Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Os atributos funcionais são importantes para entender a ligação entre ocorrência das espécies e condições ambientais, permitindo predizer sobre as mudanças na composição de espécies em comunidades submetidas a condições ambientais específicas. Utilizamos atributos funcionais relacionados com o uso de habitat e ecologia trófica para avaliar as mudanças na composição de espécies de peixes em riachos com diferenças na estrutura física. O relacionamento entre os atributos das espécies e as variáveis ambientais foi avaliado por meio da análise de ordenação RLQ. Embora algumas espécies tenham sido amplamente distribuídas em hábitats com diferentes características, outras foram restritas por essas condições e este relacionamento está associado com as características morfológicas. Oito atributos funcionais foram capazes de detectar as variações na estrutura física do hábitat em riachos, permitindo a identificação de atributos que podem predizer a suscetibilidade das espécies de peixes para a degradação física do hábitat.

Traits	Calculation	Interpretation
Habitat use
Compression index	Maximum height of the body divided by its maximum width	High values may indicate a laterally compressed fish, inhabiting lentic habitats (Watson & Balon, 1984)
Relative depth	Maximum height of the body divided by SL	Low values indicate fish inhabiting fast waters. Body depth is directly related to the ability to perform vertical spins (Gatz, 1979)
Index of ventral flattening	Mid-line height divided by the maximum body height	Low values indicate fishes inhabiting environments with high hydrodynamism that are able to maintain their spatial position even when stationary (Hora, 1930)
Relative area of pectoral fin	Pectoral fin area divided by body area	High values indicate slow swimmers that use pectoral fins to perform maneuvers and breakings, or fish inhabiting fast waters, which use their pectoral fins as airfoils to deflect the water current upwards and thereby maintain themselves firmly attached to the substrate (Mahon, 1984; Watson & Balon, 1984)
Pectoral fin aspect ratio	Maximum length of the pectoral fin divided by its maximum width	High values indicate long fins, typical of fish that swim for long distances (Watson & Balon 1984) or pelagic fish that swim constantly (Casatti & Castro, 2006)
Relative eye position	Distance from the middle of the eye to the base of the head divided by the head height	Position of eyes is assumed to be related to vertical habitat preference (Gatz, 1979). High values indicate dorsally located eyes, typical of benthic fish (Mahon, 1984; Watson & Balon, 1984)
Fineness coefficient	SL divided by the square root of the maximum height of the body, multiplied by the maximum body width	Assesses the influence of body shape on the ability to swim. Values from 2 to 6 indicate low drag; the optimum ratio for swimming efficiency is 4.5 (Blake, 1983)
Trophic ecology
Relative head length	Distance from tip of snout to the margin of the operculum divided by SL	High values may indicate fish able to feed on relatively larger prey (Watson & Balon, 1984)
Relative mouth width	Mouth width divided by SL	High values indicate fish able to feed on relatively large prey (Gatz, 1979)
Mouth orientation	Angle between the tangential plane to both lips and the longitudinal axis of the body	Mouth orientation indicates from which part of the habitat the fish gets its food. For example, fish with ventral mouths feed on prey at the bottom (Gatz, 1979). Mouth orientation was characterized as follows: inferior = between 10° and 80°; terminal = 90°; superior = between 100° and 170°; ventral= 0°. Degree values were converted to radians (unit of plane angle)

Taxa	Species and authors	Codes	Voucher (DZSJRP)
CHARACIFORMES
Acestrorhynchidae	Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken,1875)	Acelac	5943
Anostomidae	Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)	Lepfri	6169
	Leporinus lacustris Campos, 1945	Leplac	7674
	Leporinus paranensis Garavello & Britski, 1987	Leppar	5907
	Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858	Lepstr	6170
Characidae	Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819)	Astfas	5876
	Astyanax lacustris (Lütken,1875)	Astlac	5834
	Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914	Astpar	9597
	Astyanax bockmanni Vari & Castro, 2007	Astboc	9564
	Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911	Hemmar	5835
	Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann, 1907)	Hypani	9872
	Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882)	Hypequ	7370
	Knodus moenkhausii (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)	Knomoe	6089
	Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner, 1907)	Moesan	5905
	Oligosarcus pintoi Campos, 1945	Olipin	5838
	Piabina argentea Reinhardt, 1867	Piaarg	5836
	Planaltina britskii Menezes, Weitzman & Burns, 2003	Plabri	5885
	Serrapinnus heterodon (Eigenmann, 1915)	Serrhet	9653
	Serrapinnus notomelas (Eigenmann, 1915)	Serrnot	5837
	Serrasalmus maculatus Kner, 1858	Sermac	16088
	Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1837	Sermar	5940
Crenuchidae	Characidium gomesi Travassos, 1956	Chagom	8076
	Characidium aff. lagosantense Travassos, 1947	Chalag	6092
	Characidium zebra Eigenmann, 1909	Chazeb	5962
Curimatidae	Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)	Cypmod	5963
	Cyphocharax vanderi (Britski, 1980)	Cypvan	5839
	Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)	Steins	5944
Erythrinidae	Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Eryery	9721
Erythrinidae	Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794)	Hopmal	5833
Lebiasinidae	Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903	Pyraus	6087
Parodontidae	Apareiodon piracicabae (Eigenmann, 1907)	Apapir	6167
Parodontidae	Parodon nasus Kner, 1858	Parnas	5852
Prochilodontidae	Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836)	Prolin	9696
SILURIFORMES
Callichthyidae	Aspidoras fuscoguttatus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976	Aspfus	5855
	Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758)	Calcal	5843
	Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858)	Coraen	5841
	Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828)	Hoplit	7374
	Lepthoplosternum pectorale (Boulenger, 1895)	Leppec	9829
Heptapteridae	Cetopsorhamdia iheringi Schubart & Gomes, 1959	Cetihe	5995
	Imparfinis mirini Haseman, 1911	Impmir	5840
	Imparfinis schubarti (Gomes, 1956)	Impsch	6171
	Phenacorhamdia tenebrosa (Schubart, 1964)	Pheten	9592
	Pimelodella avanhandavae Eigenmann, 1917	Pimava	5895
	Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	Rhaque	5864
Loricariidae	Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering, 1928)	Hisfra	9868
	Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911)	Hypanc	5844
	Hypostomus sp.	Hypsp	6106
GYMNOTIFORMES
Gymnotidae	Gymnotus sylvius Albert & Fernandes-Matioli, 1999	Gymsyl	5845
Gymnotidae	Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Valenciennes, 1839)	Gymina	6018
Sternopygidae	Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes, 1842)	Eigvir	5969
PERCIFORMES
Cichlidae	Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983	Cicpar	5858
	Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982	Crebri	5846
	Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	Geobra	5859
	Laetacara aff. araguaiae (Ottoni & Costa, 2009 )	Laeara	6152
	Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Orenil	6115
	Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840)	Satpap	6061
	*Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897)	Tilren	6043
CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Poeciliidae	Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda, 2008	Phahar	9818
Poeciliidae	*Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859	Poeret	5857
Rivulidae	Rivulus pictus Costa, 1989	Rivpic	6124

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Cidade Universitária, 86055-900, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Phone +55(43)3371-5151 - Londrina - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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