Efecto de un programa de rehabilitación utilizando la realidad virtual para el equilibrio y la funcionalidad de los pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular crónico

motriz Motriz: Revista de Educação Física Motriz: rev. educ. fis. 1980-6574 Universidade Estadual Paulista Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto de un programa de rehabilitación combinado de Realidad Virtual (RV) con terapia convencional en pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular crónico para la mejora del equilibrio (escala de BERG) y la independencia funcional (escala MIF). 10 sujetos, con una edad media de 51,4 (± 6,7 años), participaron en ocho sesiones rehabilitación de 60 minutos. Las sesiones incluyeron ejercicios de kinesioterapia (15min), Nintendo Wii (30min) y transferencia del aprendizaje (15min). Tras el entrenamiento, el análisis estadístico con test no paramétricos confirma una evolución significativa en las puntuaciones totales en las escalas MIF (p = 0,01) y BERG (p = 0,00) y en alguno apartados de las escalas: MIF - vestido de los miembros inferiores (p = 0,01), uso de la ducha (p = 0,02) y locomoción: escaleras (p = 0,03); BERG - alcance del brazo (p = 0,01), recuperar un objeto del suelo (p = 0,04), girar 360º (p = 0,01), pies en escalones alternos (p ≤ 0,01), pie al frente (p = 0,01) y apoyo unipodal (p = 0,03). Estos resultados sugieren una influencia positiva de la VR como complemento a la terapia convencional en la rehabilitación del equilibrio y capacidad funcional tras un accidente cerebrovascular y confirman la viabilidad del programa combinado de rehabilitación propuesto. Introduction Stroke is one of the primary causes of death and functional disability in the world (Lavados et al., 2007). It leads to many sequelae affect balance control and suitable performance of activities of daily living (Nichols-Larsen, Clark, Zeringue, Greenspan, & Blanton, 2005), thereby weakening independence and health related quality of life (Belgen, Beninato, Sullian, & Narielwalla, 2006; Bonan et al., 2004). Different types of interventions have been developed with the purpose of improving rehabilitation post stroke (Langhome, Coupar, & Pollock, 2009). Most of these techniques, however, rely on consistent repetition of particular movements are frequently considered fatiguing, aimless and time demanding (Adamovich et al., 2002; Botelho & Vaghetti, 2010). The application of virtual reality to promote motivation during therapy is increasing and studies have shown it to be successful. It has been related to higher levels of satisfaction and adherence to treatments (Newton & Russel, 2008), whereas more evidence of its effectiveness as a therapeutic tool in rehabilitation is still warranted (Levac & Galvin, 2013). Virtual Reality (VR) stands out as a computerized experience that simulates real-life situations in artificial environments while comprising sensory, cognitive, psychological and motor components (Rizzo & Schultheis, 2001; Schiavinato, Baldan, Melatto, & Lima, 2010). It promotes exercises based on contextualized goals, supporting personal engagement during interactions in dynamic and meaningful settings. In this perspective, virtual-based rehabilitation seems to be favored by tasks performed under adaptable conditions (Fung, Lamontagne, Malouin, McFadyen, & Richards, 2006) where the perception of artificial stimuli modulates real physiological responses and actions. Nevertheless, many studies in virtual reality to date are based upon costly equipment that demand complex operation and customized facilities. These characteristics compromise the translation of experimental protocols to wider practice and lead to debate about the feasibility of this type of therapy (Mouawad, Doust, Max, & McNulty, 2011). Recent research has indicated the effectiveness and feasibility of Nintendo Wii as an affordable alternative to more complex devices applied in virtual reality interventions (Bernal-Sahún et al., 2010; Gil-Gómez, Lloréns, Alcañiz, & Colomer, 2011). However, despite the promising results, empirical evidence is still sparse and likely refers to the application of virtual reality alone or compared to individual methods (Laver, George, Thomas, Deutsch, & Crotty, 2012). Only a few studies have addressed the inclusion of virtual reality as a component of rehabilitation programs. Furthermore, only a fraction of these reports concern to stroke populations for which such application remains overlooked, particularly in regards to balance recovery (Li, Han, Sheng, & Ma, 2015). This study aimed to investigate the extent to which a virtual reality (VR)-based rehabilitation program affects measures of balance (BERG scale) and functional independence (FIM scale) of chronic stroke patients submitted to eight 60-minute therapy sessions in four weeks. It hypothesizes that the addition of Nintendo Wii balance training to conventional kinesiotherapy and learning transfer exercises is not only feasible, but can also lead to significant improvements in the outcome measures. The present study extends evidence on the application of virtual reality to clinical practice and proposes an alternative therapeutic protocol for treating chronic stroke populations. Methods Research design This study consisted of a case series including individuals diagnosed with unilateral stroke and was approved by the Human Research Ethics Board of Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), nº 333/December 2010. Six men and four women, recruited at the physiotherapy department of UFRN, participated in this trial. All subjects gave written informed consent before being enrolled. Inclusion criteria were: single episode of unilateral stroke confirmed by MRI, stroke onset time greater than six months, levels one and two on the Ashworth Scale for the lower paretic limb and ability to walk on a flat surface independently, with or without an assistive device. Exclusion criteria were: the presence of associated pathologies that caused neurological or orthopedic disorders affecting balance, cognitive impairments that hindered autonomy during gameplay and history of visually induced seizures. Evaluation tools The functional independence measure (FIM) was applied to assess post-stroke functionality. Developed by the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, this instrument has been validated for research in Brazil (Battistella et al. 2004). Containing 18 items, the FIM measures six different domains in two sections: cognitive and motor. The latter, used in the present study, is composed of 13 items: 1.Eating, 2.Grooming, 3.Bathing/showering, 4.Dressing upper body, 5.Dressing lower body, 6.Toileting, 7.Bladder management, 8.Bowel management, 9.Transfers: bed/chair/wheelchair, 10.Transfers: toilet, 11.Transfers, bathtub/shower, 12.Locomotion: walking/wheelchair, 13.Locomotion: stairs. Each item is scored from 1 to 7 based on level of independence, where 1 represents total dependence and 7 indicates complete independence. The total score can range from 13(minimum) to 91(maximum). The higher the score, the more functionally independent one is. In addition to the FIM, the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was applied to evaluate balance under static and dynamic conditions. Validated in Brazil (Berg, Lombardi, Miyamoto, Natour, & Ramos, 2004), the Berg Scale contains 14 items related to the performance of movements and coordination of body parts in completing functional activities widely present in daily life: 1.Sitting to standing, 2.Standing unsupported, 3.Sitting unsupported, 4.Standing to sitting, 5.Transfers, 6.Standing with eyes closed, 7.Standing with feet together, 8.Reaching forward with outstretched arm, 9.Retrieving object from floor, 10.Turning to look behind, 11.Turning 360 degrees, 12.Placing alternate foot on step, 13.Standing with one foot in front, 14.Standing on one leg. Each item is scored from 0 to 4, based on the subject's independence. The total score can range from 0 to 56, with lower scores indicating poorer functioning. Procedures Participants agreed to attend eleven appointments including: the experimental rehabilitation program (8), pre-and-post-program assessments (2) and introductory practice (1). The first meeting was set for the pre-program assessment and included data collection with application of clinical instruments. At the second meeting, subjects were introduced to the clinical setting by creating their personalized avatar and briefly practicing virtual exercises using a Wii Balance Board (WBB). Through appointments three to ten, here called therapy sessions, subjects were submitted to eight 60-minute sessions of an experimental VR-based rehabilitation program, held twice a week, for 4 weeks. Each therapy session comprised three phases (therapeutic approaches): kinesiotherapy, virtual reality and learning transfer exercises. At the eleventh appointment, clinical instruments were reapplied for post-program assessment. A single investigator performed all assessments. Therapy sessions The first phase of a therapy session involved classic kinesiotherapy for the upper limb during 15 minutes. It included stretching, free exercises, light resistance exercises and postural adjustments followed by joint mobility. The second phase comprised virtual reality exercises for 30 minutes. The setting enclosed a Nintendo Wii console connected to a 29" television and a Wii Balance Board(r)(WBB), located directly on the floor at a distance of 240 centimeters from the television screen. For safety reasons, a chair and a walker were positioned behind and in front of the WBB, respectively. The WBB has been validated as a strength platform to assess balance in human research (Brault, Craig, Ferguson, & Young, 2011). It works with the Wii Fit Plus(r) software, which holds five categories of exercises: strength, yoga, aerobics, balance and advanced training. Seven games (exercises) from the balance category were used in this study. All participants performed the same sequence of games: balance bubble; penguin slide; soccer heading; tightrope and table tilt, with six minutes of practice for each game. The third phase comprised learning transfer activities (Benda, 2006; Kaefer, Chiviacowsky, Meira, & Go Tani, 2014) for 15 minutes. At this point, participants were asked to perform real-world exercises that included movements based on those practiced while engaging in virtual reality tasks, such as: straight line walking (resembling Tightrope) and heading a ball thrown at them by the therapist in various directions (resembling Soccer heading). Adaptation of therapy sessions Beginning at the fifth therapy session, one out of two extra games (ski jump and ski slalom) were added to the sequence of virtual games.Simulators of snow sports, these exercises are more challenging and worked as a progression within the treatment. They were added alternatively so as to avoid consecutive inclusion in the remaining four sessions. With the addition of a sixth game, the time for each virtual exercise was reduced from six to five minutes, keeping total virtual exposure time in 30 minutes. All exercises were accomplished without therapeutic or assistive devices. Safety resources were used during the entire intervention, conducted in a laboratory adapted for the study. During therapy sessions, heart rate variability was tracked using a Polar(r) chest belt HR monitor. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 program, at a 5% significance level. The quantitative variables were described by means and standard deviations. Inferential statistics using Spearman's correlation determined the association between data measured by both the Berg and FIM scales. Finally, Wilcoxon test verified differences between dependent samples before and after the intervention in order to assess possible effects of motor training with VR and conventional therapy on balance and functionality in the group under study. Results Ten individuals, six men, mean age of 51.4 (± 6.7 years), participated in this study with eight virtual reality-based therapy sessions over the course of four weeks. Before the intervention, the main complaints were insecurity/difficulty in walking or remaining standing independently, reported by all patients. In addition, other problems reported at the initial assessment were hemiparesis (80%), postural patterns (40%) and aphasia (10%). Only 20% had previous experience with video games, either as entertainment or therapy. Statistical analysis revealed a positive effect of the exercise program based on the final total scores obtained on both scales: FIM (p = .01) and BERG (p ≤ .01). FIM outcomes, expressed in Table 1, show an increase in all the items. However, in addition to "total score," improvements were only significant in three specific tasks: "dressing lower body" (p = .01), "transfers: bathtub and shower" (p = .02) and "locomotion: stairs" (p = .03). Table 1 Motor FIM Scale - Mean values before and after intervention. Task Mean (before) Mean (after) p value Eating 5.2±0.9 5.4±0.8 .31 Grooming 4.9±1.7 5.1±1.7 .15 Bathing/showering 5.7±1.3 6.0±1.2 .08 Dressing upper body 5.4±1.2 5.9±1.1 .05 Dressing lower body 5.6±1.1 5.8±1.1 .01* Toileting 7.0±0.0 7.0±0.0 > .05 Bladder management 6.8±0.4 6.9±0.3 .31 Bowel management 7.0±0.0 7.0±0.0 > .05 Transfers: bed/chair/wheelchair 5.9±0.3 6.2±0.4 .08 Transfers: toilet 6.5±0.5 6.7±0.4 .31 Transfers: bathtub/shower 5.7±1.0 6.2±1.0 .02* Locomotion: walking/wheelchair 6.0±0.0 6.1±0.3 .31 Locomotion: stairs 4.4±1.5 5.2±1.3 .03* Motor FIM total 76.1±5.3 79.5±5.9 .01* Comparative analysis between motor FIM scores before and after a Wii(r) virtual reality-based rehabilitation protocol (n = 10). * Significant difference (p < .05). With respect to balance, Table 2 shows a significant rise in "total score" as well as in six other items: "standing forward with outstretched arm" (p = .01), "retrieving object from the floor" (p = .04), "turning 360 degrees" (p = .01), "placing alternate foot on step" (p = .01), "standing with one foot in front" (p = .01) and "one leg stand" (p = .03). Table 2 BERG Balance Scale - Mean values before and after intervention. Berg Task Mean (before) Average Mean (after) p value 1.Sitting to standing 3.9±0.3 4.0±0.0 .31 2.Standing unsupported 3.9±0.3 4.0±0.0 .31 3.Sitting unsupported 4.0±0.0 4.0±0.0 >.05 4.Standing to sitting 3.8±0.4 4.0±0.0 .15 5.Transfers 3.9±0.3 4.0±0.0 .31 6.Standing with eyes closed 3.9±0.3 4.0±0.0 .31 7.Standing with feet together 3.4±1.2 4.0±0.0 .15 8.Reaching forward with outstretched arm 3.0±0.8 3.8±0.4 .01* 9.Retrieving object from floor 3.4±0.5 3.8±0.4 .04* 10.Turning to look behind 3.2±0.4 3.5±0.5 .08 11.Turning 360 degrees 2.3±0.4 3.4±0.8 .01* 12.Placing alternate foot on step 2.0±1.3 3.5±0.9 .00* 13.Standing with one foot in front 1.5±1.4 3.1±0.8 .01* 14.One leg stand 2.3±1.4 3.2±1.1 .03* Berg total 41.3±4,9 48.3±3.5 .00* Comparative analysis between BERG scores before and after a Wii(r) virtual reality-based rehabilitation protocol (n = 10). *Significant difference (p< .05). Discussion This study investigated the extent to which a rehabilitation program using additional virtual reality (VR) to kinesiotherapy and learning transfer exercises affected measures of balance (BERG scale) and functional independence (FIM scale) of chronic stroke patients. One advantage of adding virtual reality to conventional practices is that it combines very important elements of rehabilitations, such as locomotion, repetition and feedback, which are difficult to stimulate concurrently in a single session of conventional therapy. The general response to the proposed program was very positive, with total adherence of participants. However, despite the favorable data, study limitations were the small sample size and the absence of a control group. A number of the individuals under study exhibited insecurity or even fear while performing virtual exercises. Nevertheless, no interruption was required and determination was evident in several instances, demonstrating the desire to win the game and personal commitment to the therapeutic objective. Similar behavior was reported by Lewis (Lewis, McPherson, Rosie & Woods, 2011), whose research analyzed patients' perspectives regarding the use of virtual devices in the therapeutic process, which was considered to be pleasant, motivating and challenging. Early in 2010 Bayley (Bayley et al., 2010) conducted a randomized study with 20 individuals that determined the feasibility and adherence potential of a virtual rehabilitation process in the treatment of stroke sequelae. Their discussion proposed that an important factor for such outcome was the large number of repetitions of specific movements associated with continuous feedback, two important catalyzers of the motor learning process. Corroborating these findings, over the course of our protocol, balance was continuously stimulated by postural adjustments required in goal-directed actions, also influenced by different scenarios and contexts. In these settings, where individuals represented by their avatars had to adjust their centers of gravity, motor and cognitive skills were integrated in a multitask model. The prospect of a forceful and repetitive purpose-based motor task, modulated by constant visual information about the recently executed action, seems to have contributed to enhance motor performance and the high level of adherence recorded. This therapeutic paradigm also appears to enable contextualized self-modulated motor activities based on multiple cues, as described in earlier publications (Austin & Sigurdsson, 2008). Simultaneously, the scoring system of the games, following a reward model, appears to have played an important role in adherence and the individual perspective of participants regarding their own motor condition, with a high score synonymous with treatment progress. Our data corroborate the findings reported by Schiavinato (Schiavinato et al., 2010) in a case study involving a patient with cerebral palsy, which showed a significant improvement in balance after Virtual Reality training. The study suggested that postural adjustments in anteroposterior and lateral deviations to reposition the center of gravity as a response to disturbances observed in a virtual setting were potentially favorable to enhance balance control and acquisition of new limits of stability. This hypothesis is reinforced by our findings, with an increase in total Berg score at the end of the intervention, particularly gains in the most challenging items of the scale, for which previously mentioned adjustments were highly necessary. This indicates relevant improvement in the performance of static and dynamic balance following VR based exercise, as observed in a study with 12 subjects assessed by the Berg scale after Wii-Hab therapy (Araujo, Barcala, Colella, Oliveira, & Salgado, 2011). Although the mutual influence of Berg and FIM on their total scores was not observed, the results suggest that a number of the subitems may be effect-related, given the similarity between the motor demand and final gain observed in the "alternate step" and "one leg stand" items of the BERG scale and the significant improvement obtained in "locomotion: stairs", "dressing lower body" and transfer to bathtub/shower" items of FIM. These tasks, for which sequential weight shifts are required, rely on hip dissociation and efficient limb coordination. Such actions, later reinforced during transfer exercises, were constantly simulated in tightrope, penguin slide and soccer heading, besides favored by postural adjustments demanded in balance bubble and table tilt. For functional locomotion, as proposed by Linder (Linder, Milidonis, Reinthal, & Szirony, 2010), the continuous repetition promoted by therapy associated with virtual games favors motor relearning and its application in functional tasks of daily life, accelerating social reintegration and autonomy. This was expressed in the FIM scores, indicating that the proposed rehabilitation program is potentially effective on functional gain after stroke. This improvement may be associated with the learning-retention process over the course of the program, particularly stimulated by the learning transfer phase followed the virtual exposure. This cumulative effect would explain the increasing familiarity with the game tasks and sense of security during their execution, as already demonstrated by patients after the second session, when they began to show greater concern with the score obtained than with possible risks of fall. Indeed, in a later phase of the experiment, participants started to consider not only their individual scores in each game, but also the scores of other subjects. A sense of competition was created despite the individual nature of the games, an expression of social integration commonly observed in this type of approach (Lewis et al., 2011). Corporeal awareness, an important motor component, may also be related to the functional progress observed, given that corporeal perception in relation to the environment was intensely stimulated by visual feedback. This suggestion is supported by Boberly (Borbely, Deutsch, Filler, Guarrera-Bowlby, & Huhn, 2008), whose findings showed gains in visual perception, postural control and functional mobility of a patient with cerebral palsy after Wii training. In respect to the influence of feedback, the games used are part of a commercially available model, designed for healthy populations and not adapted to individuals in neurological treatment. Under these conditions, activities categorized as simple or easy by the console could be extremely difficult for patients, such that inability to perform them properly may be frustrating and negatively affect the course of treatment (Alankus, Kelleher, Lazar, & May, 2010). Hence, special attention should be given to game selection, observing its cognitive-motor demand, in addition to the user's individual affordance. Conclusion Our findings revealed that virtual reality associated with kinesiotherapy and learning transfer exercises had a positive influence on the rehabilitation process of the individuals under study. When compared to initial data, the final Berg and FIM scores suggest that the proposed rehabilitation program, using virtual reality as an adjunct to conventional therapy, is potentially effective in improving balance and functionality of post-stroke patients. Significant gains in specific items of both scales showed a possible relationship between the motor effects observed and the constant postural adjustments during the virtual exercises performed on WBB, particularly in the anteroposterior and lateral direction, in association with continuous visual feedback modulation. In conclusion, this study established the feasibility of a VR-based rehabilitation program. 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