Technical-tactical performance profile of the block and dig according to competition category in men's volleyball

García-de-Alcaraz, Antonio; Ortega, Enrique; Palao, José M.

doi:10.1590/S1980-6574201600020013

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Original article • Motriz: rev. educ. fis. 22 (2) • Apr-Jun 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1980-6574201600020013 copy

Technical-tactical performance profile of the block and dig according to competition category in men's volleyball

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyse the technical-tactical performance profile of blocking and court defence actions for various age groups and categories of competition in men's volleyball. The sample comprised 16,454 blocks and 8,321 digs performed in 299 sets in several categories of competition (from U-14 to Olympic Games). A descriptive and correlational inter- and intra-group observational design was used. The variables studied were: category of competition, opponent's spike tempo, and block and dig performance. The results showed a significant increase in the percentage of blocks and digs derived from fast attacks and a significant improvement in performance of these actions to counteract slow attacks. Thus, improving in blocking and digging performance was observed at higher categories when the attack is performed slowly. This paper discusses various reasons for the evolution in defensive performance and the effects on the training process for various categories of competition in volleyball.

Keywords:
team sports; performance; match analysis; volleyball

Value	Category	Description
0	Error	Block error. Point is lost after block contact
0	Error (fault)	Block error. Point is lost because blocker commits a fault (touching the net, penetration, etc.)
1	Negative block	Block continuity. The blocking team cannot set up a counterattack, but when the ball is in the opponent's court, the opposing team can counterattack
3	Positive block	Block continuity. The blocking team can set up a counterattack, and if the ball remains in the opponent's court, the opponent cannot counterattack
4	Point	Block point. The player who blocks sends it to the court on the other side of the net

Value	Category	Description
0	Error	Dig error. Point is lost after dig contact
1	Negative dig	Dig continuity. The digging team continues the play but is not able to set up a counterattack, or the ball is sent to the opponent's court after digging
3	Positive dig	Dig continuity. The digging team continues the play and maintains the possibility of setting up a counterattack

	U-14					U-16					U-19
	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%
Attempted blocks	1710	14.25	56.58A	1887	15.73	54.31A	1769	14.74	50.91↑A	1636	13.63	49.38↑*	1445	12.25	46.15↑*↓
1^st tempo	37	0.31	2.22	98	0.82	5.26↑	360	3.00	20.72↑*	397	3.31	24.20↑*	351	2.97	23.94↑*
2^nd tempo	0	0.00	0.00a	56	0.47	2.80↑a	125	1.04	7.33↑a	771	6.43	47.57↑*↓a	834	7.07	58.02↑*↓\a
3^rd tempo	1673	13.94	97.78ab	1733	14.44	91.94↑ab	1284	10.70	71.95↑*ab	468	3.90	28.24↑*↓b	260	2.20	18.03↑*↓\ab
Contacted blocks	642	5.35	20.70	1172	9.77	33.04↑	1347	11.23	38.39↑*	1541	12.84	46.19↑*↓	1516	12.85	47.82↑*↓
1^st tempo	37	0.31	6.63	76	0.63	6.34	231	1.93	17.82↑*	315	2.63	20.34↑*	242	2.05	16.28↑*
2^nd tempo	0	0.00	0.00a	34	0.28	2.40↑a	88	0.73	6.61↑*a	755	6.29	49.30↑*↓a	831	7.04	54.96↑*↓\a
3^rd tempo	605	5.04	93.37ab	1062	8.85	91.27ab	1028	8.57	75.57↑*ab	471	3.93	30.36↑*↓ab	443	3.75	28.76↑*↓ab
No blocks	660	5.50	22.72B	443	3.69	12.65↑AB	350	2.92	10.19↑*AB	149	1.24	4.43↑*↓AB	187	1.58	6.04↑*↓\AB
Total	3012	25.10	100	3502	29.18	100	3466	28.88	100	3326	27.72	100	3148	26.68	100

		U-14					U-16					U-19					National
		n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%
1^st tempo block	Error	4	0.03	11.67	21	0.18	25.98	73	0.61	30.07↑	113	0.94	37.02↑	105	0.89	42.88↑*
		Error (rule)	6	0.05	16.67	1	0.01	1.09↑a	10	0.08	3.82a	8	0.07	2.08a	4	0.03	2.18↑a
		Negative block	7	0.06	16.67	22	0.18	24.60b	54	0.45	20.91b	77	0.64	21.90ab	34	0.29	15.00ab
		Positive block	8	0.07	25.00	18	0.15	24.96b	47	0.39	23.33b	63	0.53	20.25ab	61	0.52	25.00abc
		Point	12	0.10	30.00	14	0.12	23.37b	47	0.39	21.87b	54	0.45	18.74ab	38	0.32	14.94abd
Total		37	0.31	100	76	0.63	100	231	1.93	100	315	2.63	100	242	2.05	100
2^nd tempo block	Error	0	0.00	-	13	0.11	41.12	36	0.30	49.28	358	2.98	46.36	393	3.33	48.62
		Error (rule)	0	0.00	-	0	0.00	0.00a	2	0.02	1.90a	16	0.13	2.36a	13	0.11	1.83a
		Negative block	0	0.00	-	8	0.07	22.89b	14	0.12	16.42ab	118	0.98	16.92ab	105	0.89	12.78ab
		Positive block	0	0.00	-	6	0.05	19.69b	15	0.13	11.33ab	140	1.17	18.19↓ab	162	1.37	18.78↓abc
		Point	0	0.00	-	7	0.06	16.30b	21	0.18	21.06ab	123	1.03	16.17ab	158	1.34	18.00abc
Total		0	0.00	-	34	0.28	100	88	0.73	100	755	6.29	100	831	7.04	100
3^rd tempo block	Error	225	1.88	38.01	359	2.99	33.90	359	2.99	36.70	157	1.31	33.87	140	1.19	32.10
		Error (rule)	35	0.29	6.26a	71	0.59	7.29a	55	0.46	5.87a	12	0.10	2.81↑*↓a	6	0.05	1.36↑*↓a
		Negative block	119	0.99	17.89ab	211	1.76	18.44ab	229	1.91	20.27ab	83	0.69	17.14ab	68	0.58	15.14*↓ab
		Positive block	123	1.03	21.49ab	243	2.03	22.47abc	235	1.96	22.49ab	92	0.77	18.30ab	117	0.99	25.24bc
		Point	103	0.86	16.35ab	178	1.48	17.90abd	150	1.25	14.68abcd	127	1.06	27.88↑*↓bcd	112	0.95	26.15↓bc
Total		605	5.04	100	1062	8.85	100	1028	8.57	100	471	3.93	100	443	3.75	100

Type of block	Statistical data	U-14				U-16			U-19			National
Type of block	Statistical data			Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Total Blocks	Coefficient	1.51	0.85	1.59	0.58	1.50	0.48	1.54	0.43	1.57	0.52
		Efficacy (%)	17.28	17.90	18.14	14.42	15.98	11.70	20.02↓	11.39	19.72↓	11.61
		Error (%)	43.80	27.41	40.17	16.64	41.11	16.67	43.35	12.92	45.32	15.53
		Efficiency (%)	-26.52	38.53	-22.03	24.54	-25.13	22.93	-23.33	20.60	-25.60	23.21
		Point:error	1:2.35	1.78	1:2.34	1.79	1:2.45↑	2.01	1:2.18↑	1.90	1:2.15↑	1.82
1st tempo block	Coefficient	2.12	1.60	1.93	1.46	1.78	1.24	1.58	1.15	1.50	1.16
		Efficacy (%)	30.00	44.72	23.37	40.28	21.87	31.24	18.74	28.19	14.94	26.41
		Error (%)	28.33	42.92	27.07	39.55	33.89	35.29	39.10	35.41	45.06*	37.27
		Efficiency (%)	1.67	73.68	-3.70	65.67	-12.02	56.09	-20.36	53.55	-30.13	52.75
		Point:error	1:0.83	0.32	1:1.57	0.60	1:1.77	0.96	1:2.24↑	1.05	1:2.87↑	0.73
2nd tempo block	Coefficient	.	.	1.47	1.13	1.35	1.38	1.36	0.69	1.41	0.73
		Efficacy (%)	.	.	16.30	19.84	21.06	31.54	16.17	15.20	18.00	16.97
		Error (%)	.	.	41.12	38.41	51.19	42.10	48.72	20.94	50.45	20.09
		Efficiency (%)	.	.	-24.82	46.93	-30.13	66.62	-32.55	30.95	-32.45	32.95
		Point:error	.	.	1:1.86	0.66	1:1.81	0.68	1:3.04↓	1.70	1:2.57↓	1.64
3rd tempo block	Coefficient	1.48	0.87	1.58	0.58	1.46	0.59	1.84↑*↓	0.94	1.95↑*↓	1.03
		Efficacy (%)	16.35	17.83	17.90	14.83	14.68	13.14	27.88↑*↓	24.66	26.15↓	27.36
		Error (%)	44.27	28.34	41.19	17.80	42.57	20.71	36.68	26.05	33.46↑*↓	28.59
		Efficiency (%)	-27.92	39.59	-23.29	25.05	-27.89	27.91	-8.80↑*↓	44.13	-7.31↑*↓	47.64
	Point:error	1:2.52	1.80	1:2.42	1.82	1:2.76↑	1.69	1:1.33↑*↓	0.95	1:1.30↑*↓	1.08

	U-14					U-16					U-19
	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%
Non-contacted dig	344	2.87	18.42A	389	3.24	20.68A	362	3.02	22.01A	500	4.17	34.19↑*↓A	544	4.61	38.73↑*↓A
1^st tempo	19	0.16	5.72	54	0.45	13.35↑	94	0.78	25.67↑*	182	1.52	37.74↑*↓	175	1.48	31.39↑*
2^nd tempo	0	0.00	0.00a	14w	0.12	3.96↑a	31	0.26	6.91↑a	221	1.84	43.64↑*↓	306	2.59	57.28↑*↓\a
3^rd tempo	325	2.71	94.28ab	321	2.68	82.69↑ab	237	1.98	67.42↑*ab	97	0.81	18.61↑*↓ab	63	0.53	11.32↑*↓\ab
Contacted digs	1592	13.27	81.58	1481	12.34	79.32	1256	10.47	77.99	998	8.32	65.81↑*↓	855	7.25	61.27↑*↓
1^st tempo	114	0.95	6.80	115	0.96	7.68	258	2.15	20.81↑*	218	1.82	22.21↑*	172	1.46	20.19↑*
2^nd tempo	0	0.00	0.00a	38	0.32	2.33↑a	72	0.60	6.28↑a	444	3.70	44.67↑*↓a	448	3.80	51.44↑*↓\a
3^rd tempo	1478	12.32	93.20ab	1328	11.07	89.99ab	926	7.72	72.90↑*ab	336	2.80	33.13↑*↓ab	235	1.99	28.37↑*↓ab
Total	1936	16.13	100	1870	15.58	100	1618	13.48	100	1498	12.48	100	1399	11.86	100

		U-14					U-16					U-19					National
		n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%	n	Mean	%
1^st tempo dig	Error	22	0.18	17.63	29	0.24	21.64	79	0.66	30.48↑	118	0.98	55.15↑*↓	89	0.75	53.83↑*↓
		Negative dig	29	0.24	25.72	27	0.23	23.23	63	0.53	23.55	32	0.27	13.72↓a	15	0.13	7.87↑*↓a
		Positive dig	63	0.53	56.64ab	59	0.49	55.13ab	116	0.97	45.98b	68	0.57	31.13↑*↓ab	68	0.58	38.30↑b
Total		114	0.95	100	115	0.96	100	258	2.15	100	218	1.82	100	172	1.46	100
2^nd tempo dig	Error	0	0.00	-	14	0.12	40.08	37	0.31	54.97	227	1.89	52.66	222	1.88	48.47
		Negative dig	0	0.00	-	13	0.11	36.31	13	0.11	21.78	70	0.58	14.31a	58	0.49	13.87a
		Positive dig	0	0.00	-	11	0.09	23.61	22	0.18	23.25	147	1.23	33.03ab	168	1.42	37.65b
Total		0	0.00	-	38	0.32	100	72	0.60	100	444	3.70	100	448	3.80	100
3^rd tempo dig	Error	405	3.38	30.11	351	2.93	25.77	238	1.98	27.26	89	0.74	28.39	52	0.44	25.60↑
		Negative dig	408	3.40	26.58	329	2.74	24.60	203	1.69	20.29↑a	47	0.39	13.31↑*↓a	20	0.17	7.81↑*↓a
		Positive dig	665	5.54	43.31ab	648	5.40	49.63↑ab	485	4.04	52.45↑ab	200	1.67	58.29↑ab	163	1.38	66.59↑*↓ab
Total		1478	12.32	100	1328	11.07	100	926	7.72	100	336	2.80	100	235	1.99	100

Types of court defence	Statistical data	U-14				U-16			U-19			National
Types of court defence	Statistical data			Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Total dig	Coefficient	1.59	0.51	1.72	0.48	1.69	0.52	1.37↑*↓	0.55	1.50*	0.62
		Efficacy (%)	44.33	17.80	48.90	17.82	49.31	19.18	41.24*↓	19.06	46.55	21.65
		Error (%)	29.31	18.52	26.33	15.35	29.93	17.22	45.40↑*↓	19.86	42.74↑*↓	20.88
		Efficiency (%)	15.07	33.73	22.57	30.52	19.29	33.84	-4.11↑*↓	36.62	3.78*↓	40.56
		Positive:error ratio	1:0.59	0.76	1:0.55	0.84	1:0.57	1.03	1:1.05↑*↓	1.23	1:0.91↑*↓	1.22
1^st tempo dig	Coefficient	1.96	1.06	1.89	1.16	1.61	1.03	1.07↑*↓	1.08	1.23↑*	1.17
		Efficacy (%)	56.65	43.30	55.12	45.15	45.98	38.95	31.11↑*↓	36.87	38.29↑	39.88
		Error (%)	17.62	31.68	21.65	37.30	30.43↑	35.22	55.17↑*↓	40.94	53.84↑*↓	41.86
		Efficiency (%)	39.01	65.48	33.50	73.40	15.49	66.35	-24.01↑*↓	72.89	-15.53↑*↓	78.42
		Positive:error ratio	1:0.35	0.45	1:0.49	0.61	1:0.68↑*	0.55	1:1.74↑*	1.01	1:1.31↑*	0.86
2^nd tempo dig	Coefficient	.	.	1.07	1.02	0.92	0.95	1.13	0.79	1.27	0.89
		Efficacy (%)	.	.	23.62	37.65	23.23	31.96	33.03	27.86	37.65	31.30
		Error (%)	.	.	40.05	42.79	54.97	43.29	52.67	29.23	48.48	30.61
		Efficiency (%)	.	.	-16.43	68.69	-31.73	66.45	-19.64	52.98	-10.83	58.67
		Positive:error ratio	.	.	1:1.27	0.47	1:1.68	1.61	1:1.54*	1.27	1:1.32	0.92
3^rd tempo dig	Coefficient	1.57	0.53	1.74	0.47	1.78↑	0.61	1.88↑	0.98	2.08↑*↓	1.03
		Efficacy (%)	43.35	18.67	49.65	18.19	52.48↑	22.46	58.30↑	35.26	66.61↑*↓	36.02
		Error (%)	30.12	19.18	25.81	15.57	27.29	20.12	28.40	32.43	25.57↑	34.44
		Efficiency (%)	13.19	35.17	23.88	29.97	25.16	39.44	29.94↑	63.86	40.97↑*↓	67.65
	Positive:error ratio	1:0.61	0.99	1:0.54	0.79	1:0.49	0.88	1:0.45↑*↓	0.54	1:0.32↑*↓	0.45

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[1] Corresponding author Antonio García de Alcaraz Serrano Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, INEF. Departamento de Deportes. C/ Martín Fierro, 7, Spain. Email: antoniogadealse@gmail.com