Who are the Brazilian adolescents most actives during commuting to school? a population-based study

Araujo, Raphael Henrique de Oliveira; Silva, Danilo Rodrigues Pereira da; Gomes, Thayse Natacha Queiroz Ferreira; Santos, Antônio Evaldo dos; Couto, Josiene de Oliveira; Silva, Roberto Jerônimo dos Santos

doi:10.1590/S1980-6574202000030036

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Brasil

Motriz: Revista de Educação Física

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Sumário

Original Article (Short Paper) • Motriz: rev. educ. fis. 26 (03) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574202000030036 copy

Who are the Brazilian adolescents most actives during commuting to school? a population-based study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Aims:

1) to identify the prevalence of active commuting to school (ACS) among Brazilian regions; and 2) to determine associated factors related to ACS in this population.

Methods:

Cross-sectional study comprising 16,493 adolescents (mean age 14.09±2.12 years). The data comes from the National School Health Survey (2015), and the information was collected by a self-reported questionnaire. Logistic regression models were performed to identify correlates of ACS.

Results:

Adolescents who live in the Southeast are more prone to have ACS compared to those who live in other regions. Do not have motor vehicles been positively associated with ACS [girls: 2.04 (1.72;2.42); boys 1.85(1.63;2.10)]. Those whom self-reported white was less prone to have ACS compared to their peers from other ethnicities. Those enrolled in private schools [girls: 0.43(0.34;0.54); boys (0.45(0.39;0.53)] and schools setting in rural area [girls: 0.38(0.25;0.57); boys: 0.51(0.37;71)] are less prone to show ACS. In addition, adolescents who accumulated less active time during physical education classes [girls: 0.80(0.66;0.97)] and extracurricular shifts [boys: 0.69(0.60;0.80)] were less prone to have an ACS, compared to their most active peers. Lastly, girls who spent ≤ 2 hours presented fewer odds to have an ACS [0.75(0.63;0.90)].

Conclusions:

ACS was most prevalent among those who live in the Southeast region and seems to be negativity associated with the socioeconomic level. Moreover, less active adolescents during both school and leisure time may be more prone to have passive travel go/from school.

Keywords:
adolescents; motor activity; National Adolescent School-based Health Survey

Variables	Female	Male
Variables	% (95CI)	% (95CI)
Ethnicity
White	35.4 (34.0; 36.8)	37.6 (36.1; 39.9)
Black	10.9 (10.0; 11.9)	15.6 (14.5; 16.9)
Yellow	4.7 (4.1; 5.3)	3.7 (3.1; 4.3)
Brown	46.1 (44.6; 47.6)	39.7 (38.2; 41.2)
Indigenous	2.9 (2.5; 3.5)	3.4 (2.9; 4.0)
BMI
Normal	74.1 (72.7; 75.3)	75.5 (74.1; 76.7)
Overweight	25.9 (24.7; 27.3)	24.5 (23.3; 25.9)
Region
North	9.7 (9.2; 10.2)	9.5 (9.0; 10.0)
Northeast	28.8 (27.7; 29.8)	30.2 (29.0; 31.4)
Southeast	40.8 (39.8; 42.1)	39.3 (38.2; 40.6)
South	12.8 (12.3; 13.3)	13.5 (12.9; 14.0)
Midwest	7.9 (7.5; 8.2)	7.5 (7.1; 7.9)
Maternal educational level
Incomplete elementary school	36.1 (34.4; 37.8)	33.1 (31.4; 34.9)
Elementary school	16.6 (15.4; 18.0)	18.4 (17.0; 19.8)
High school	30.0 (28.4; 31.6)	29.9 (28.3; 31.5)
Undergraduate	17.3 (16.2; 18.5)	18.6 (17.4; 19.9)
Motor vehicle
None	33.0 (31.6; 34.4)	29.6 (28.2; 31.0)
At least 1	67.0 (65.6; 68.4)	70.4 (69.0; 71.8)
School type
Private	14.3 (13.6; 14.9)	12.7 (12.0; 13.3)
Public	85.7 (85.1; 86.4)	87.3 (86.7; 88.0)
School setting
Rural	5.9 (5.2; 6.6)	6.8 (6.0; 7.7)
Urban	94.1 (93.4; 94.8)	93.2 (92.3; 94.0)
Perception of safety on the way to school
Not safe	13.1 (12.1; 14.1)	14.5 (13.4; 15.7)
Safe	86.9 (85.9; 87.9)	85.5 (84.3; 86.6)
Physical activity in school
Tertile 1	41.0 (39.5; 42.4)	42.1 (40.6; 43.7)
Tertile 2	30.4 (29.0; 31.8)	32.6 (31.2; 34.0)
Tertile 3	28.6 (27.4; 30.0)	25.3 (24.1; 26.3)
Physical activity out of school
Tertile 1	47.2 (45.7; 48.7)	37.3 (35.9; 38.9)
Tertile 2	24.6 (23.4; 25.9)	34.0 (32.5; 35.4)
Tertile 3	28.2 (26.9; 29.5)	28.7 (27.3; 30.0)
Sitting time
≤ 2 hours	36.5 (35.1; 38.0)	38.2 (36.7; 39.7)
> 2 to ≤ 4 hours	22.8 (21.6; 24.1)	25.2 (23.9; 26.5)
>4 hours	40.7 (39.2; 42.2)	36.6 (35.2; 38.1)

Variables	Female		Male
Variables	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Age‡	1.00 (0.97; 1.03)	0.557	1.03 (1.00; 1.06)	0.051
Ethnicity†‡
Indigenous	1.17 (0.81; 1.70)	0.385	0.99 (0.69; 1.42)	0.989
Black	1.19 (0.96; 1.47)	0.111	1.40 (1.15; 1.71)	0.001
Yellow	1.29 (0.96; 1.74)	0.083	1.54 (1.09; 2.17)	0.013
Brown	1.17 (1.02; 1.35)	0.025	1.19 (1.03; 1.37)	0.016
White	1		1
BMI
Overweight	1		1
Normal	0.86 (0.85; 1.13)	0.868	1.00 (0.86; 1.16)	0.945
Region†‡
North	0.76 (0.64; 0.78)	0.003	0.86 (0.72; 1.03)	0.118
Northeast	0.82 (0.69; 0.96)	0.018	0.85 (0.72; 1.01)	0.074
Midwest	0.70 (0.59; 0.82)	<0.001	0.84 (0.71; 0.99)	0.041
South	0.89 (0.75; 1.04)	0.161	0.93 (0.79; 1.09)	0.391
Southeast	1		1
Maternal educational level†‡
Incomplete elementary	2.01 (1.61; 2.50)	<0.001	1.63 (1.31; 2.02)	<0.001
Elementary school	1.97(1.54; 2.53)	<0.001	2.00 (1.58; 2.53)	<0.001
High school	1.89 (1.51; 2.36)	<0.001	1.86 (1.51; 2.29)	<0.001
Undergraduate	1		1
Motor vehicle†‡
At least 1	1		1
None	1.92 (1.68; 2.20)	<0.001	1.69 (1.47; 1.95)	<0.001
School type†‡
Public	1		1
Private	0.38 (0.31; 0.46)	<0.001	0.41 (0.34; 0.48)	<0.001
School setting†‡
Urban	1		1
Rural	0.40 (0.29; 0.56)	<0.001	0.64 (0.45; 0.91)	0.015
Perception of safety on the way to school‡
Safe	1		1
Not safe	1.07(0.89; 1.29)	0.465	0.72 (0.59; 0.88)	0.001
Physical activity in school†
Tertile 1	0.93 (0.80; 1.08)	0.352	0.91 (0.74; 1.06)	0.242
Tertile 2	0.78 (0.67; 0.91)	0.002	0.94 (0.80; 1.10)	0.474
Tertile 3	1		1
Physical activity out school‡
Tertile 1	1.09 (0.94; 1.27)	0.205	0.66 (0.57; 0.78)	0.000
Tertile 2	1.03 (0.88; 1.22)	0.658	0.81 (0.69; 0.95)	0.010
Tertile 3	1		1
Sitting time†‡
≤ 2 hours	0.76 (0.65; 0.88)	0.000	0.86 (0.74; 1.00)	0.057
> 2 to ≤ 4 hours	0.93 (0.79; 1.09)	0.396	0.91 (0.77; 1.07)	0.279
>4 hours	1		1

Variables	Model 1			Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6
Variables	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Age	-		-		-		-		-		-
Ethnicity
Indigenous	1.17 (0.81; 1.70)	0.385	1.24 (0.86; 1.79)	0.245	1.09 (0.69; 1.71)	0.69	1.09 (0.69; 1.73)	0.693	1.09 (0.69; 1.73)	0.693	1.10 (0.69; 1.77)	0.665
Black	1.19 (0.96; 1.47)	0.111	1.22 (0.98; 1.52)	0.065	1.09 (0.84; 1.43)	0.493	1.05 (0.80; 1.38)	0.700	1.05 (0.80; 1.38)	0.700	1.07 (0.82; 1.40)	0.607
Yellow	1.29 (0.96; 1.74)	0.083	1.35 (1.00; 1.82)	0.047	1.33 (0.93; 1.91)	0.114	1.27 (0.88; 1.83)	0.19	1.27 (0.88; 1.83)	0.19	1.25 (0.87; 1.80)	0.211
Brown	1.17 (1.02; 1.35)	0.025	1.22 (1.05; 1.42)	0.007	1.03 (0.86; 1.22)	0.713	0.99 (0.83; 1.18)	0.917	0.99 (0.83; 1.18)	0.917	1.01 (0.84; 1.20)	0.892
White	1		1		1		1		1		1
BMI	-		-		-		-		-		-
Region
North			0.74 (0.62; 0.88)	0.001	0.68 (0.55; 0.85)	0.001	0.69 (0.55; 0.87)	0.002	0.69 (0.55; 0.87)	0.002	0.71 (0.57; 0.90)	0.005
Northeast			0.79 (0.67; 0.93)	0.007	0.74 (0.61; 0.91)	0.004	0.78 (0.64; 0.95)	0.015	0.78 (0.64; 0.95)	0.015	0.79 (0.65; 0.97)	0.027
Midwest			0.68 (0.58; 0.81)	<0.001	0.72 (0.59; 0.88)	0.001	0.72 (0.59; 0.88)	0.002	0.72 (0.59; 0.88)	0.002	0.73 (0.59; 0.90)	0.003
South			0.93 (0.79; 1.10)	0.423	0.88 (0.72; 1.08)	0.243	0.82 (0.67; 1.01)	0.069	0.82 (0.67; 1.01)	0.069	0.82 (0.67; 1.01)	0.069
Southeast			1		1		1		1		1
Maternal educational level
Incomplete elementary					1.61 (1.28; 2.02)	<0.001	1.23 (0.96; 1.58)	0.088	1.23 (0.96; 1.58)	0.088	1.29 (1.01; 1.66)	0.039
Elementary school					1.67 (1.29; 2.16)	<0.001	1.27 (0.96; 1.66)	0.084	1.27 (0.96; 1.66)	0.084	1.30 (0.99; 1.71)	0.058
High school					1.63 (1.31; 2.04)	<0.001	2.01 (1.69; 2.38)	<0.001	2.01 (1.69; 2.38)'	<0.001	1.33 (1.05; 1.69)	0.018
Undergraduate					1		1		1		1
Motor vehicle
At least 1					1		1		1		1
None					2.15 (1.82; 2.54)	<0.001	2.01 (1.69; 2.38)	<0.001	2.01 (1.69; 2.38)	<0.001	2.04 (1.72; 2.42)	<0.001
School type
Public							1		1		1
Private							0.45 (0.36; 0.56)	<0.001	0.45 (0.36; 0.56)	<0.001	0.43 (0.34; 0.54)	<0.001
School setting
Urban							1		1		1
Rural							0.36 (0.24; 0.53)	<0.001	0.36 (0.24; 0.53)	<0.001	0.38 (0.25; 0.57)	<0.001
Perception of safety on the way to school									-		-
Physical activity in school
Tertile 1											0.80 (0.66; 0.97)	0.023
Tertile 2											0.69 (0.57; 0.84)	<0.001
Tertile 3											1
Physical activity out school											-
Sitting time
≤ 2 hours											0.75 (0.63; 0.90)	<0.001
> 2 to ≤ 4 hours											0.95 (0.78; 1.15)	0.621
>4 hours											1

Variables	Model 1			Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6
Variables	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Age	1.02 (0.99; 1.04)	0.083	1.02 (1.00; 1.06)	0.053	1.01 (0.99; 1.04)	0.185	1.00 (0.97; 1.02)	0.891	1.00 (0.97; 1.02)	0.448	1.00 (0.97; 1.03)	0.805
Ethnicity
Indigenous	1.08 (0.83; 1.39)	0.538	1.25 (0.87; 1.45)	0.368	1.11 (0.81; 1.52)	0.498	1.07 (0.78; 1.47)	0.654	1.08 (0.79; 1.48)	0.616	1.06 (0.77; 1.46)	0.708
Black	1.31 (1.13; 1.52)	<0.001	1.35 (1.16; 1.56)	<0.001	1.25 (1.04; 1.51)	0.006	1.21 (1.00; 1.46)	0.043	1.23 (1.01; 1.48)	0.031	1.22 (1.01; 1.47)	0.037
Yellow	1.40 (1.12; 1.75)	0.003	1.44 (1.15; 1.81)	0.001	1.45 (1.11;1.90)	0.006	1.38 (1.05; 1.82)	0.018	1.40 (1.06; 1.83)	0.015	1.39 (1.05; 1.83)	0.019
Brown	1.17 (1.06; 1.30)	0.002	1.21 (1.09; 1.35)	<0.001	1.15(1.01; 1.30)	0.026	1.09 (0.96; 1.24)	0.149	1.09 (0.96; 1.24)	0.154	1.11 (0.98; 1.26)	0.098
White	1		1		1		1		1		1
BMI	-		-		-		-		-		-
Region
North			0.79 (0.70; 0.89)	<0.001	0.75 (0.65; 0.88)	<0.001	0.77 (0.66; 0.90)	0.002	0.77 (0.66; 0.90)	0.002	0.78 (0.66; 0.91)	0.002
Northeast			0.81 (0.71; 0.91)	0.001	0.73 (0.63; 0.84)	<0.001	0.76 (0.66; 0.88)	<0.001	0.76 (0.66; 0.88)	<0.001	0.77 (0.67; 0.89)	<0.001
Midwest			0.76 (0.67; 0.85)	<0.001	0.80 (0.69; 0.92)	0.002	0.81 (0.70; 0.94)	0.006	0.81 (0.70; 0.93)	0.004	0.79 (0.69; 0.92)	0.002
South			0.96 (0.85; 1.07)	0.484	0.97 (0.84; 1.11)	0.67	0.91 (0.79; 1.05)	0.219	0.91 (0.79; 1.05)	0.198	0.91 (0.79; 1.05)	0.215
Southeast			1		1		1		1		1
Maternal educational level
Incomplete elementary					1.48 (1.26; 1.74)	<0.001	1.21(1.02; 1.44)	0.024	1.22 (1.03; 1.45)	0.019	1.27 (1.08; 1.53)	0.004
Elementary school					1.72 (1.45; 2.05)	< 0.001	1.39 (1.16; 1.68)	<0.001	1.39 (1.16; 1.68)	<0.001	1.43 (1.19; 1.73)	<0.001
High school					1.65 (1.41; 1.92)	< 0.001	1.37 (1.17; 1.61)	<0.001	1.37 (1.17; 1.61)	<0.001	1.40 (1.19; 1.64)	<0.001
Undergraduate					1		1		1		1
Motor vehicle
At least 1					1		1		1		1
None					1.91 (1.70; 2.16)	<0.001	1.80 (1.59; 2.04)	<0.001	1.81 (1.59; 2.04)	<0.001	1.85 (1.63; 2.10)	<0.001
School type
Public							1		1		1
Private							0.47 (0.40; 0.55)	<0.001	0.47 (0.40; 0.54)	<0.001	0.45 (0.39; 0.53)	<0.001
School setting
Urban							1		1		1
Rural							0.49 (0.35; 0.68)	<0.001	0.48 (0.34; 0.67)	<0.001	0.51 (0.37; 0.71)	<0.001
Perception of safety on the way to school
Safe									1		1
Not safe									0.83 (0.71; 0.98)	0.031	0.83 (0.71; 0.98)	0.029
Physical activity in school											-
Physical activity out school
Tertile 1											0.69 (0.60; 0.80)	<0.001
Tertile 2											0.78 (0.67; 0.90)	0.001
Tertile 3											1
Sitting time
≤ 2 hours											0.81 (0.71; 0.92)	0.002
> 2 to ≤ 4 hours											0.95 (0.83; 1.09)	0.471
>4 hours											1

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E-mail: motriz.rc@unesp.br

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[1] Corresponding author:
Raphael Henrique de Oliveira Araujo Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil, Zip code: 49100-000 Email: raphael.edfis@gmail.com