Ribeiro, Mariela Domiciano; Teresa, Fabrício Barreto; Casatti, Lilian

Mariela Domiciano Ribeiro

UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. (MDR) marieladomiciano@gmail.com (corresponding author), (LC) licasatti@gmail.com

Fabrício Barreto Teresa

UEG - Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Unidade Universitária de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Rodovia BR 153, 3.105, Fazenda Barreiro do Meio, Caixa Postal 459, 75132-903 Anápolis, GO, Brazil. (FBT) fabricioteresa@yahoo.com.br

Lilian Casatti

UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica, IBILCE, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. (MDR) marieladomiciano@gmail.com (corresponding author), (LC) licasatti@gmail.com

Figuras (4)
Tabelas (2)

Thumbnail

Fig. 1
Location of the study area in the northwestern region of São Paulo State, Brazil (black area on the country map), showing the 91 streams sampled.

Thumbnail

Fig. 2
Average position of species occurrence along the gradient of habitat structure (dark circles). The horizontal bars indicate the standard deviation of the mean position of each species, and the vertical bars at the bottom of the graph represent the position of each stream along the habitat gradient (axis 1 of RLQ). Species codes are presented in .

Thumbnail

Fig. 3
Pearson correlation between the stream scores of the first RLQ axis and the original values of the environmental variables. All correlations were significant (Pearson correlation, P < 0.05), except for the proportion of bedrock in the substrate (triangle).

Thumbnail

Fig. 4
Functional traits significantly correlated with the first RLQ axis (Pearson correlation, P < 0.005). In each graph, the first RLQ axis represents streams with banks covered by grasses and sandy bottom (less complex) and streams with banks covered by trees/shrubs and bottom with rocks/woody debris (more complex).

Thumbnail

Table 1
Functional traits related to habitat use and trophic ecology. Measurements were taken according to Winemiller (1991Winemiller, K. O. 1991. Ecomorphological diversification in lowland freshwater fish assemblages from five biotic regions. Ecological Monographs, 61: 343-365.) and Casatti & Castro (2006Casatti, L. & R. M. C. Castro. 2006. Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 4: 203-214.). SL = standard length.

Thumbnail

Table 2
Species registered in the 91 streams, listed according the taxonomic classification of Buckup et al. (2007Buckup, P. A., N. A. Menezes & M. S. Ghazzi (Eds.). 2007. Catálogo das espécies de peixes de água doce do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro, Museu Nacional, 195p. (Série Livros, 23).), their codes, and voucher numbers. Asterisks denote non-native species to the Paraná basin.

Traits	Calculation	Interpretation
Habitat use
Compression index	Maximum height of the body divided by its maximum width	High values may indicate a laterally compressed fish, inhabiting lentic habitats (Watson & Balon, 1984Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon. 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology, 25: 371-384.)
Relative depth	Maximum height of the body divided by SL	Low values indicate fish inhabiting fast waters. Body depth is directly related to the ability to perform vertical spins (Gatz, 1979Gatz, A. J., Jr. 1979. Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 21: 91-124.)
Index of ventral flattening	Mid-line height divided by the maximum body height	Low values indicate fishes inhabiting environments with high hydrodynamism that are able to maintain their spatial position even when stationary (Hora, 1930Hora, S. L. 1930. Ecology, bionomics and evolution of the torrential fauna, with special reference to the organs of attachment. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B: Biological Society, 218: 171-282 + appendix.)
Relative area of pectoral fin	Pectoral fin area divided by body area	High values indicate slow swimmers that use pectoral fins to perform maneuvers and breakings, or fish inhabiting fast waters, which use their pectoral fins as airfoils to deflect the water current upwards and thereby maintain themselves firmly attached to the substrate (Mahon, 1984Mahon, R. 1984. Divergent structure in fish taxocenes of north temperate streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41: 330-350.; Watson & Balon, 1984Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon. 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology, 25: 371-384.)
Pectoral fin aspect ratio	Maximum length of the pectoral fin divided by its maximum width	High values indicate long fins, typical of fish that swim for long distances (Watson & Balon 1984Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon. 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology, 25: 371-384.) or pelagic fish that swim constantly (Casatti & Castro, 2006Casatti, L. & R. M. C. Castro. 2006. Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 4: 203-214.)
Relative eye position	Distance from the middle of the eye to the base of the head divided by the head height	Position of eyes is assumed to be related to vertical habitat preference (Gatz, 1979Gatz, A. J., Jr. 1979. Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 21: 91-124.). High values indicate dorsally located eyes, typical of benthic fish (Mahon, 1984Mahon, R. 1984. Divergent structure in fish taxocenes of north temperate streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41: 330-350.; Watson & Balon, 1984Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon. 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology, 25: 371-384.)
Fineness coefficient	SL divided by the square root of the maximum height of the body, multiplied by the maximum body width	Assesses the influence of body shape on the ability to swim. Values from 2 to 6 indicate low drag; the optimum ratio for swimming efficiency is 4.5 (Blake, 1983Blake, R. W. 1983. Functional design and burst-and-coast swimming in fishes. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 61: 2491-2494.)
Trophic ecology
Relative head length	Distance from tip of snout to the margin of the operculum divided by SL	High values may indicate fish able to feed on relatively larger prey (Watson & Balon, 1984Watson, D. J. & E. K. Balon. 1984. Ecomorphological analysis of fish taxocenes in rainforest streams of northern Borneo. Journal of Fish Biology, 25: 371-384.)
Relative mouth width	Mouth width divided by SL	High values indicate fish able to feed on relatively large prey (Gatz, 1979Gatz, A. J., Jr. 1979. Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 21: 91-124.)
Mouth orientation	Angle between the tangential plane to both lips and the longitudinal axis of the body	Mouth orientation indicates from which part of the habitat the fish gets its food. For example, fish with ventral mouths feed on prey at the bottom (Gatz, 1979Gatz, A. J., Jr. 1979. Ecological morphology of freshwater stream fishes. Tulane Studies in Zoology and Botany, 21: 91-124.). Mouth orientation was characterized as follows: inferior = between 10° and 80°; terminal = 90°; superior = between 100° and 170°; ventral= 0°. Degree values were converted to radians (unit of plane angle)

Taxa	Species and authors	Codes	Voucher (DZSJRP)
CHARACIFORMES
Acestrorhynchidae	Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken,1875)	Acelac	5943
Anostomidae	Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794)	Lepfri	6169
	Leporinus lacustris Campos, 1945	Leplac	7674
	Leporinus paranensis Garavello & Britski, 1987	Leppar	5907
	Leporinus striatus Kner, 1858	Lepstr	6170
Characidae	Astyanax fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819)	Astfas	5876
	Astyanax lacustris (Lütken,1875)	Astlac	5834
	Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914	Astpar	9597
	Astyanax bockmanni Vari & Castro, 2007	Astboc	9564
	Hemigrammus marginatus Ellis, 1911	Hemmar	5835
	Hyphessobrycon anisitsi (Eigenmann, 1907)	Hypani	9872
	Hyphessobrycon eques (Steindachner, 1882)	Hypequ	7370
	Knodus moenkhausii (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)	Knomoe	6089
	Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae (Steindachner, 1907)	Moesan	5905
	Oligosarcus pintoi Campos, 1945	Olipin	5838
	Piabina argentea Reinhardt, 1867	Piaarg	5836
	Planaltina britskii Menezes, Weitzman & Burns, 2003	Plabri	5885
	Serrapinnus heterodon (Eigenmann, 1915)	Serrhet	9653
	Serrapinnus notomelas (Eigenmann, 1915)	Serrnot	5837
	Serrasalmus maculatus Kner, 1858	Sermac	16088
	Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes, 1837	Sermar	5940
Crenuchidae	Characidium gomesi Travassos, 1956	Chagom	8076
	Characidium aff. lagosantense Travassos, 1947	Chalag	6092
	Characidium zebra Eigenmann, 1909	Chazeb	5962
Curimatidae	Cyphocharax modestus (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)	Cypmod	5963
	Cyphocharax vanderi (Britski, 1980)	Cypvan	5839
	Steindachnerina insculpta (Fernández-Yépez, 1948)	Steins	5944
Erythrinidae	Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Eryery	9721
Erythrinidae	Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794)	Hopmal	5833
Lebiasinidae	Pyrrhulina australis Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903	Pyraus	6087
Parodontidae	Apareiodon piracicabae (Eigenmann, 1907)	Apapir	6167
Parodontidae	Parodon nasus Kner, 1858	Parnas	5852
Prochilodontidae	Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836)	Prolin	9696
SILURIFORMES
Callichthyidae	Aspidoras fuscoguttatus Nijssen & Isbrücker, 1976	Aspfus	5855
	Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758)	Calcal	5843
	Corydoras aeneus (Gill, 1858)	Coraen	5841
	Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828)	Hoplit	7374
	Lepthoplosternum pectorale (Boulenger, 1895)	Leppec	9829
Heptapteridae	Cetopsorhamdia iheringi Schubart & Gomes, 1959	Cetihe	5995
	Imparfinis mirini Haseman, 1911	Impmir	5840
	Imparfinis schubarti (Gomes, 1956)	Impsch	6171
	Phenacorhamdia tenebrosa (Schubart, 1964)	Pheten	9592
	Pimelodella avanhandavae Eigenmann, 1917	Pimava	5895
	Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	Rhaque	5864
Loricariidae	Hisonotus francirochai (Ihering, 1928)	Hisfra	9868
	Hypostomus ancistroides (Ihering, 1911)	Hypanc	5844
	Hypostomus sp.	Hypsp	6106
GYMNOTIFORMES
Gymnotidae	Gymnotus sylvius Albert & Fernandes-Matioli, 1999	Gymsyl	5845
Gymnotidae	Gymnotus inaequilabiatus (Valenciennes, 1839)	Gymina	6018
Sternopygidae	Eigenmannia virescens (Valenciennes, 1842)	Eigvir	5969
PERCIFORMES
Cichlidae	Cichlasoma paranaense Kullander, 1983	Cicpar	5858
	Crenicichla britskii Kullander, 1982	Crebri	5846
	Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	Geobra	5859
	Laetacara aff. araguaiae (Ottoni & Costa, 2009 )	Laeara	6152
	Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Orenil	6115
	Satanoperca pappaterra (Heckel, 1840)	Satpap	6061
	*Tilapia rendalli (Boulenger, 1897)	Tilren	6043
CYPRINODONTIFORMES
Poeciliidae	Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda, 2008	Phahar	9818
Poeciliidae	*Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859	Poeret	5857
Rivulidae	Rivulus pictus Costa, 1989	Rivpic	6124

Brasil

Brasil

Use of functional traits to assess changes in stream fish assemblages across a habitat gradient

Resumo