Influence of Adventure Race Disciplines on the Overall Performance during 35 to 50-km Races

- Aims: This study aims to analyze the influence of adventure race disciplines on the overall performance during 35 to 50-km competitions. Methods: Twenty-four athletes from twelve teams were studied during the second (Jacarei-SP, Brazil, 44.5-km) and fourth (Passa Quatro-MG, Brazil, 37.1-km) races of the 2015 Haka Race Series, which comprised Brazilian Adventure Race Ranking. We analysed the relationship between disciplines velocities and overall race velocity of the teams during each competition . Results: We observed the race velocity of the teams during second race was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the first (R=0.80) and last (R=0.65) split velocities of trekking, and with the last split velocity of mountain biking (R=0.73). On the other hand, the race velocity of teams during fourth race was significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with the split velocity performed during the course of water trekking with trekking (R=0.96). Conclusion: Greater performance of the athletes in the disciplines of mountain biking, trekking and water trekking is related to their overall performance during 35-50 km ARs. In addition, the influence of adventure race disciplines is specific to the overall performance during different competitions.


Introduction
Adventure racing (AR) is an ultra-endurance competition that is growing in popularity, with increasing numbers of events and participants around the world. ARs are held in natural environments (off-road trails, watercourses, coast, mountains, and paths), and athletes performed the competition by orienteering. Races are categorised by duration from sprint races (<6 hours) to expedition races (36 h to 10 days) and comprise multiple outdoor sports disciplines, including mountain biking, trekking, kayaking, caving, technical climbing and fixed-line mountaineering 1,2 . Here we will focus on the relevance of the disciplines on the overall performance of the athletes during ARs.
Multiple factors influence the overall performance of the athletes during ultra-prolonged and multi-sportive competitions, including performance in split disciplines 3 . The knowledge about relative contribution of each discipline may thus to improve training prescription and race strategies, and to be decisive to the successful of the athletes during these competitions [4][5][6] . The most studies focused on the relevance of the disciplines on the overall performance during ultra-prolonged triathlon competitions 3,4,7 . To our knowledge, Miorando Júnior, Castro, Vaz 6 conducted an initial study to investigate the relevance of trekking and mountain biking during a simulated AR. The race comprised just these two disciplines, with the course guided by arrows (i.e., without map reading and navigation). They observed significant relationships between overall race time and mountain biking split time, while the trekking discipline were not related to the overall performance during the competition.
We emphasize, however, that the official AR format is not predetermined as observed in triathlon, or even as occurred in the aforementioned simulated AR. The sequence of disciplines in the AR and the total distance of each discipline may vary with each competition. Besides, the total distance of each discipline is not normally traveled at one time, but fractional throughout the race. Additionally, the course is often disputed in inhospitable regions of intimate contact with nature 1,8,9 . Thus, adventure racers face distinct demands on each competition, which can lead to specific relevance of the disciplines to the overall race performance.
Based on the above statements, this study aimed to analyze the influence of adventure race disciplines on the overall performance of the athletes in two official competitions of 35 to 50 km.

Participants
Twenty-four athletes from twelve teams (18 males and 6 females) were studied in the second race of the 2015 Haka Race Series, during the last week of May, in the city of Jacarei (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Moreover, fourteen of these athletes from seven teams (11 males and 3 females) were also evaluated during the fourth race of the 2015 Haka Race Series, during the second week of November, in the city of Passa Quatro (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Volunteers were moderately to well-trained, experienced in long distance sports (a minimum of two years of AR experience), and completed the races without or with minimal navigation errors. This study was approved by the local research ethics committee (CAAE n o 32175414.3.0000.5404). All participants were informed of the research procedures and purposes of the investigation and gave their written consent prior to participation. Athletes' characteristics are showed in Table 1.

Haka Race Series description
Haka Race is an annual series of four adventure races included in the Brazilian Ranking of ARs. Competitions range from 35 to 50 km, and athletes of both sexes may participate as individuals (solo) or in teams (pairs or quartets). Races comprise multiple outdoor sports disciplines, and usually including mountain biking, trekking, kayaking and ropes courses performed in a variety of terrains (off-road trails, watercourses, coast, mountains, and paths) by orienteering (map and compass navigation). The route is only revealed the day before or the day of the start when the participants receive the topographic map of the region and the race book with the geographic coordination of each mandatory stop between start and finish. The team must pass all compulsory control points (CPs) and transition areas (TAs) in the specified discipline to cross the finish line as an official finisher. Failure to fulfil the competition requirements results in penalties and elimination.

Research design
Athletes completed a questionnaire on basic demographic and characteristics of training, answered the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (Fogelholm et al. 10 ), and underwent body composition evaluation (Inbody 120; Biospace Co., Seoul, Korea) before the race. Race books, topographic maps, split and overall race times were recorded by official race reports. Analysis from these data was conducted later, at laboratory conditions to verify athletes' performance during the competitions.

Races and performance analysis
First, we verified the sequence of disciplines of each competition via race books. Then, split and overall distances were assessed by two independent navigators via topographic maps reading, and determined as the average of these two evaluations for each race. Records of split and overall race times were obtained by the official race reports. Thus, we calculated split and overall velocities of athletes' teams as performance indexes. Moreover, we estimated the relative contribution of each discipline to the overall distance and race time during the competitions.
There was no record of split time in the last TA (trekking to mountain biking transition) during the second race of 2015 Haka Race Series (Jacarei/SP), thus we took on the split time of the next CP to verify the performance during the last course of mountain biking. Moreover, there was no record of split time at water trekking to trekking transition during the fourth race of 2015 Haka Race Series (Passa Quatro/MG), thus, we analyzed the performance of these disciplines together.

Statistical analysis
Normal distribution and homogeneity of the data were verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test and Levene's test, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for analyzing the possible relationship between disciplines velocities and overall race velocity of the teams. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Data were expressed as the mean and standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical procedures were carried out using Statistic 7.0 (Statsoft, Tulsa, USA).

Results
The second race covered a total of 44.5 km, whereas the fourth race covered a total of 37.1 km. The course elevation ranged from 600 to 700m and from 1000 to 1700m during the second and fourth races, respectively. Volunteers finished the second (n=12 teams) and fourth (n=7 teams) competitions with a race time of 4h and 31min ± 10min and 9h and 13min ± 27min, respectively. Race time of all the athletes that finished these competitions varied from 3h and 45 min to 07h and 29 min in the second race (Jacarei/SP) (n= 62 teams), and from 6 h and 5 min to 12 h and 30 min in the fourth race (Passa QuatroMG) (n= 33 teams).Relative humidity was 50-70% for both competitions, while ambient temperatures were 13-23 o C and 22-31 o C during the second and fourth race, respectively. The sequence and distances of disciplines, the performance of the athletes during the competitions (i.e., race times and race velocities), the relative contribution of each discipline to the overall distance and race time, and the correlation coefficients between split velocities and race velocities are illustrated in Figure 1.
The second race (Jacarei/SP) started with mountain biking, followed to a course of trekking. The team were then divided, and while one of them performed a course of trekking the other one performed kayaking simultaneously. In the next course, the runner that performed a course of trekking performed kayaking while his/her partner performed a course of trekking with a rope course. Afterward, the team followed together by a path of trekking and finished the race by a course of mountain biking. The fourth race (Passa Quatro/MG) was composed by a sequence of mountain biking, trekking with a rope course, water trekking, trekking and mountain biking.
We observed the race velocity of the teams during second race (Jacarei/SP) was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with the first and last split velocities of trekking, and with the last split velocity of mountain biking. On the other hand, the race velocity of teams during fourth race (Passa Quatro/MG) was significantly correlated with the split velocity performed during the course of water trekking with trekking.

Discussion
To our knowledge, this study is a pioneer in investigating the relevance of disciplines in official AR competitions. Our main findings showed that the split performance of the athletes during the disciplines of mountain biking, trekking and water trekking was related to their overall performance. Moreover, the influence of the disciplines was different for second and fourth race of the 2015 Haka Race Series.
The results presented here extend those observed by Miorando Júnior, Castro, Vaz 6 , which mountain biking was the most relevant discipline for the performance of six experienced athletes competing for a simulated AR comprised mountain biking and trekking. Here, the mountain bike discipline had a predominant accumulated distance, representing about 60% of total distance of the competitions. However, the relative contribution of courses that included trekking was predominant for the race time, representing around 60 to 75% of the races. In addition, split velocities of mountain biking, trekking and water trekking were significantly correlated with overall velocities of the races. Our findings corroborate the data observed in ultraprolonged triathlon competitions (i.e., lasting more than 4 hours), in which the split time of cycling and running correlate with the overall race time 7,11,12 , with each of these disciplines contributing around of 40% for the race time of the triathletes 4 . We suggest, therefore, that both mountain biking and trekking and water trekking can decisively influence athletes' performance in official AR competitions.
The influence of the disciplines was specific for each AR race studied. In the Jacareí/SP competition, split velocities of trekking and split velocity of last course of mountain bike were associated with the overall race velocity. On the other hand, in the Passa Quatro/MG race, the overall race velocity was related with the split velocity of water trekking/trekking, without significant correlations with the mountain bike trails. These results add to those observed by Leite, Urtado, Donatto, Prestes, Salles, Borin, Pessoa Filho 13 , who studied the influence of disciplines throughout a season of the Brazil Triathlon Trophy. The authors reported the running was the discipline that had higher influence in overall performance during two races placed in Santos/SP, swimming and cycling were decisive disciplines in the competition in Rio de Janeiro/RJ, whereas running, cycling and swimming had similar influence to the overall race performance in Nova Lima/MG.
The split velocity of the last course of mountain bike was positively related to the overall performance of the adventure racers competing in Jacarei/SP. Studies showed that the residual effect of the previous exercise can cause an increase in the physiological demand in the subsequent exercise, causing a possible decrease in performance [14][15][16] . Therefore, the intensity of the previous disciplines may have impacted the performance of the studied athletes in the last course of mountain biking and influenced their final performance in the second race of the Haka Race Series. In the Passa Quatro/MG race, performance in the courses of water trekking/trekking was decisive for the performance of the athletes in the competition. We highlighted the athletes performed 55% of the race time (5h07 min ± 23 min) to complete 16.9% of the distance of the race (6.3 km) during this course, predominantly in the middle of a course of water with stones. In this way, the athletes who were more able to move in this difficult terrain, with high demands of orientation/ navigation, thermal and emotional stress were the best placed in the competition. This race was held in a terrain varying from 1000 to 1700m and, although the topographic maps did not provide enough information to determine a detailed elevation profile throughout the competition, it is plausible suppose the elevation changes also influenced the water trekking/trekking performance of the athletes. In addition, the studied races occurred at different times of the year, which can lead the athlete to compete in different phases of their annual preparation and, consequently, influence the relevance that each discipline can have for the success in each competition over a season 13 . Higher ambient temperatures values were also observed during the fourth (held in spring season) compared to the second (held in autumn season) race, which was possibly another factor that influenced our outcomes.
A limitation of this study was the lack of split time record in one TA of each studied race. Moreover, studied races structures did not allow us to analyse the specific influence of kayaking and rope courses on the overall performance of the athletes. Futures studies may focus on this issue. Participation of mixed teams (men and women) as subjects of this investigation could be considered another limitation, however, this is in accordance with the characteristics of official ARs.

Conclusion
Greater performance of the athletes in the disciplines of mountain biking, trekking and water trekking is related to their overall performance during 35-50 km ARs. In addition, the influence of adventure race disciplines is specific in different competitions, and may be influenced by the residual effect of the previous disciplines, the relative contribution of each discipline to the overall race time as well as the degree of difficulty of the terrain. Practical implications for coaches can be to use this knowledge to design the training and race strategies in different competitions throughout the season. Coaches may explore a range of tactical-technical and physical competencies in the disciplines of trekking and mountain biking during the training sessions, including the most diverse terrains (e.g., mountains, river, etc.), in order to prepare the adventure racers for high performances in different competitions. Furthermore, adopting pacing strategies to minimize the residual effect in the last disciplines may also be an advantageous race strategy during AR events.