New species of <i>Rhyacoglanis</i> (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin

A new species of Rhyacoglanis from the upper rio Tocantins basin is described based on morphological and molecular data. The new species differs from the congeners by its color pattern, caudal fin shape, hypural bones fusion pattern, pectoral-fin spine shape, and barcode sequence of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). In this study, two putative monophyletic groups of Rhyacoglanis are proposed based on morphology, one consisting of species with a short post-cleithral process and caudal fin with rounded lobes, Rhyacoglanis epiblepsis and R. rapppydanielae, and the other with a longer post-cleithral process and caudal fin with pointed lobes, R. annulatus, R. paranensis, R. pulcher, R. seminiger, and the new species described herein.

Keywords:
Biodiversity; Bumblebee catfish; Ostariophysi; Systematics; Taxonomy

Authorship

Oscar Akio Shibatta

Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing

Museu de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86051-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. (OAS) shibatta@uel.br (corresponding author); (LSS) lenicesouza@hotmail.com.Universidade Estadual de LondrinaBrazilLondrina, PR, BrazilMuseu de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, km 380, 86051-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. (OAS) shibatta@uel.br (corresponding author); (LSS) lenicesouza@hotmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2883-5934

Lenice Souza-Shibatta

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8097-6895

Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento

Correspondence

Oscar Akio Shibatta shibatta@uel.br

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (10)
Tables (3)

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FIGURE 1 |
Holotype of Rhyacoglanis varii, MZUEL 22317, 67.1 mm SL, rio do Peixe, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goianésia, state of Goiás, Brazil.

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FIGURE 2 |
Rhyacoglanis varii pectoral-fin spine, paratype, MZUEL 6039, 55.5 mm SL. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

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FIGURE 3 |
Rhyacoglanis varii caudal-fin skeleton, paratype, MZUEL 6039, 53.5 mm SL. Bones in yellow ocher and cartilage in blue. H1 to H5 = hypurals 1 to 5. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

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FIGURE 4 |
Rhyacoglanis varii laterosensory canal pores, MZUSP 54082, 47.6 mm SL, paratype, in dorsal (A) and ventral views (B). i1 to i6 = infraorbital pores 1 to 6; pm1 to pm11 = preoperculomandubular pores 1 to 11; po1 and po2 = postotic pores 1 and 2; s1 to s8 = supraorbital pores 1 to 8. Scale bar = 5 mm.

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FIGURE 5 |
Rhyacoglanis varii coloration in life, MZUEL 6039, paratype, 46.1 mm SL, rio do Peixe, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goianésia, state of Goiás, Brazil.

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FIGURE 6 |
Map of Rhyacoglanis varii distribution through upper rio Tocantins basin (red dot = rio Tocantinzinho tributary; red star = type locality, rio do Peixe), state of Goiás (GO), Brazil. DF = Federal District of Brazil.

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FIGURE 7 |
A. Panoramic view of Rhyacoglanis varii type locality, rio do Peixe, Goianésia, state of Goiás, Brazil; B. Bottom with rocks, pebbles, and sand where specimens were collected; C. Blue arrow indicating water flow and pointing to a specimen beneath rocks.

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FIGURE 8 |
Second and third principal components axes of combined samples of Rhyacoglanis varii (red cross, n = 16), R. paranensis (blue square; n = 31), and R. rapppydanielae (pink square; n = 13).

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FIGURE 9 |
Lateral view of sequenced Rhyacoglanis sp., LBP 1685, 21.6 mm SL, from Barra do Garças, state of Goiás, upper rio Araguaia basin.

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FIGURE 10 |
Pseudopimelodidae species delimitation with Bayesian GMYC analysis. The cluster of supported species is indicated in red, and the Rhyacoglanis cluster is highlighted in yellow ocher. The numbers on the nodes represent the posterior probability, and the branch length represents the time in My. Genbank accession number in parenthesis; * = specimens identified as Pseudopimelodus mangurus in Genbank.

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TABLE 1 |
Morphometry of Rhyacoglanis varii from upper rio Tocantins basin (n = 42). Statistics of minimum (Min), maximum (Max), mean, and standard deviation (SD) include holotype.

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TABLE 2 |
Character loadings of the first three principal components axes of combined analysis of Rhyacoglanis varii (N = 16), R. paranensis (N = 31), and R. rapppydanielae (N = 13).

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TABLE 3 |
Interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances are based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). Values are shown as proportions. Intraspecific distances are in bold.

FIGURE 1 | Holotype of Rhyacoglanis varii, MZUEL 22317, 67.1 mm SL, rio do Peixe, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goianésia, state of Goiás, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 | Rhyacoglanis varii pectoral-fin spine, paratype, MZUEL 6039, 55.5 mm SL. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 3 | Rhyacoglanis varii caudal-fin skeleton, paratype, MZUEL 6039, 53.5 mm SL. Bones in yellow ocher and cartilage in blue. H1 to H5 = hypurals 1 to 5. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.

FIGURE 4 | Rhyacoglanis varii laterosensory canal pores, MZUSP 54082, 47.6 mm SL, paratype, in dorsal (A) and ventral views (B). i1 to i6 = infraorbital pores 1 to 6; pm1 to pm11 = preoperculomandubular pores 1 to 11; po1 and po2 = postotic pores 1 and 2; s1 to s8 = supraorbital pores 1 to 8. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 | Rhyacoglanis varii coloration in life, MZUEL 6039, paratype, 46.1 mm SL, rio do Peixe, upper rio Tocantins basin, Goianésia, state of Goiás, Brazil.

FIGURE 6 | Map of Rhyacoglanis varii distribution through upper rio Tocantins basin (red dot = rio Tocantinzinho tributary; red star = type locality, rio do Peixe), state of Goiás (GO), Brazil. DF = Federal District of Brazil.

FIGURE 7 | A. Panoramic view of Rhyacoglanis varii type locality, rio do Peixe, Goianésia, state of Goiás, Brazil; B. Bottom with rocks, pebbles, and sand where specimens were collected; C. Blue arrow indicating water flow and pointing to a specimen beneath rocks.

FIGURE 8 | Second and third principal components axes of combined samples of Rhyacoglanis varii (red cross, n = 16), R. paranensis (blue square; n = 31), and R. rapppydanielae (pink square; n = 13).

FIGURE 9 | Lateral view of sequenced Rhyacoglanis sp., LBP 1685, 21.6 mm SL, from Barra do Garças, state of Goiás, upper rio Araguaia basin.

FIGURE 10 | Pseudopimelodidae species delimitation with Bayesian GMYC analysis. The cluster of supported species is indicated in red, and the Rhyacoglanis cluster is highlighted in yellow ocher. The numbers on the nodes represent the posterior probability, and the branch length represents the time in My. Genbank accession number in parenthesis; * = specimens identified as Pseudopimelodus mangurus in Genbank.

TABLE 1 | Morphometry of Rhyacoglanis varii from upper rio Tocantins basin (n = 42). Statistics of minimum (Min), maximum (Max), mean, and standard deviation (SD) include holotype.

	Holotype	Min-Max	Mean±SD
Standard length (mm)	67.1	29.6–69.1	44.3±11.1
Percent of standard length
Head length	30.6	27.0–30.6	28.8±1.0
Pectoral girdle width	27.6	23.1–28.4	26.5±1.3
Predorsal distance	37.3	35.1–37.5	36.4±0.8
Dorsal-fin base length	17.2	15.0–17.2	16.3±0.6
Adipose-fin base length	18.4	16.2–21.5	18.3±1.5
Prepelvic length	50.5	46.8–51.7	49.5±1.6
Pelvic fin to anal fin distance	24.7	22.5–25.7	24.1±0.9
Anal-fin base length	10.3	9.2–13.1	10.5±0.9
Caudal peduncle length	15.1	15.1–19.9	17.7±1.3
Body depth	20.7	16.1–21.2	18.2±1.5
Caudal peduncle depth	9.4	8.5–10.5	9.5±0.5
Pectoral-fin spine length	17.5	16.3–21.5	18.6±1.5
Dorsal-fin spine length	15.3	14.1–19.7	17.7±1.6
Pelvic fin length	19.6	17.4–19.8	18.8±0.7
Postcleithral process length	12.6	10.1–14.7	12.9±1.1
Dorsal fin to pelvic fin distance	26.2	22.4–26.2	23.8±1.2
Pelvic fins distance	13.7	10.9–13.7	12.3±0.7
Pelvic fin to anus distance	14.5	11.9–14.5	13.1±0.8
Anus to anal fin distance	11.9	9.8–12.5	11.4±0.8
Percentages of head length
Eye diameter	9.4	8.9–11.8	10.4±0.8
Interorbital distance	31.1	26.3–34.5	31.7±1.9
Snout length	39.5	34.2–39.8	37.0±1.6
Mouth width	57.5	45.9–60.2	52.5±4.8
Head depth	39.4	35.0–50.9	41.0±4.5
Maxillary barbel length	75.7	72.0–92.9	79.6±5.8
Anterior to posterior nostrils distance	14.3	14.3–19.8	17.0±1.6
Posterior nostril to eye distance	5.5	3.4–6.2	4.8±0.9
Posterior nostrils distance	20.9	18.7–23.6	20.4±1.2

TABLE 2 | Character loadings of the first three principal components axes of combined analysis of Rhyacoglanis varii (N = 16), R. paranensis (N = 31), and R. rapppydanielae (N = 13).

Characters	PC 1	PC 2	PC 3
Head length	0.1915	0.015	0.05995
Eye diameter	0.1345	0.09743	0.1875
Interorbital distance	0.1988	0.01607	-0.04845
Snout length	0.1942	-0.009734	0.02416
Mouth width	0.2077	0.1981	0.1694
Pectoral girdle width	0.2087	0.05512	0.01591
Predorsal distance	0.1722	0.01745	0.03117
Dorsal-fin base length	0.2031	-0.08244	-0.06269
Adipose-fin base length	0.1661	0.06053	0.1708
Prepelvic distance	0.186	0.02634	0.01305
Pelvic fin to anal fin distance	0.1913	0.1087	0.1432
Anal-fin base length	0.1823	-0.07779	0.001686
Caudal peduncle length	0.1888	-0.1205	0.1033
Head depth	0.2193	-0.09948	-0.003842
Body depth	0.2262	0.0633	-0.2802
Caudal peduncle depth	0.1791	0.09839	0.2062
Pectoral-fin spine length	0.1622	-0.1404	0.04719
Dorsal-fin spine length	0.171	-0.4545	-0.0166
Maxillary barbel length	0.1625	-0.03909	0.2676
Pelvic length	0.179	-0.1042	-0.05121
Anterior to posterior nostril distance	0.1462	0.05437	0.006021
Posterior nostril to eye distance	0.1529	0.5834	-0.5648
Posterior nostrils distance	0.2059	-0.04857	-0.002237
Postcleithral process length	0.2379	-0.4045	-0.273
Dorsal fin to pelvic fin distance	0.215	0.09364	-0.02694
Pelvic fin distance	0.1971	0.08527	-0.1839
Pelvic fin to anus distance	0.2148	-0.08011	-0.1393
Anus to anal fin distance	0.1499	0.3313	0.4677
Eigenvalue	0.333129	0.0280641	0.0112928
% variance	83.209	7.0099	2.8207

TABLE 3 | Interspecific and intraspecific genetic distances are based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI). Values are shown as proportions. Intraspecific distances are in bold.

Species	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Rhyacoglanis varii	0.000
2. Rhyacoglanis sp. (Araguaia)	0.029	-
3. Rhyacoglanis paranensis	0.019	0.041	0.000
4. Rhyacoglanis annulatus	0.034	0.060	0.048	0.003
5. Cruciglanis pacifici	0.138	0.130	0.149	0.152	0.006
6. Pseudopimelodus bufonius	0.093	0.101	0.102	0.116	0.117	0.003
7. Pseudopimelodus mangurus	0.107	0.109	0.109	0.118	0.109	0.027	0.003

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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New species of <i>Rhyacoglanis</i> (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin

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[1] Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento