	97 aA	80 aA
Flumioxazin	85	82	98 aA	93 aA
Glufosinate ammonium	61	67	66 bA	72 aA
Paraquat	67	74	63 bB	83 aA
Saflufenacil	83	81	88 abA	72 aA
Carfentrazone	87	84	81 abA	84 aA
CV A (%)	11.78		9.15
CV B (%)	4.43		6.93

¹Data transformed in square root (x + 0.5). ²Mean values followed by the same lowercase letters in the columns and uppercase letters in the rows are statistically equal by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 3 Shoot length (SHL), root length (RL), and dry matter (SDM) of seedlings from cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

Desiccant	SHL^1/ (cm)		RL^1/ (cm)		SDM ^1/ (g)
Desiccant	Harvest	6 MO	Harvest	6 MO	Harvest	6 MO
Control	3.33 aB^2/	6.58 aA	7.54 aA	5.29 abA	0.53 aA	0.74 aA
Flumioxazin	3.40 aB	8.53 aA	7.79 aA	6.49 aA	0.52 aB	0.83 aA
Glufosinate ammonium	4.03 aB	6.60 aA	4.02 aA	6.37 abA	0.43 aB	0.81 aA
Paraquat	4.41 aB	8.05 aA	7.99 aA	2.70 bB	0.55 aA	0.56 aA
Saflufenacil	3.12 aB	6.86 aA	6.69 aA	2.63 bB	0.44 aA	0.65 aA
Carfentrazone	2.56 aB	6.10 aA	5.73 aA	3.75 abA	0.35 aB	0.69 aA
CV A (%)	18.30		19.55		9.15
CV B (%)	14.53		14.57		9.85

¹Data transformed in square root (x + 0.5). ²Mean values followed by the same lowercase letters in the columns and uppercase letters in the rows are statistically equal by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 4 Normal seedlings from accelerated aging (NSAA), water absorption rate (hydration coefficient - HC), and electrical conductivity (EC) of cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

Desiccant	NSAA (%)		HC (%)		EC (µS cm^-1.g^-1)
Desiccant	Harvest	6 MO	Harvest	6 MO	Harvest	6 MO
Control	90 aA^2/	40 aB	225 bA	229.2 bA	133.1 bB	164.8 aA
Flumioxazin	89 aA	34 aB	223 bA	230.2 bA	118.5 bB	163.9 aA
G. ammonium¹	66 bcA	23 aB	230 bA	235.6 bA	169.9 aB	196.0 aA
Paraquat	56 cA	32 aB	249 aA	254.1 aA	124.1 bB	179.9 aA
Saflufenacil	57 cA	37 aB	231 bA	236.2 bA	116.5 bB	172.5 aA
Carfentrazone	78 abA	33 aB	227 bA	213.7 bA	128.7 bB	184.3 aA
CV A (%)	17.29		4.22		11.30
CV B (%)	16.90		3.98		9.95

¹Glufosinate ammonium ²Mean values followed by the same lowercase letters in the columns and uppercase letters in the rows are statistically equal by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Table 5 Chroma (C), hue angle (°h), and L coordinate of cowpea seeds evaluated after harvest and after six months of storage (6 MO) as a result of desiccant herbicide treatments.

Desiccant	C		°h		L
Desiccant	Harvest	6 MO	Harvest	6 MO	Harvest	6 MO
Control	20.31 abA^1/	4.27 aB	1.30 aB	1.40 aA	47.99 abcA	28.03 aB
Flumioxazin	21.81 abA	4.11 aB	1.31 aB	1.40 aA	50.10 aA	27.06 aB
Glufosinate ammonium	22.02 abA	4.74 aB	1.28 aA	1.30 bA	46.45 abcA	26.47 aB
Paraquat	20.39 abA	5.10 aB	1.32 aA	1.36 abA	44.77 cA	26.16 aB
Saflufenacil	22.35 aA	4.95 aB	1.29 aA	1.31 bA	45.49 bcA	26.72 aB
Carfentrazone	19.41 bA	4.11 aB	1.32 aB	1.40 aA	48.90 abA	27.48 aB
CV A (%)	9.76		2.31		4.23
CV B (%)	8.23		2.43		4.71

¹Mean values followed by the same lowercase letters in the columns and uppercase letters in the rows are statistically equal by the Tukey test (p < 0.05).

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Cowpea yield and quality after application of desiccating herbicides

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[1] *Corresponding author
E-mail: adriano.jakelaitis@ifgoiano.edu.br