Development of Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Filled with Montmorillonite-Polypyrrole for Pressure Sensor Applications

Rosa, Bruna dos Santos; Merlini, Claudia; Livi, Sébastien; Barra, Guilherme Mariz de Oliveira

doi:10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0541

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Articles • Mat. Res. 22 (2) • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2018-0541 copy

Development of Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Filled with Montmorillonite-Polypyrrole for Pressure Sensor Applications

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

A novel pressure sensing material composed of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and montmorillonite-polypyrrole (Mt-PPy) was prepared using melt mixing and injection molding. The structure and properties of the PBAT/Mt-PPy composites were evaluated and compared with those of the PBAT/PPy blends. The PBAT/Mt-PPy displays a very sharp insulator-conductor transition and its percolation threshold was reached at 6.5 wt% of Mt-PPy, which was lower than that for PBAT/PPy (11.0 wt% of PPy). The transmission electron microscopy analysis shows that Mt-PPy displays a high aspect ratio and was better distributed and dispersed into PBAT compared to PPy. PBAT/Mt-PPy exhibits a decrease in the electrical resistivity with an applied compressive stress due to the formation of new conducting pathways. The electromechanical response was dependent on Mt-PPy and the maximum sensitivity was observed for the composite containing 10 wt% of Mt-PPy. In this system, the electrical resistivity drops from 9 x 10⁶ to 2 x 10⁶ Ω cm when a compressive stress of 0.25 MPa was applied. The electrical resistivity changes with applied compressive stress, the reproducibility and the reversibility makes PBAT/Mt-PPy a suitable material for the development of pressure sensors.

Keywords:
Polypyrrole; Montmorillonite; Electrical conductivity; Pressure sensor

Sample	A₁(1730)	A₂(1710)	I_1710/1730
PBAT	3.64	13.11	3.60
5 wt% Mt-PPy	2.49	13.76	5.52
10 wt% Mt-PPy	1.53	15.24	9.96
15 wt% Mt-PPy	1.20	15.75	13.12
20 wt% Mt-PPy	0.80	14.17	17.71
5 wt% PPy	2.99	14.95	5.00
10 wt% PPy	2.40	14.03	5.84
15 wt% PPy	1.01	14.88	14.73
20 wt % PPy	0.88	14.61	16.60

Sample	T_onset (°C)	T_{1 max.} (°C)	T_{2 max.} (°C)
PBAT	383.7	408.5	530.2
5 wt% PPy	377.8	404.0	518.8
10 wt% PPy	365.1	399.0	483.3
15 wt% PPy	360.8	394.6	482.0
5 wt% Mt-PPy	366.3	398.2	481.5
10 wt% Mt-PPy	371.2	399.3	460.0
15 wt% Mt-PPy	367.3	396.4	461.5

Sample	Compressive stress range	Wt%	Response	Method
*PBAT/Mt-PPy^ * The results of this work.**	0-0.25 MPa	10 wt%	2.6 times (1.25x10^-7 to 3 x 10^-7 S cm^-1)	M elt mixing
Silicon/Carbon nanoparticles¹⁶16 Hussain M, Choa YH, Niihara K. Fabrication process and electrical behavior of novel pressure-sensing composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2001;32(12):1689-1696.	0-1.2 MPa	35 wt%	1000 times(10^-5 to 10^-2 S cm^-1)	Solution casting
Natural rubber/Carbon black¹⁵15 Job AE, Oliveira FA, Alves N, Giacometti JA, Mattoso LHC. Conductive composites of natural rubber and carbon black. Synthetic Metals. 2003;135-136:99-100.	0-2.4 MPa	10 wt%	2.8 times(2.5x10^-8 to 7 x 10^-8 S cm^-1)	Solution casting
Natural rubber/Carbon black⁵⁶56 Oliveira FA, Alves N, Giacometti JA, Constantino CJL, Mattoso LHC, Balan AMOA, et al. Study of the thermomechanical and electrical properties of conducting composites containing natural rubber and carbon black. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2007;106(2):1001-1006.	0-2.4 MPa	20 wt%	4 times (1 to 4 S cm^-1)	Solution casting
Poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene)/ PAni¹¹11 Souza FG Jr, Michel RC, Soares BG. A methodology for studying the dependence of electrical resistivity with pressure in conducting composites. Polymer Testing. 2005;24(8):998-1004.	0-4 MPa	30 wt%	10 times (10^-7 to 10^-6 S cm^-1)	Melt mixing
SEBS/PANi¹²12 Barra GMO, Martins RR, Kafer KA, Paniago R, Vasques CT, Pires ATN. Thermoplastic elastomer/polyaniline blends: Evaluation of mechanical and electromechanical properties. Polymer Testing. 2008;27(7):886-892.	0-300 MPa	30 wt%	Solution 15 times (0.8x10^-5 to 1.2 x 10^-4 S cm^-1) In situ 12 times (0.75 x 10^-4 to 9 x 10^-4 S cm^-1)	Solution casting/ In situ
SEBS/PPy²³23 Muller D, Garcia M, Salmoria GV, Pires ATN, Paniago R, Barra GMO. SEBS/PPy.DBSA Blends: Preparation and evaluation of electromechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2011;120(1):351-359.	0-10 MPa	25 wt%	36 times (10^-4 to 3.6 x 10^-3 S cm^-1)	Solution casting
Silicon rubber/PPy³⁸38 Vilcáková J, Paligová M, Omastová M, Sáha P. Quadrat O. "Switching effect" in pressure deformation of silicone rubber/polypyrrole composites. Synthetic Metals. 2004;146(2):121-126.	ε up to 15%	8,5 v%	100000 times (10^-10 to 10^-5 S cm^-1 )	Solution casting
PVC/Graphite/Nickel nanoparticles⁵⁷57 Al-Hartomy AO, Al-Solamy F, Al-Ghambi AA, Ibrahim MA, Dishovsky N, El-Tantawy F. Pressure Sensors Based on Polyvinyl Chloride/Graphite/Nickel Nanocomposites. Journal of Elastomers & Plastics. 2011;43(2):137-153.	0-50 MPa	20 wt%	5 times (2x10^-6 to 10^-5 S cm^-1)	Melt mixing
Silicon rubber/Carbon nanotubes⁵⁸58 Wang L, Wang X, Li Y. Relation between repeated uniaxial compressive pressure and electrical resistance of carbon nanotube filled silicone rubber composite. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing. 2012;43(2):268-274.	0-2 MPa	14 wt%	4 times (resistance from 800 to 200 kΩ)	Solution casting
PVDF/PPy⁸8 Merlini C, Almeida RS, D'Ávila MA, Schreiner WH, Barra GMO. Development of a novel pressure sensing material based on polypyrrole-coated electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride) fibers. Materials Science and Engineering: B. 2014;179:52-59.	0-10 MPa	50 wt%	40 times (5 x 10^-1 to 20 S cm^-1)	In situ

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