Previous participation in FIFA World-Cup: the key to success?

Abstract

This qualitative-descriptive investigation examining the influence exerted by experienced soccer-players on the ranking obtained from the four best-ranked by their teams in the last four FIFA World Cups (WC). They were divided into experienced-players (at least one WC participation [+1WC]) or non-experienced players (no previous participation [1WC]). Thereafter, they were classified according to their contribution in each of the playoff matches in a given WC: STARTER (started all matches); START/SUBST (started at least one match); SUBST/BENCH (did not start any matches, but replaced a player in at least one match); and BENCH (did not participate in matches). The sample was composed of 33.7% experienced and 66.3% non-experienced players. The number of players +1WC in finalist teams was significantly higher than in the non-finalist teams (p<0.05). In addition, when compared with the non-finalist teams, the finalists presented significantly higher number of players STARTER with +1WC (p<0.05). Possibly, the selection of experienced players to participate in WC may be an effective strategy to achieve better competitive performance.

Keywords:
competitive performance; tactical; soccer; experienced players; strategy

Introduction

Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, played in almost every country, both as a leisure activity and competitively. The most important soccer tournament worldwide is the FIFA World Cup (WC), in which the best players from 32 national teams represent their countries every four years. The first tournament was held in Montevideo, Uruguay in 1930. Since then, eight different national teams have won the FIFA WC: Brazil (5 times), Italy and Germany (4 times), Argentina and Uruguay (twice) and England, France and Spain (once).

Performance in soccer is highly complex. Depending on the interaction of multiple factors, such as technical aspects, tactical strategies, nutritional and psychological factors, fitness abilities (power, speed, anaerobic and aerobic demands) and individual soccer skills (Ali, 2011; Arnason, Sigurdsson, Gudmundsson, Holme, Engebretsen & Bahr, 2004; Barnes, Archer, Hogg, Bush, & Bradley, 2014; Castagna, Impellizzeri, Chamari, Carlomagno & Rampinini, 2006; Kobal et al., 2014; Stolen, Chamari, Castagna, & Wisloff, 2005; Wisloff, Castagna, Helgerud, Jones, & Hoff, 2004). Although these physiological/technical aspects have been extensively investigated by sport scientists, there is a lack of data regarding other parameters which could be related to successful team performance trajectories during important tournaments.

There are some methodological difficulties in investigating teams participating in the FIFA WC due to the restricted access to information and the short-period of preparation and competition. Therefore, using observational and qualitative data available on specialized soccer websites (i.e. www.fifa.com) might contribute to the development of new studies investigating the particular/crucial characteristics presented by successful national teams during the WC. Certainly, the match outcome is the primary (and most important) criterion for evaluating specific performances in team sports. Thus, establishing the data capable of defining the "closeness of the game" (i.e., winning and losing margin) may provide substantial information about the success obtained during the competitions (Liu, Gomez, Lago-Penas & Sampaio, 2015). These additional data would allow head coaches and technical staff to identify team skills/ qualities more associated with the winning teams.

Some studies have already shown that athletes with competitive experience perform specific motor tasks more efficiently than novice athletes (Gabbett, Jenkins & Abernethy, 2011; Garcia-Gonzalez, Moreno, Moreno, Iglesias, & del Villar, 2012; Gil, Moreno, Moreno, Garcia-Gonzalez, Claver & Del Villar, 2013; Lex, Essig, Knoblauch, & Schack, 2015; Vanttinen, Blomqvist, Luhtanen, & Hakkinen, 2010; Vaz, Leite, Joao, Goncalves, & Sampaio, 2012). For instance, Gabbett et al. (2011) demonstrated that rugby players selected to play in the first National Rugby League were older, more experienced, faster, had superior power and aerobic capacities, and skill qualities than non-selected players. Moreover, Lex et al. (2015) showed that more experienced soccer players, in contrast to less experienced soccer players, possess a functionally organized cognitive representation of team-specific tactics in soccer and reacted faster in tactical decisions. That is experienced players have a perceptual advantage in tactical decision-making in soccer.

These studies reported that experienced athletes possess more extensive, organized, structured and complete under standing of the game in comparison to novice players. This information allows coaches to produce/create more efficient athletes for identifying relevant technical/tactical aspects of the game and, as a consequence, make more appropriate decisions to execute the specific soccer tasks (Del Villar, Garcia Gonzalez, Iglesias, Perla Moreno, & Cervello, 2007; Garcia-Gonzalez et al., 2012), thereby affecting their match performance. Based on these previous statements, it is highly likely that top-level soccer players with previous experience in world tournaments may present better performance in the WC and thus impact on the competitive performance presented by their teams. If confirmed, this hypothesis would allow soccer managers and head coaches to plan more efficient/successful long-term strategies for their national teams in order to attain better results during the WC.

In addition to the role of the athletes' experience in the competition results, understanding the influence of the experienced starters (i.e., players starting the match who have previously participated in the WC) and experienced non-starters (i.e., bench-players with previous experience of WC participation) on the rate of success reached by their na tional teams during the WC could assist the technical staff to select the better/more suited players to compose their squads for competing in this tournament. Moreover, this information could help the head coaches to choose the best formation to start the games even during the course of the WC. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate, in the 4 most highly ranked teams from the last 4 FIFA WCs (i.e., 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014), the influence exerted by the total number of experienced players in the final classification reached by their teams during the FIFA WCs. Secondly, the role played by experienced starters (experienced soccer play ers who started the games) in determining the success rate of their teams was examined.

Methods

Sample

Three hundred and sixty-eight top level soccer players from the four best-ranked teams of the last four FIFA World Cups (23 players from each team) were analysed in this qualitative and descriptive investigation. The teams which represent the population of this study are described in Table 1.

Table 1
Ranking of the last four FIFA World Cups.

	Champion	2nd place	3rd place	4th place
2002	Brazil	Germany	Turkey	Republic of Korea
2006	Italy	France	Germany	Portugal
2010	Spain	Netherlands	Germany	Uruguay
2014	Germany	Argentina	Netherlands	Brazil

Procedures

The data used in this study were obtained through the official FIFA website (www.fifa.com/worldcup). All selected players were classified according to their participation in previous WCs, into experienced (at least one WC participation, [+1WC]) or non-experienced (no previous participation, [1WC]) in the FIFA World Cup. Next, each player was classified according to their contribution in each playoff match (round of 16; quarter-finals; semi-finals, and final or third place) in a given WC. Contribution categories were: STARTER (started all playoff matches); START/SUBST (started at least one playoff match); SUBST/BENCH (did not start any playoff matches, but replaced a player in at least one playoff match); and BENCH (did not participate in the playoff matches). The group's matches were excluded because most of the previous classified teams used the START/SUBST, SUBST/BENCH, and/or BENCH players as starters in the last match of this stage.

Statistical Analyses

To test for differences between experienced (+1WC) and non-experienced (1WC) players by ranking (champion, second, third, and fourth places) the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Since this statistical analysis does not reveal the direction the differences, finalists (champion and second place) and non-finalists (third and fourth places) were grouped. Sequentially, the Chi-square (^_x2 ) test was applied to check for differences between +1WC and 1WC by subgroup (finalists and non-finalists). Subsequently, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to search for differences between +1WC and 1WC (players by ranking in each specific contribution as STARTER, START/SUBST, SUBST/ BENCH, and/or BENCH). Afterward, the Chi-square test was used to compare +1WC and 1WC (contributions of players in finalists and non-finalists). Finally, a Spearman rank-order correlation was used to analyze the relationships between ranking places (champion, second, third, and fourth place) and the respective number of players classified STARTER with +1WC. Data of the soccer players age are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). An independent t-test was used to test the difference between ages of the two groups (+1WC) and (1WC). The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 in all analysis.

Results

Of the 368 soccer players, 66.3% had never participated in a previous WC (1WC, n=244) and 33.7% had participated in at least one WC (+1WC, n=124). +1WC players were significantly older than 1WC players (29.8 ± 3.2yrs; 26.4 ± 3.5yrs, p<0.05). On average the champion teams had 60.9 ± 9.4% of 1WC and 39.1± 9.4% of +1WC players. The second place teams contained 57.6 ± 12.5% of 1WC and 42.4 ± 12.5% of +1WC, the third place teams had 72.8 ± 18.9% of 1WC and 27.2 ± 18.9% of +1WC and the fourth place teams 73.9 ± 12.8% of 1WC and 26.1 ± 12.8% of +1WC (Figure 1 A). In addition, the finalist teams demonstrated significantly higher percentage of +1WC than non-finalist teams (Figure 1 B) (^_x2 = 8.222; p ≤ 0.05). Figure 2 (A, B, C, and D) presents the STARTER, START/SUBST, SUBST/BENCH, and BENCH players classified as 1WC and +1WC among the final ranking. No significant differences were found between players +1WC by contribution in finalists and non-finalists, except by STARTERs (^_x2 = 9.655; p ≤ 0.05) (Figure 2 E). Figure 3 presents the eleven starting players in the most important matches of the WCs (final and 3^rd place) according to their classification in 1WC and +1WC. Figure 4 presents the numbers of started players with +1WC distributed by each stage of the playoff matches. Significant and large correlations between ranking places and STARTERs with +1WC were found (r = 0.70; p ≤ 0.05). From the all STARTER players (n=117), 58 were +1WC and of these, 50 (86.2%) had started at least one match in a previous WC.

Figure 1
Panel A - Classification of all players in experienced (+1WC) and non-experienced (1WC) (mean and SD) among first, second, third, and fourth places of the last four WCs. Panel B -Experienced players (+1WC) between finalists (first and second place) and non-finalists (third and fourth place). * p≤0.05 lower than finalists.

Figure 2
Distribution of players experienced (+1WC) and non-experienced (1WC) (mean and SD): Panel -A- STARTER, Panel -B- START/ SUBST, Panel -C- SUBST/BENCH, Panel -D- BENCH, among first, second, third, and fourth places of the last four WCs. Panel -E- STARTER experienced players (+1WC) between finalists (first and second place) and non-finalists (third and fourth place). * p≤0.05 lower than finalists.

Figure 3
Classification of the eleven starting players in experienced (+1WC) and non-experienced (1WC) in final and 3^rd place matches.

Figure 4
Number of players experienced (+1WC) (mean and SD) in each playoff match by ranking.

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to verify the influence exerted by experienced soccer players on the final ranking obtained by their teams in the last four FIFA World Cups. In addition, we verify the respective contributions of these experienced soccer players according to their participation in the playoff matches (i.e., STARTER, START/SUBST, SUBST/BENCH, and BENCH). The main findings reported herein were: 1) overall, among all soccer players in the 4 analyzed WCs, the number of 1WC players was greater than the number of +1WC players; 2) the percentage of +1WC players was significantly higher in the finalists (compared to non-finalists); 3) importantly, the finalists demonstrated significantly higher number of STARTER players with +1WC when compared to the non-finalists; 4) there was a large correlation (r = 0.70) (Hopkins, 2002) between ranking places and the numbers of STARTER players with +1WC 5) ≈ 55% of the twenty-two started players in the finalist teams were +1WC.

At least for the four FIFA WCs examined in this study, our findings demonstrated that the experience of players played a crucial role in the final classification reached by a national team in the WC. This can be confirmed by analyzing the higher number of +1WC among the finalist teams (≈ 40% of +1WC) when compared to the third and fourth place teams (≈ 26% of +1WC) (Figure 1 B). For reasons to be further explored it seems that these players have a great influence on the match outcomes; especially in the semi-finals, when teams with higher numbers of +1WC played against teams with lower numbers of +1WC (Figure 4). Indeed, Sedeaud, Marc, Schipman, Tafflet, Hager & Toussaint (2012) demonstrated similar relevance of previous participation in the Rugby World Cup from 1987 to 2007. For these Rugby WCs, the winning teams contained a significantly higher number of experienced players (i.e., players who par ticipate in WC before) than all the other teams. Additionally, the percentage of experienced players increased from the quarter-finalists (33.4%) to the winning teams (39.6%). According to the authors, it is likely that the "time playing together" exerted a substantial influence on the results achieved by a given team during a specific tournament (i.e., the longer the time, the better the team performance).

Another advantage for the experienced players was investigated by Thelwell, Weston, Lane, and Greenlees (2006), who demonstrated that more experienced soccer players, presented a more positive general mood profile than less experienced players. Particularly during away matches, that represent an uncomfortable and stressful situation, the less experienced players reported significantly more tension than the more experienced ones. When playing in the FIFA WC playoffs, players are probably submitted to similar or worse situations. Thus, it is conceivable that experienced athletes would also present less tension than non-experienced athletes, which may positively influence the team performance.

In this sense, we found that ≈20% of the players did not participate (BENCH) in any playoff matches. Accordingly, 16.3% of the players participated as SUBST/BENCH in (at least one) playoff matches (Figure 2 C and 2D). Consequently, of the 23 players selected by each specific national team, about eight players had little or no participation in the playoffs. Importantly, the majority of these players were debuting in the WC in all ranked places. This highlights the importance of the athletes' experience during the crucial phases of the WC.

The selection of soccer players with previous participation in the WC seems to be crucial to achieve higher levels of competitive performance. However, it appears that the number of experienced players do not differ between first and second place teams. Curiously, there is a particularity in the FIFA WC finalist teams: a higher number of +1WC players participating as STARTER in the finalist teams (Figure 2 E). It is important to emphasize that, among all STARTER players with +1WC, 86.2% had started at least one match in a previous WC. It seems reasonable to suggest that not only "being in a WC" is important for the athletes to become more experienced, but rather, it is important to have participated as a starter in at least one match in a previous WC. Of note, a comparison between the champions and the runner-up reveals only a small difference in the number of players STARTER with + 1WC playing in these teams (first place ≈ 62% vs second place ≈ 59%). This similarity between the number of STARTER players +1WC playing in the finalist teams was also observed in the closely matched final games, as demonstrated by the need for extra-time in the last three FIFA WCs (2006, 2010 and 2014).

Indeed, it is likely that selecting more experienced players as starters in a team throughout the training process and competition could be an advantage in the technical and/or tactical factor, especially in short-tournaments. For instance, Vaz et al. (2012) compared physical exertion and game performance indicators of experienced (more than five years in regular national or international competitions) and novice (one or less years of rugby playing experience) players in Rugby Union, when playing small-sided games. In spite of the absence of differences in the physical exertion, the results from the game performance indicators (i.e., passes, tries and tackles made) demonstrated significant differences between the two groups, with a clear advantage in favor of the more experienced players. Probably, in team sports, the "athlete's experience" plays a central role in determining the level of performance in specific technical/ tactical game actions.

Two studies have investigated the game actions able to discriminate the performance obtained by national teams during the last four FIFA WCs (2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014). Castellano, Casamichana and Lago (2012) found that shot and shot on target were two variables that significantly differentiated winning, drawing and losing teams in 2002, 2006 and 2010. Furthermore, ball possession was also able to discriminate the team performances in the 2010 and 2006 WCs. Analyzing the data from the 2014 FIFA WC, Liu et al. (2015) observed that an increase in the number/amount of some specific game actions (i.e., number of shots, shot on target, ball possession and short pass) resulted, respectively, in 13, 48, 11 and 12% higher probabilities of winning the matches. Based on these results, it is highly suggested that coaches use "collective training strategies" in their teams, capable of developing in their athletes the capacity to keep ball possession and, as a consequence, increase the number of crucial game actions (i.e., assistances and shots on target). This is surely a characteristic of teams formed by highly experienced players who have been playing together (under the same formation) for a long time.

In summary, this study may assist the technical staff to choose the best players for participating in FIFA WCs. Using the information presented here, the national head coaches can discriminate their national players into specific sub-groups (STARTER, START/SUBST, SUBST/BENCH and BENCH) and, consequently, adopt the best strategy to form their teams. Since the more experienced players have a central role in determining the rate of success of the national teams during the FIFA WCs, it is highly suggested that the coaches increase the participation of these athletes during the competitions. Secondly, the inclusion of novice players in the national teams and their participation in at least one match during the FIFA WCs seems to have a great influence on the experience accumulated by this player, which consequently influences the results, obtained in future WCs.

Conclusion

To conclude, our findings suggest that experienced soccer players who participate in playoffs can significantly contribute to influencing the performance obtained by their national teams during FIFA WCs. It could be highlighted when observing the large level of correlation between the number of experienced STARTER and the ranking places reached by their respective teams. Increasing the experience level of the novice soccer players by including these athletes during partial times of the matches might also be an important strategy to form winning teams.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Apr-Jun 2016

History

• Received
  11 Nov 2015
• Accepted
  04 Feb 2016