Resumo em Inglês:

The processing of 3% Si steel is characterized by the use of MnS particles as a normal grain growth inhibitor. Experiments were carried out to investigate the grain growth in this material during heat treatments at low temperature. Industrial decarburized samples were annealed in the range 825-845 °C and a detailed study of grain size and texture was made by EBSD measurements. The primary grain size and texture were related to the secondary structure obtained after high temperature final annealing. The heat treatments for grain growth led to an increase in the mean grain size by 1.2 to 3 times, depending on the stability of MnS particles distribution. The increase of the primary grain size increased the core loss and decreased the magnetic induction of the fully processed material.

Resumo em Inglês:

This study evaluated the effect of artificially accelerated aging (AAA) on the surface hardness of eight composite resins: Filtek Z250, Filtek Supreme, 4 Seasons, Herculite, P60, Tetric Ceram, Charisma, and Filtek Z100. Sixteen specimens were made from the test piece of each material, using an 8.0 × 2.0 mm teflon matrix. After 24 hours, eight specimens from each material were submitted to three surface hardness readings using a Shimadzu Microhardness Tester for 5 seconds at a load of 50 gf. The other eight specimens remained in the artificially accelerated aging machine for 382 hours and were submitted to the same surface hardness analysis. The means of each test specimen were submitted to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p > 0.05), ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05). With regard to hardness (F = 86.74, p < 0.0001) the analysis showed significant differences among the resin composite brands. But aging did not influence the hardness of any of the resin composites (F = 0.39, p = 0.53). In this study, there was interaction between the resin composite brand and the aging factors (F = 4.51, p < 0.0002). It was concluded that notwithstanding the type of resin, AAA did not influence surface hardness. However, with regard to hardness there was a significant difference among the resin brands.

Resumo em Inglês:

Glass-ceramic materials made of 40.0 wt. (%) of sandy tailing from banded iron formation exploitation and 60 wt. (%) of slag from steelwork were analyzed. Vitrification was obtained by heating the batch samples up to 1400 °C for 1 hour and quenching the melt on a stainless steel plate. Devitrification was obtained by heat-treating the as-quenched glass samples in isothermal conditions at 750 and 1000 °C for 2 hours. FTIR spectroscopy analysis on the devitrified samples indicates a peak shift towards higher wave number with respect to the as-quenched glass because of the crystallization. XRD analysis revealed the presence of crystalline diopside CaMgSi2O6 as the major phase in the glass samples isothermally heat-treated at 1000 °C. Results also indicated that the devitrification at 1000 °C and an incipient devitrification at 750 °C resulted into harder glass-ceramic materials.

Resumo em Inglês:

In the present investigation aqueous suspensions of nano- and colloidal range particles are stabilised by changing the ambient pH. Rheology is used to establish the stability of the suspensions and it is found that the rheology of the suspensions is strongly dependent on the pH values. The viscosity is highest close to the iso-electric point of the powders. At the iso-electric point the net surface charge on the powder particles is zero and is the cause of the high viscosity. Away from the iso-electric point, the particles are charged, giving rise to a double layer phenomenon and causing the reduction in viscosity. It is also found that increasing the solid contents of the suspensions reduces the pH region of low viscosity.

Resumo em Inglês:

In some types of surgical implants, such as bone screws and plates, Grade 2 Ti is seriously considered as a replacement for the Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Advantages are lower cost and the absence of Al and V, which have been identified as potentially harmful to human health. The present paper shows that the lower strength of the commercially pure metal can be enhanced by Severe Plastic Deformation followed by conventional cold rolling, so as to reach a strength level higher than the technical requirements applicable to the alloy. This was ascertained by tensile and Vickers hardness tests from which it was concluded that the best combination of properties are obtained by submitting the metal to Equal Channel Angular Pressing (four passes at 300 °C) followed by a 70% thickness reduction by cold rolling. Although the present results are valid for the material only, and not for the product considered, that is, bone screws, it appears that this solution is a step towards the replacement of the Ti6-4 alloy by Grade 2 Ti, at least for some types of metallic medical implants.

Resumo em Inglês:

The applications of the chromium ferritic stainless steel AISI 410S have been considerably increased in the last years in many technical fields as chemical industries and oil or gas transportation. However, the phase transformation temperatures are, currently, unknown for this alloy. The aim of this work is to determine the alpha to gamma transformation temperatures of the AISI 410S alloy in different cooling conditions and to analyze them using continuous cooling theory. In order to achieve different cooling rates and thermal conditions, two complementary techniques were used: Bridgman furnace crystal growth and laser remelting technique. The measured solidification temperature was around 1730 and 1750 K. Plate-like and dendritic austenite precipitates were obtained in solid-state phase using growth rates between 5 and 10 µm/s in directional growth experiments. Only plate-like austenite phase was observed in the experiments using growth rates above 100 µm/s. The appearance of dendrites, with the consequent segregation of the elements, can be previously determined by the microstructure modeling currently proposed. Massive austenite can be produced from 0.3 to 10 mm/s rates at temperatures between 1100-1300 K. The structure might be less sensitive to corrosion because this phase is produced without microsegregation.

Resumo em Inglês:

With a view to implement sustainability concepts (namely, use of locally available materials and industrial by-products) in the concrete construction industry, the possibility of use of crushed stone fine aggregate as replacement to river sand is explored in this paper. Towards this, tests have been carried out on concrete cubes and concrete cylinders. The effect of variation in percentage replacement of river sand with crushed stone fine aggregate on the mechanical properties is studied. In order to popularize the locally available material for the construction of shear critical concrete structures (viz. flat slabs, foundation of heavy structures), the Mode - II fracture behavior of the considered concrete is studied using DCN (Double Central Notched) specimens with different notch to depth, (a/w), ratios of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. For each (a/w) ratio five different percentage replacements (viz. 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) are considered. The study indicates that both cube compressive strength and split tensile strength increases with the increase in percentage replacement up to 50% and then gradually decreases. A similar observation was made with respect to the Mode - II fracture energy also. It is noted that the strengths of concrete even with 100% replacement are higher than the concrete with 0% replacement suggesting that the locally available crushed stone fine aggregate can be considered as an alternative to the river sand.

Resumo em Inglês:

A wedge-shaped copper mold was used to fabricate micro quasicrystals(QCs). Stable Mg-Zn-Y-based nano-QCs were directly synthesized through this simple route instead of crystallization from metallic glasses or complicated forming processes at high temperature. The study showed that on the tips of the wedge-shaped ingots, the minimum diameter of nano-QCs approach to 4~6 nm. The main size of nano-QCs is about 10~30 nm. The maximum microhardness of QCs has been dramatically improved to about HV440 which increased by about 280% compared with that of the petal-like QCs fabricated under common cast iron mold cooling conditions. Possessing a certain negative enthalpy of mixing and existence of Frank-Kasper-type phases determined the formation of Mg-Zn-Y-based nano-QCs. The further electrochemical studies showed that Mg71Zn26Y2Cu1 nano-QC alloy possess high corrosion resistance in simulated seawater and its corrosion resistance is much better than those of the Mg72Zn26Y2 and Mg71Zn26Y2Cu0.5 Ni0.5 nano-QC alloys.

Resumo em Inglês:

Steel bar embedded in an alkali-activated slag (AAS) concrete was tested under complete immersion, in 3.5% NaCl solution by weight of the slag. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was also tested for comparative purposes and exposed to the same solution. Monitoring of open-circuit potential, polarization resistance measurement and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to evaluate the corrosion behavior of steel bar. The corrosion resistances of AAS and OPC concretes were performed at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Electrochemical measurements shows that AAS concrete presents passive corrosion behavior the first 3 months, after this period of time, it presents corrosion resistance decreased due to the chlorides presence at the steel/AAS interface. For 0 months immersion (28 days of curing) the AAS and OPC concretes presented a 10% of corrosion probability. After 3 months of immersion the tested AAS and OPC concretes showed similar behavior, the active potentials in the range from "0.2 to "0.6 V vs. Cu/CuSO4, indicate a 90% probability of corrosion.

Resumo em Inglês:

The present study investigated the Ti-46Al-4Nb-2Mo and Ti-46Al-4Nb-2Cr (at.%) alloys, which were prepared by solution treatment at 1,400 °C for 30 minutes prior to being air-cooled. The alloys were subsequently reheated to 1350 °C for 60 minutes and were cooled to room temperature by oil or water quenching. The evolution of the microstructure in the alloys was investigated by detailed characterization of the massive-γ transformation of the heat-treated samples by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Lamellar structures consisting of and α2 phases with small amounts of β-phase were distributed along the grain boundary after the solution treatment process in both alloys. A massive-γ transformation from the α-phase field was observed for the samples that were cooled by water or oil quenching. After cooling in either oil or water, the massive-γ transformed structure of Ti-46Al-4Nb-2Cr without a lamellar phase was distributed on the α2-matrix. In addition, the massive-γ phases confirmed that the nucleation site was at the grain boundary of the α/α parent phase. Moreover, the volume fraction of massive-γ decreased as the cooling rate increased. The EBSD results demonstrated that the massive-γ transformation inherited the orientation of the lamellar-γ, and nucleation occurred around the parent α-matrix. The detailed observation orientation relationship by Kikuchi patterns and pole figures revealed a massive- transformation, and the α2-matrix had the associated orientation relationship from the γ-lamellar and parent α-matrix.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper shows theoretical models (analytical formulations) to predict the mechanical behavior of thick composite tubes and how some parameters can influence this behavior. Thus, firstly, it was developed the analytical formulations for a pressurized tube made of composite material with a single thick ply and only one lamination angle. For this case, the stress distribution and the displacement fields are investigated as function of different lamination angles and reinforcement volume fractions. The results obtained by the theoretical model are physic consistent and coherent with the literature information. After that, the previous formulations are extended in order to predict the mechanical behavior of a thick laminated tube. Both analytical formulations are implemented as a computational tool via Matlab code. The results obtained by the computational tool are compared to the finite element analyses, and the stress distribution is considered coherent. Moreover, the engineering computational tool is used to perform failure analysis, using different types of failure criteria, which identifies the damaged ply and the mode of failure.

Resumo em Inglês:

Colloidal processing of ceramics offers a high potential to achieve homogeneous microstructures with improved material properties. In this study, a novel forming method is investigated, which was already applied successfully for the fabrication of ceramic matrix composites (CMC), but is also considered to be a suitable direct casting technique for the fabrication of advanced ceramics with tailored microstructure and properties. The so-called nanoparticle assisted coagulation method (NPAC) represents a modification of the hydrolysis-assisted solidification (HAS) technique. It promises green components with high green strength, uniform density as well as homogeneous and tailored microstructure. Electrostatically stabilized colloidal suspensions with high solid loadings were produced by dispersing various fractions of submicron alumina powder and aluminium hydroxide nano-powder in water without use of any organic binder. Rheology and coagulation kinetics of suspensions and green part properties were studied regarding to modifications of pH value, setting temperature, amount of setting agent, amount of nano-powder, solids loading and process parameters like ultrasound treatment. It could be revealed that the homogeneous core-shell arrangement of submicron and nanoparticles in the colloidal state can be transmitted to the green state, which improves the microstructure and green density of the green parts. For this, the NPAC method is seen as a promising technique for the fabrication of advanced ceramics with tailored microstructure and properties.

Resumo em Inglês:

Single crystalline Ca2Ge7O16 nanowires have been synthesized using CaO and GeO2 as the raw materials. Various factors that affect the formation and size of the Ca2Ge7O16 nanowires have been analyzed. The obtained products are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the calcium germanate nanowires are composed of orthorhombic Ca2Ge7O16 phase with the length and diameter of several dozens of micrometers and about 50 nm, respectively. Hydrothermal temperature plays an important role on the formation and growth of the Ca2Ge7O16 nanowires. The formation process of the Ca2Ge7O16 nanowires is initially interpreted according to the shape evolution of the products obtained from different growth conditions.

Resumo em Inglês:

A 7.4 mm thick strip of 3003 aluminum alloy produced by the industrial twin-roll casting (TRC) process was homogenized at 500 °C for 12 hours, after which it was cold rolled in two conditions: 1) to reduce the strip's thickness by 67%, and 2) to reduce it by 91%. The alloy was annealed at 400 °C for 1 hour in both conditions. The results revealed that a rotated cube texture, the {001}<110> component, predominated in the as-cast condition and was transformed into brass, copper and S type textures during the cold rolling process. There was practically no difference between the deformation textures at the two thickness reductions.

Resumo em Inglês:

A vibration rheometer has been developed for the purpose of determining the viscosity coefficient and the yield value of fresh concrete under vibration. The main parts of the apparatus, a test specimen and a vibration source form a unitary oscillatory system whose parameters can be measured with sufficient precision. Two types of fine grained reference material have been prepared and examined; one with a high coefficient of viscosity and the other with a high yield value. The rheological properties of reference materials have been determined in a capillary tube viscometer. Since there is no analytical solution to the flow in the vibration rheometer, the constants of the vibration rheometer have been determined by experiment, for each position of the apparatus piston within the measuring range. The parameters of the flow depend on the maximum acceleration of the vibration source. An increase in acceleration causes an increase in the yield value as well as a reduction in the plastic viscosity coefficient of the material specimen. A testing of fresh mortar has been carried out as well. The obtained results have been compared with the impact on reference materials, which makes the results of our research applicable to fresh vibrated concrete.

Resumo em Inglês:

Cu (II) removal equilibrium from aqueous solutions using calcined clays "Bofe" and "Verde-lodo" has been studied by batch and fixed-bed in static and dynamic systems, respectively. Analyses were performed for physicochemical characterization of clays using the techniques: X-ray fluorescence (XRF), thermogravimetry (TG), N2 adsorption (BET) and Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC). Batch experiments were performed at a constant temperature, adjusting the pH of the solution in contact with clays. Adsorption assays in fixed bed were conducted at the flow rate determined through mass transfer zone (MTZ). Langmuir and Freundlich models were adjusted to equilibrium data. The results of characterization indicated that the temperature of 500ºC is best suited for the calcination of the clays. The maximum adsorption capacity was higher for dynamic system than fixed bed compared to static system, enhancing from 0.0748 to 0.1371 and from 0.0599 to 0.22 mmol.g-1 of clay for "Bofe" and "Verde-lodo", respectively.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper quantifies the effects of milling conditions on surface integrity of ultrafine-grained steels. Cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut were related to microhardness and microstructure of the workpiece beneath machined surface. Low-carbon alloyed steel with 10.8 µm (as-received) and 1.7 µm (ultrafine) grain sizes were end milled using the down-milling and dry condition in a CNC machining center. The results show ultrafine-grained workpiece preserves its surface integrity against cutting parameters more than the as-received material. Cutting speed increases the microhardness while depth of cut deepens the hardened layer of the as-received material. Also, deformations of microstructure following feed rate direction were observed in workpiece subsurface.

Resumo em Inglês:

Close coupled gas atomization has been studied. Pitot tube gas flow measurements support a postulate of transition from an initial sonic to a supersonic and a final sonic state along the convergence region of the jets. Predictions of the d50 median diameter utilizing a two phase model for primary and secondary break up correlate strongly with experimental results from He-atomized Al alloys by a factor of 0.8216.

Resumo em Inglês:

The growing concern with environmental issues in tanneries and the search for a technological solution to their wastes are evaluated in this study. The leather shaving was chemically treated aiming the immobilization of the chromium ion on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) matrix. Cementitious mortars were obtained by adding different proportions of waste treated solutions (5 and 10% compared to the cement mass) and after 28 days, the samples were evaluated in relation to their physical properties, axial compressive strength and, for the most promising compositions, microstructural characterization analyses tests were realized. Results showed that the alternatives used for the pretreatment were effective for the leather shaving dissolution; but the results analysis describes little change in pH values when the treated waste is added in three different media. The best axial compressive strength after 28 days age were obtained by addition of diluted phosphoric acid solution at low concentration, although this addition minimize the Portlandite formation and favor the calcium phosphate formation.

Resumo em Inglês:

The main goal in this work is to conduct a quantitative analysis of the mechanical stir casting process for obtaining particulate metal matrix composites. A combined route of stirring at semi-solid state followed by stirring at liquid state is proposed. A fractional factorial design was developed to investigate the influence and interactions of factors as: time, rotation, initial fraction and particle size, on the incorporated fraction. The best incorporations were obtained with all factors at high levels, as well as that very long stirring periods have no strong influence being particle size and rotation the most important factors on the incorporated fraction. Particle wetting occurs during stirring at semi-solid state, highlighting the importance of the interactions between particles and the alloy globularized phase. The role of the alloying element Mg as a wettability-promoting agent is discussed. The shear forces resulting from the stirring system is emphasized and understood as the effect of rotation itself added to the propeller blade geometry.

Resumo em Inglês:

Hydroxyapatite-collagen (HA/Col) composites are potential scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In this work, three-dimensional (3-D) HA/Col (50/50 wt. (%)) scaffolds were synthesized using a self-assembly method and cross-linked with a 0.125% glutaraldehyde solution. Scaffolds were evaluated in vitro by cytotoxicity testing using MC3T3 cells; proliferation and differentiation were studied using STRO-1A human stromal cells for up to 21 days. Morphological and histological examinations showed a fibrous structure with a good distribution and homogeneous HA particles distribution. By thermogravimetric analysis, a ratio of 1.2 between inorganic and organic phase was found. The scaffolds presented no cytotoxicity when evaluated using three different parameters of cell survival and integrity: 2,3-bis[2-methyloxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl] -2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT), Neutral Red (NR) and Crystal Violet Dye Elution (CVDE). STRO-1A cells were found to adhere, proliferate and differentiate on the 3-D scaffold, but limited cell penetration was observed.

Resumo em Inglês:

A combined chemical-electrochemical oxidation method to obtain porous bioactive TiO2 films on titanium is reported. In this case, a titanium chemical pre-etching followed by the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treatment is proposed and optimized, to obtain a high-roughness and porous surface which benefits the titanium/bone integration. The MAO treatment at various rates (different current densities) allowed to define the influence of the oxide growth rate on the surface morphology and to design the best features for each case. Titanium samples were pre-etched using a 2% HF solution as a function of the etching time, and then anodized by the MAO treatment in a 0.5 M H3PO4 solution at current densities in the 10 to 90 mA.cm-2 range. High porosity (0.5 to 1 µm-diameter pores) and higher phosphorous content for TiO2 films were achieved by first etching the Ti sample for 180 seconds in the HF solution, and then applying current densities in the 80 to 90 mA.cm-2 range for the micro-arc oxidation process.