Translation and validation of the perceived locus of causality questionnaire (PLOCQ) in a sample of portuguese physical education students

Teixeira, Diogo S.; Monteiro, Diogo; Carraça, Eliana; Palmeira, António L.

doi:10.1590/S1980-6574201800020007

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Motriz: Revista de Educação Física

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Sumário

Original Article • Motriz: rev. educ. fis. 24 (02) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201800020007 copy

Translation and validation of the perceived locus of causality questionnaire (PLOCQ) in a sample of portuguese physical education students

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

AIM

This study main aim was to translate and validate one of the most used SDT-based instruments to assess motivation in PE classes, the Perceived Locus of Causality Questionnaire (PLOCQ), to the Portuguese context.

METHOD

Sample was composed of 652 boys (M=15.4 years; SD=1.90) and 702 girls (M=15.47 years; SD=1.95), enrolled in physical education classes in several Portuguese schools.

RESULTS

The analysis provided support for a five factors and 18 items model, after excluding two items (χ² = 491.473, df = 125, p = <.001, SRMR = .062, NNFI = .908, CFI = .924, RMSEA = .067, 90% CI .061-.073). Sample and gender invariance procedures were made to ensure proper psychometric validation. Results presented support for the model in both gender and calibration/validation samples.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that PLOCQ with five factors and 18 items has good psychometric proprieties and can be used to assess contextual motivation towards PE in the Portuguese context.

Keywords:
psychological assessment; confirmatory factor analysis; self-determination theory; multi-group analysis; physical education

		Calibration	Validation	Calibration	Validation	Calibration	Validation	Calibration	Validation	Calibration	Validation
Item	Min-Max	M±SD		Skewness		z value		Kurtosis		z value
Item 1 (ER)	1-7	3.39±2.28	3.46±2.30	.399	.350	4.360	3.653	-1.319	-1.375	-7.120	-7.184
Item 2 (IJ)	1-7	3.26±2.10	3.43±2.08	.476	.335	5.137	3.504	-1.077	-1.220	-5.814	-6.376
Item 3 (ID)	1-7	4.78±1.80	4.84±1.77	-.499	-.435	-5.389	-4.540	-.653	-.758	-3.523	-3.962
Item 4 (IM)	1-7	4.85±1.77	4.97±1.68	-.486	-.596	-5.241	-6.226	-.662	-.434	-3.570	-2.268
Item 5 (AM)	1-7	2.16±1.89	1.99±1.77	1.495	1.783	16.137	18.631	.920	1.967	4.226	10.277
Item 6 (ER)	1-7	4.31±2.07	4.16±2.13	-.247	-.094	-2.666	-.981	-1.168	-1.282	-6.304	-6.696
Item 7 (IJ)	1-7	2.94±2.07	2.91±2.10	.708	.756	7.645	7.899	-.862	-.822	-4.650	-4.292
Item 8 (ID)	1-7	4.89±1.82	5.14±1.72	-.555	-.692	-5.993	-7.229	-.657	-.401	-3.545	-2.096
Item 9 (IM)	1-7	4.78±1.90	4.83±1.91	-.457	-.516	-4.935	-5.390	-.862	-.832	-4.652	-4.347
Item 10 (AM)	1-7	2.32±1.94	2.12±1.74	1.330	1.484	14.350	15.501	.432	1.097	2.331	5.732
Item 11 (ER)	1-7	2.68±1.99	2.53±1.94	.908	1.069	9.797	11.168	-.480	-.095	-2.591	-.497
Item 12 (IJ)	1-7	3.50±2.12	3.37±2.20	.292	.372	3.154	3.891	-1.261	-1.296	-6.804	-6.770
Item 13 (ID)	1-7	4.87±1.88	4.95±1.84	-.600	-.704	-6.471	-7.355	-.708	-.474	-3.821	-2.096
Item 14 (IM)	1-7	4.26±1.87	4.48±1.80	-.190	-.304	-2.046	-3.179	-.914	-.813	-4.935	-4.247
Item 15 (AM)	1-7	2.22±1.83	2.10±1.71	1.425	1.525	15.377	15.936	.783	1.267	4.226	6.617
Item 16 (ER)	1-7	3.86±2.35	3.64±2.25	.096	.227	1.037	2.371	-1.527	-1.383	-8.240	-7.227
Item 17 (IJ)	1-7	3.28±1.98	3.20±2.00	.392	.445	4.234	4.653	-1.063	-1.035	-5.738	-5.409
Item 18 (ID)	1-7	4.35±2.06	4.51±1.88	-.254	-.327	-2.738	-3.414	-1.193	-.905	-6.436	-4.730
Item 19 (IM)	1-7	4.49±1.97	4.47±1.91	-.256	-.269	-2.759	-2.813	-1.105	-1.038	-5.965	-5.421
Item 20 (AM)	1-7	2.22±1.84	2.03±1.69	1.444	1.662	15.589	17.365	.881	1.700	4.755	8.882

Models	χ²	df	p	SRMR	NNFI	CFI	RMSEA	90% CI
PLOCQ¹ (1) Lonsdale, Sabiston, Taylor, Ntoumanis(12)	971.83^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	320	-	.090	.950	.960	.080	.070-.080
Initial Model Calibration	915.351	160	<.001	.067	.861	.883	.082	.951-1.224
Final Model Calibration	542.004	125	<.001	.061	.908	.925	.069	.063-.075
Final Model Validation	491.473	125	<.001	.062	.908	.924	.067	.061-.073
Male Model	449.601	125	<.001	.051	.917	.933	.063	.405-.604
Female Model	560.320	125	<.001	.068	.904	.921	.070	.065-.076
Engagement² (2) in preparation by others	7413.507	91	<.001	.043	.913	.932	.069	-

Factors (calibration)	CR	AVE	AM	ER	IJ	ID	IM
AM	.79	.49	1	-	-	-	-
ER	.72	.39	.34^* * (r2)	1	-	-	-
IJ	.78	.54	.01^* * (r2)	.22^* * (r2)	1	-	-
ID	.83	.54	.20^* * (r2)	.02^* * (r2)	.27^* * (r2)	1	-
IM	.84	.64	.18^* * (r2)	.05^* * (r2)	.14^* * (r2)	.97^* * (r2)	1
Factors (validation)	CR	AVE	AM	ER	IJ	ID	IT
AM	.79	.50	1	-	-	-	-
ER	.67	.34	.36^* * (r2)	1	-	-	-
IJ	.73	.56	.02^* * (r2)	.36^* * (r2)	1	-	-
ID	.82	.53	.15^* * (r2)	<.001^* * (r2)	.31	1	-
IM	.70	.57	.13^* * (r2)	.13^* * (r2)	.19^* * (r2)	.97^* * (r2)	1

	χ²	df	∆ χ²	∆df	p	CFI	∆CFI
CS - VS
Configural Invariance	1033.476	250	-	-	-	.925	-
Measurement Invariance	1052.619	263	19.144	13	.119	.924	.001
Scale Invariance	1063.991	278	30.515	28	.339	.925	.000
Residual Invariance	1113.033	296	79.557	46	.002	.922	.003
M - F
Configural Invariance	1009.917	250	-	-	-	.927
Measurement Invariance	1038.488	263	28.571	13	.008	.925	.002
Scale Invariance	1060.637	278	50.720	28	.005	.924	.003
Residual Invariance	1082.785	296	72.868	46	.007	.924	.003

Variables	Intrinsic	Identified	Introjected	External	Amotivation
Behavioral Engagement	.688^ p<.01	.703^ p<.01	.356^ p<.01	-.133	-.372^ p<.01
Agentic Engagement	.635^ p<.01	.628^ p<.01	.311^ p<.01	-.088^* * p<.05	-.217^ p<.01
Cognitive Engagement	.780^ p<.01	.806^ p<.01	.406^ p<.01	-.134^ p<.01	-.294^ p<.01
Emotional Engagement	.901^ p<.01	.813^ p<.01	.331^ p<.01	-.232^ p<.01	-.509^ p<.01

Models	χ²	df	p	SRMR	NNFI	CFI	RMSEA	90% CI
PLOCQ¹ (1) Lonsdale, Sabiston, Taylor, Ntoumanis(12)	971.83^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	320	-	.090	.950	.960	.080	.070-.080
Initial Model Calibration	915.351	160	<.001	.067	.861	.883	.082	.951-1.224
Final Model Calibration	542.004	125	<.001	.061	.908	.925	.069	.063-.075
Final Model Validation	491.473	125	<.001	.062	.908	.924	.067	.061-.073
Male Model	449.601	125	<.001	.051	.917	.933	.063	.405-.604
Female Model	560.320	125	<.001	.068	.904	.921	.070	.065-.076
Engagement² (2) in preparation by others	7413.507	91	<.001	.043	.913	.932	.069	-

Models	χ²	df	B-S p	SRMR	NNFI	CFI	RMSEA	90% CI
PLOCQ¹1 Hagger M, Chatzisarantis L. The Trans-Contextual Model of Autonomous Motivation in Education: Conceptual and Empirical Issues and Meta-Analysis. Rev. Educ. Res. 2015; 20: 1-48. doi: 10.3102/0034654315585005 https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315585005...	971.83^* (1) Lonsdale, Sabiston, Taylor, Ntoumanis(12)	320	-	.090	.950	.960	.080	.070-.080
Initial Model Calibration	915.351	160	<.001	.067	.861	.883	.082	.951-1.224
Final Model Calibration	542.004	125	<.001	.061	.908	.925	.069	.063-.075
Final Model Validation	491.473	125	<.001	.062	.908	.924	.067	.061-.073
Male Model	449.601	125	<.001	.051	.917	.933	.063	.405-.604
Female Model	560.320	125	<.001	.068	.904	.921	.070	.065-.076
3rd cycle	409.633	125	<.001	.055	.925	.939	.060	.054-.067
Secondary cycle	625.733	125	<.001	.075	.900	.912	.075	.070-.081
Engagement²2 Deci E, Ryan R. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.	7413.507	91	<.001	.043	.913	.932	.069	-

Factors (calibration)	CR	AVE	AM	ER	IJ	ID	IM
AM	.79	.49	1	-	-	-	-
ER	.72	.39	.34^* * (r2)	1	-	-	-
IJ	.78	.54	.01^* * (r2)	.22^* * (r2)	1	-	-
ID	.83	.54	.20^* * (r2)	.02^* * (r2)	.27^* * (r2)	1	-
IM	.84	.64	.18^* * (r2)	.05^* * (r2)	.14^* * (r2)	.97^* * (r2)	1
Factors (validation)	CR	AVE	AM	ER	IJ	ID	IT
AM	.79	.50	1	-	-	-	-
ER	.67	.34	.36^* * (r2)	1	-	-	-
IJ	.73	.56	.02^* * (r2)	.36^* * (r2)	1	-	-
ID	.82	.53	.15^* * (r2)	<.001^* * (r2)	.31	1	-
IM	.70	.57	.13^* * (r2)	.13^* * (r2)	.19^* * (r2)	.97^* * (r2)	1

Factors (calibration)	CR	AVE	AM	ER	IJ	ID	IM
AM	.79	.49	1	-	-	-	-
ER	.72	.39	.34^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	1	-	-	-
IJ	.78	.54	.01^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.22^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	1	-	-
ID	.83	.54	.20^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.02^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.27^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	1	-
IM	.84	.64	.18^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.05^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.14^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.97^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	1
Factors (validation)	CR	AVE	AM	ER	IJ	ID	IT
AM	.79	.50	1	-	-	-	-
ER	.67	.34	.36^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	1	-	-	-
IJ	.73	.56	.02^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.36^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	1	-	-
ID	.82	.53	.15^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	<.001^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.31	1	-
IM	.70	.57	.13^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.13^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.19^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	.97^* * values reported by the authors concerning the Satorra-Bentler correction of χ² (S-Bχ²);	1

	χ²	df	∆ χ²	∆df	p	CFI	∆CFI
CS - VS
Configural Invariance	1033.476	250	-	-	-	.925	-
Measurement Invariance	1052.619	263	19.144	13	.119	.924	.001
Scale Invariance	1063.991	278	30.515	28	.339	.925	.000
Residual Invariance	1113.033	296	79.557	46	.002	.922	.003
M - F
Configural Invariance	1009.917	250	-	-	-	.927
Measurement Invariance	1038.488	263	28.571	13	.008	.925	.002
Scale Invariance	1060.637	278	50.720	28	.005	.924	.003
Residual Invariance	1082.785	296	72.868	46	.007	.924	.003

	χ²	df	∆ χ²	∆df	p	CFI	∆CFI
CS - VS
Configural Invariance	1033.476	250	-	-	-	.925	-
Measurement Invariance	1052.619	263	19.144	13	.119	.924	.001
Scale Invariance	1063.991	278	30.515	28	.339	.925	.000
Residual Invariance	1113.033	296	79.557	46	.002	.922	.003
M - F
Configural Invariance	1009.917	250	-	-	-	.927	-
Measurement Invariance	1038.488	263	28.571	13	.008	.925	.002
Scale Invariance	1060.637	278	50.720	28	.005	.924	.003
Residual Invariance	1082.785	296	72.868	46	.007	.924	.003
3^rd cycle - secondary cycle
Configural Invariance	1035.353	250	-	-	-	.924	-
Measurement Invariance	1063.099	263	27.746	13	.010	.923	.001
Scale Invariance	1107.665	278	72.312	28	<.001	.920	.004
Residual Invariance	1147.077	296	111.723	46	<.001	.918	.006

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E-mail: motriz.rc@unesp.br

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[1] Corresponding author
: Diogo S. Teixeira. Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Faculdade de Educação Física e Desporto. Lisboa, Portugal. diogo.sts.teixeira@gmail.com

Variables	Intrinsic	Identified	Introjected	External	Amotivation
Behavioral Engagement	.688^ p<.01	.703^ p<.01	.356^ p<.01	-.133	-.372^ p<.01
Agentic Engagement	.635^ p<.01	.628^ p<.01	.311^ p<.01	-.088^* * p<.05	-.217^ p<.01
Cognitive Engagement	.780^ p<.01	.806^ p<.01	.406^ p<.01	-.134^ p<.01	-.294^ p<.01
Emotional Engagement	.901^ p<.01	.813^ p<.01	.331^ p<.01	-.232^ p<.01	-.509^ p<.01