Los cíclidos de la tribu Heroini han experimentado un largo conflicto taxonómico. En particular, las especies incluidas en el grupo Herichthys bartoni no han sido recuperadas como monofiléticas en diversos estudios moleculares. En este artículo nosotros usamos morfometría tradicional y geométrica para evaluar la variación morfológica de las especies incluidas en el complejo H. bartoni para evaluar el numero de especies que contiene. Una actualización de un estudio previo de código de barras de ADN sugiere la existencia de tres grupos genéticos que incluyen las seis especies reconocidas analizadas en este estudio, ninguna de las cuales fue recuperada como monofilética. Por otro lado, la morfometría geométrica surge como una herramienta de utilidad para discriminar especies debido a que la variación en caracteres morfométricos tradicionales muestra altos niveles de solapamiento que previene la propuesta de caracteres diagnósticos.
Articles • Neotrop. ichthyol. 13
(1)
• Jan-Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20140067 linkcopiar
Morphometric variation of the Herichthys bartoni (Bean,
1892) species group (Teleostei: Cichlidae): How many species comprise H.
labridens (Pellegrin, 1903)?
Autoría
person Omar Mejía
schoolDepartamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mxInstituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F.Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mx
person Fabián Pérez-Miranda
schoolDepartamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mxInstituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F.Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mx
person Yatzil León-Romero
schoolDepartamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mxInstituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F.Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mx
person Eduardo Soto-Galera
schoolDepartamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mxInstituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F.Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mx
person Efraín de Luna
SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS
Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mxInstituto Politécnico NacionalMéxico, D.F.Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de
Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de
Ayala S/N, Colonia Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., 11340, Mexico. (OM)
hmejiag@ipn.mx (corresponding
author); (FPM) monodactilo@hotmail.com; (YLR) yatzillleon@gmail.com; (ESG) egalera@ipn.mx
Figuras | Tablas
imageFigure 1. Geographic distribution of the species included in the Herichthys bartoni group. Note: The species H. pratinus was not included in this work. open_in_new

imageFigure 2. Landmarks recorded in this study. 1. Anterior end of the lower maxilla 2. Anterior end of the upper maxilla 3. Length of the ascending premaxillary process 4. End of the supraoccipital bone 5. Start of the dorsal fin 6. Last spine of the dorsal fin 7. End of the dorsal fin 8. Upper boundary of the caudal fin 9. Center of the caudal fin 10. Base of the caudal fin 11. End of the anal fin 12. Last spine of the anal fin 13. Origin of the anal fin 14. Origin of the pelvic fin 15. Posterior end of the lower maxilla 16. Posterior end of the upper lip 17. Maximum point of curvature at the preoperculum 18. Upper end of the preoperculum 19. Upper end of the operculum 20. Most posterior end at the operculum 21. Origin of the pectoral fin 22. Upper extreme of the sphenotic orbit 23. Base of the sphenotic orbit 24. Left extreme of the sphenotic orbit 25. Right extreme of the sphenotic orbit. open_in_new

imageFigure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of the Herichthys bartoni species group obtained from the Bayesian analysis of an approximately 652 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (DNA Barcode). Numbers above nodes are the Bayesian Posterior Probabilities (BPP) for the principal clades recovered in the analysis. The haplotypes of the species included in the H. cyanoguttatus species group were collapsed to facilitate representation. open_in_new

imageFigure 4. Canonical variance analysis derived from the discriminant function analysis of the species included in the Herichthys bartoni species group. A) Meristic data B) Morphometric data adjusted by the method of Mossimann C) Morphometric data adjusted as proportions. Symbology: Blue: H. bartoni, Red: H. cf. labridens, Green: H. labridens, Violet: H. molango, Black: H. pame, Gray: H. pantostictus, Brown: H. steindachneri. open_in_new

imageFigure 5. Canonical variance analysis derived from the geometric morphometric analysis of the species included in the Herichthys bartoni species group. A) canonical variate 1 and 2 for the head, B) canonical variate 2 and 3 for the head, C) canonical variate 1 and 2 for the body, D) canonical variate 2 and 3 for the body. Symbology: Blue: H. bartoni, Red: H. cf. labridens, Green: H. labridens, Violet: H. molango, Black: H. pame, Gray: H. pantostictus, Brown: H. steindachneri. open_in_new

table_chartTable 1.
Matrix of classification for the seven species of the Herichthys bartoni
species group derived from the Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). The data
are presented as percents of correct classification for each data set.
| Species | Meristic | Mossimann | Proportions |
|---|---|---|---|
| H. bartoni | 92,1053 | 86,8421 | 87,1795 |
| H. cf. labridens | 92,8571 | 93,8111 | 93,8312 |
| H. labridens | 20,5480 | 64,3836 | 65,7534 |
| H. molango | 0,0000 | 0,0000 | 39,1304 |
| H. pame | 0,0000 | 4,7619 | 0,0000 |
| H. pantostictum | 30,2326 | 67,4419 | 81,3954 |
| H. steindachneri | 50,0000 | 29,6296 | 46,6667 |
| Total | 67,5183 | 79,1423 | 80,8429 |
table_chartTable 2.
Procrustes distances among the seven taxa of the the Herichthys bartoni
species group included in this study. Above the diagonal the results for the 15
landmarks of the head, below the diagonal the results for the 25 landmarks of
the body. *denotes significant p values (p< 0.05) after 10,000
iterations.
| H. bartoni | H. labridens | H. steindachneri | H. cf. labridens | H. pantostictus | H. pame | H. molango | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. bartoni | 0.041* | 0.0489* | 0.0355* | 0.0552* | 0.0602* | 0,0624 | |
| H. labridens | 0.0337* | 0,0232 | 0.0176* | 0.0430* | 0,0406 | 0,0783 | |
| H. steindachneri | 0.0394* | 0.0236* | 0.0250* | 0,0433 | * | 0,0771 | |
| H.cf. labridens | 0.0348* | 0.0126* | 0.0227* | 0.0552* | 0.0602* | 0,0624 | |
| H. pantostictus | 0.0380* | 0.0162* | 0.0212* | 0.013* | 0.0615* | 0.0947* | |
| H. pame | 0.047* | 0.0488* | 0.0585* | 0.0485* | 0.0526* | 0.0969* | |
| H. molango | 0.0603* | 0.0393* | 0.0414* | 0.0421* | 0.0424* | 0.0635* |
table_chartTable 3.
Descriptive statistics for the 18 morphometric data adjusted as proportions
of the standard length (SL) and nine morphometric data adjusted as proportions
of the head length (HL) used in this study. The mean, minimum, maximum and the
standard deviation of the value for each Herichthys species are expressed as
percentages.
| % SL | Phylogenetic group I | Phylogenetic group II | Phylogenetic group III | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. bartoni | H. labridens | H. steindachneri | H. pame | H. pantostictus | H. molango | |||||||||||||||||||
| min | X | max | SD | min | X | max | SD | min | X | max | SD | min | X | max | SD | min | X | max | SD | min | X | max | SD | |
| Total length of the anal fin (LAF) | 25 | 31 | 37 | 3 | 30 | 35 | 40 | 2 | 29 | 35 | 45 | 4 | 31 | 35 | 38 | 2 | 32 | 36 | 41 | 2 | 27 | 37 | 48 | 3 |
| Total length of the dorsal fin (LDF) | 53 | 61 | 68 | 3 | 51 | 65 | 71 | 3 | 54 | 63 | 75 | 5 | 62 | 65 | 70 | 2 | 58 | 67 | 73 | 3 | 55 | 69 | 82 | 4 |
| Total length of the dorsal fin of spines (DFE) | 39 | 45 | 50 | 2 | 33 | 49 | 57 | 3 | 42 | 49 | 61 | 4 | 45 | 49 | 52 | 2 | 47 | 51 | 56 | 2 | 36 | 50 | 59 | 3 |
| Total length of the dorsal fin of rays (DFR) | 9 | 15 | 22 | 2 | 10 | 17 | 24 | 3 | 8 | 14 | 24 | 3 | 12 | 17 | 21 | 3 | 9 | 16 | 20 | 2 | 11 | 19 | 34 | 3 |
| Total length of the anal fin of spines (AFE) | 14 | 18 | 24 | 2 | 14 | 20 | 27 | 2 | 13 | 21 | 29 | 4 | 11 | 18 | 21 | 2 | 18 | 22 | 26 | 2 | 9 | 20 | 27 | 3 |
| Total length of the anal fin of rays (AFR) | 8 | 12 | 17 | 2 | 12 | 15 | 23 | 2 | 10 | 15 | 21 | 2 | 12 | 16 | 22 | 3 | 12 | 14 | 19 | 1 | 5 | 17 | 30 | 3 |
| Total length of the pectoral fin (LPF) | 20 | 23 | 27 | 2 | 20 | 23 | 29 | 2 | 20 | 24 | 29 | 2 | 21 | 23 | 25 | 1 | 19 | 24 | 28 | 2 | 17 | 24 | 30 | 2 |
| Total length of the pelvic fin (LVF) | 16 | 21 | 28 | 2 | 16 | 23 | 29 | 2 | 20 | 23 | 30 | 2 | 19 | 23 | 26 | 2 | 20 | 24 | 27 | 2 | 20 | 25 | 32 | 2 |
| Predorsal length (PDL) | 33 | 40 | 45 | 3 | 29 | 35 | 40 | 2 | 34 | 39 | 45 | 2 | 30 | 34 | 38 | 2 | 31 | 36 | 40 | 2 | 26 | 35 | 42 | 3 |
| Preanal length (PAL) | 65 | 70 | 74 | 2 | 61 | 64 | 68 | 2 | 59 | 66 | 70 | 2 | 61 | 65 | 68 | 2 | 63 | 67 | 70 | 2 | 49 | 65 | 73 | 3 |
| Length of the caudal peduncle (LCP) | 10 | 13 | 15 | 1 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 1 | 8 | 12 | 17 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 15 | 1 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 1 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 1 |
| Length of the dorsal fin at its base (LDB) | 40 | 47 | 54 | 2 | 47 | 51 | 54 | 2 | 42 | 48 | 57 | 4 | 46 | 50 | 53 | 2 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 2 | 24 | 52 | 67 | 4 |
| Length of the anal fin at its base (LAB) | 14 | 16 | 20 | 1 | 13 | 19 | 24 | 2 | 13 | 19 | 24 | 3 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 2 | 18 | 21 | 26 | 2 | 14 | 19 | 27 | 2 |
| Head length (HLE) | 34 | 38 | 44 | 2 | 31 | 34 | 40 | 2 | 33 | 36 | 41 | 2 | 30 | 33 | 35 | 2 | 30 | 34 | 37 | 2 | 20 | 34 | 39 | 3 |
| Length of the post ascending premaxillary process (PPP) | 21 | 24 | 29 | 2 | 19 | 26 | 30 | 3 | 20 | 24 | 42 | 3 | 24 | 27 | 29 | 1 | 17 | 22 | 34 | 3 | 29 | 27 | 33 | 2 |
| Distance between the anal fin and the base of the pelvic fins (DBF) | 22 | 29 | 32 | 2 | 23 | 29 | 33 | 2 | 23 | 28 | 39 | 3 | 27 | 29 | 33 | 2 | 22 | 27 | 32 | 2 | 23 | 29 | 35 | 4 |
| Body height (BHE) | 37 | 41 | 45 | 2 | 37 | 42 | 46 | 2 | 32 | 39 | 46 | 4 | 38 | 41 | 43 | 2 | 38 | 41 | 45 | 2 | 33 | 41 | 47 | 2 |
| Height of the caudal peduncle (HCP) | 14 | 16 | 17 | 1 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 1 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 1 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 1 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 1 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 1 |
| % HL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Postorbital length (POL) | 40 | 47 | 53 | 3 | 39 | 47 | 52 | 2 | 35 | 42 | 48 | 3 | 42 | 46 | 51 | 2 | 36 | 44 | 56 | 3 | 30 | 44 | 63 | 3 |
| Length of the upper maxilla (UML) | 12 | 20 | 29 | 4 | 16 | 22 | 28 | 2 | 13 | 22 | 31 | 3 | 16 | 21 | 27 | 3 | 17 | 22 | 32 | 3 | 16 | 23 | 36 | 3 |
| Length of the lower maxilla (LLM) | 13 | 21 | 30 | 4 | 16 | 22 | 28 | 2 | 15 | 26 | 32 | 3 | 15 | 21 | 26 | 3 | 16 | 22 | 32 | 3 | 16 | 23 | 36 | 3 |
| Snout length (SNL) | 24 | 30 | 40 | 4 | 26 | 33 | 38 | 2 | 27 | 34 | 35 | 3 | 28 | 37 | 38 | 3 | 23 | 31 | 37 | 3 | 21 | 35 | 47 | 3 |
| Length of the ascending premaxillary process (LPP) | 31 | 36 | 43 | 3 | 24 | 41 | 51 | 7 | 30 | 40 | 66 | 6 | 38 | 48 | 53 | 3 | 30 | 38 | 45 | 3 | 27 | 47 | 56 | 4 |
| Head height at the eye (HHE) | 68 | 81 | 110 | 8 | 74 | 96 | 119 | 10 | 59 | 80 | 110 | 10 | 85 | 97 | 117 | 8 | 74 | 88 | 110 | 8 | 64 | 93 | 136 | 10 |
| Eye diameter (EYD) | 20 | 25 | 32 | 3 | 19 | 24 | 30 | 2 | 18 | 25 | 33 | 3 | 18 | 23 | 30 | 2 | 23 | 27 | 32 | 2 | 19 | 25 | 35 | 3 |
| Height of the head at the preopercle (HHP) | 78 | 91 | 120 | 9 | 79 | 110 | 131 | 10 | 62 | 90 | 110 | 11 | 99 | 110 | 130 | 8 | 85 | 99 | 120 | 8 | 87 | 110 | 150 | 9 |
| Intraocular distance (IOD) | 23 | 27 | 38 | 4 | 29 | 35 | 42 | 3 | 23 | 30 | 45 | 5 | 31 | 37 | 42 | 3 | 25 | 32 | 39 | 3 | 24 | 35 | 46 | 3 |
table_chartTable 4.
Descriptive statistics for the 13 meristic data used in this study. The
mode, minimum, maximum and the frequency of the mode for each species are
presented.
| Counts | Phylogenetic group I | Phylogenetic group II | Phylogenetic group III | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. bartoni | H. labridens | H. steindachneri | H. pame | H. pantostictus | H. molango | |||||||||||||||||||
| min | m | max | freq | min | m | max | freq | min | m | max | freq | min | m | max | freq | min | m | max | freq | min | m | max | freq | |
| Number of spines in the dorsal fin | 14 | 15 | 16 | 66 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 70 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 84 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 76 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 58 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 68 |
| Number of rays in the dorsal fin | 10 | 11 | 12 | 59 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 55 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 48 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 38 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 53 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 68 |
| Number of spines in the anal fin | 3 | 4 | 5 | 82 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 56 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 66 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 81 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 53 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 69 |
| Number of rays in the anal fin | 8 | 9 | 10 | 71 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 71 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 57 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 57 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 70 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 68 |
| Number of rays in the pectoral fins | 13 | 14 | 15 | 59 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 57 | 14 | 14 & 15 | 15 | 50 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 57 | 14 | 15 | 15 | 58 | 13 | 15 | 16 | 68 |
| Number of rays in the pelvic fins | 5 | 5 | 5 | 100 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 97 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 95 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 90 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 100 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 98 |
| Number of gill rakers in the dorsal arm | 2 | 2 | 3 | 61 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 68 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 86 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 90 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 49 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 83 |
| Number of gill rakers in the ventral arm | 3 | 5 | 7 | 49 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 56 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 57 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 52 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 98 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 51 |
| Number of scales in a longitudinal series | 25 | 27 | 31 | 46 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 58 | 25 | 26 | 31 | 29 | 23 | 28 | 30 | 62 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 60 | 16 | 27 | 30 | 45 |
| Number of circumpeduncular scales | 14 | 16 | 18 | 69 | 14 | 16 | 20 | 52 | 14 | 14 & 16 | 18 | 48 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 81 | 12 | 16 | 16 | 72 | 14 | 16 | 19 | 59 |
| Number of scales in the first portion of the lateral line | 14 | 18 | 19 | 36 | 15 | 19 | 22 | 41 | 13 | 18 & 19 | 21 | 34 | 15 | 19 | 20 | 38 | 16 | 20 | 21 | 51 | 8 | 19 | 21 | 37 |
| Number of scales in the second portion of the lateral line | 6 | 9 | 14 | 28 | 5 | 10 & 11 | 15 | 25 | 5 | 9 | 12 | 32 | 9 | 11 | 20 | 33 | 7 | 10 | 12 | 37 | 3 | 10 | 20 | 34 |
| Total number of scales in the lateral line | 24 | 27 | 32 | 31 | 21 | 30 | 34 | 27 | 22 | 27 | 30 | 23 | 26 | 30 | 31 | 48 | 22 | 30 | 31 | 39 | 12 | 29 | 35 | 29 |
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Neotropical Ichthyology, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Cidade Universitária, 86055-900, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Phone +55(43)3371-5151 -
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E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br
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