Evaluation of the Incorporation of Waste Generated from Titanium
                    Dioxide Manufacturing in Red Ceramics

Ribeiro, Daniel Véras; Figueiredo, Sâmia Cordeiro; Machado, Alexandre Teixeira; Diaz, Francisco Rolando Valenzuela; Souza, Carlos Alberto Caldas

doi:10.1590/1516-1439.274414

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Articles • Mat. Res. 18 (1) • Jan-Feb 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.274414 copy

Evaluation of the Incorporation of Waste Generated from Titanium Dioxide Manufacturing in Red Ceramics

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Rotary-vacuum-filter mud (RVFM) is waste generated during the manufacturing process of titanium dioxide. In this work, RVFM and ceramic bricks containing different ratios of this waste are investigated. The mud samples were characterized using thermal analysis (TG/DTG). The aim of the present work was to determine the effect of adding RVFM on the ceramic properties of clay, such as apparent porosity, water absorption, linear shrinkage and flexural strength, used to produce red ceramics (bricks and roofing tiles). Samples were dried out at 110°C and fired at 800°C, 950°C and 1100°C. The addition of RVFM tends to increase the apparent porosity and water absorption and to decrease the flexural strength of the ceramic specimens. Based on the results, ceramic specimens with 20% RVFM content that are burned at 800ºC can not be used as bricks, and ceramic specimens with 20% RVFM content that are fired at 800ºC and 950°C can not used as roofing tiles, according to Brazilian standards.

waste recycling; mud (RVFM); titanium dioxide; red ceramic

RVFM Contents	Clay Mass (Kg)	LRFV Mass (Kg)	H₂O Mass (Kg)
0%	4.500	0.000	0.930
5%	4.500	0.236	1.000
10%	4.500	0.500	1.100
15%	4.500	0.794	1.170
20%	4.500	1.125	1.350

Characteristic	Result
Color	Reddish
Density (g/cm³)	2.63
Liquid Limit (%)	61.9
Plastic Limit (%)	29.1
Plastic Index	32.8

Oxide	RVFM	Clay
Oxide	Content (%)	Content (%)
Al₂O₃	2.55	17.99
Fe₂O₃	8.88	6.54
CaO	16.79	0.08
SO₃	4.70	---
MgO	3.76	1.29
Na₂O	0.17	0.08
K₂O	0.49	2.58
TiO₂	29.81	0.98
MnO	0.39	---
SiO₂	13.05	62.92
ZrO₂	0.68	---
LOI^a a Loss on ignition.	13.49	6.98
Humidity (%)	5.90	18.4

Kaolinitic Clay		RVFM
Compound	Chemical	Compound	Chemical
Quartz	SiO₂	Quartz	SiO₂
Hematite	Fe₂O₃	Gypsum	CaSO₄.H₂O
Muscovite	H₂KAl₃Si₃O₁₂	Rutile	TiO₂
Kaolinite	Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄	Anastásio	TiO₂

Parameters	Leaching			Solubilization
Parameters	Clay (mg/L)	RVFM (mg/L)	MVA^b (mg/L)	Clay (mg/L)	RVFM (mg/L)	MVA^b (mg/L)
Aluminum (Al)	0.000	0.000	#	5.300	0.000	0.200
Arsenic (As)	0.000	34.000	1	0.000	35.100	0.010
Barium (Ba)	0.900	0.700	70.000	0.160	0.013	0.700
Cadmium (Cd)	0.000	0.000	0.500	0.000	0.028	0.005
Lead (Pb)	0.019	0.013	1.000	0.000	0.000	0.010
Cooper (Cu)	0.224	0.104	#	0.011	0.010	2.000
Chrome (Cr)	0.140	0.080	5.000	0.000	0.000	0.050
Iron (Fe)	0.000	0.000	#	0.840	0.000	0.200
Selenium (Se)	0.000	0.008	1.000	0.000	0.000	0.010
Sodium (Na)	x	x	#	2.740	48.900	200.000
Manganese (Mn)	0.180	0.070	#	0.000	0.000	0.100
Zinc (Zn)	x	x	#	0.120	0.000	5.000
Fluorides	0.190	0,000	150.000	0.000	0.000	1.500
Chlorides	x	x	#	0.000	90.900	250.000
Sulfates	x	x	#	34.300	1570.00	250.000
pH (1:1)	4.82	9.47	2.0-12.5	8.38	11.14	#

Properties	Brazilian Specification	Sintering Temperature
	Brazilian Specification	800°C				950°C				1100°C
	RVFM content	0%	5%	10%	20%	0%	5%	10%	20%	0%	5%	10%	20%
Flexural Strength (Bricks)	55 Kgf/cm²	A	A	A	R	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
Flexural Strength ( roofing tiles)	65 Kgf/cm²	A	A	A	R	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
Water Absorption (Bricks)	25%	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A	A
Water Absorption ( roofing tiles)	20%	A	A	A	R	A	A	A	R	A	A	A	A

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