A new species of <i>Corydoras</i> (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on <i>Corydoras aeneus</i> identity

Tencatt, Luiz Fernando Caserta; Gomes, Vandergleison de Carvalho; Evers, Hans-Georg

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0023

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Original Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 21 (2) • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2023-0023 linkcopy

A new species of Corydoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the rio Madre de Dios basin, Peruvian Amazon, with comments on Corydoras aeneus identity

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

A new species of Corydoras is described from tributaries to the rio Araza, an affluent of the rio Inambari, itself a tributary to the rio Madre de Dios, rio Madeira basin in the Peruvian Amazon. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following features: (I) absence of contact between the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and the nuchal plate, (II) a single, large conspicuous dark brown or black blotch on anterodorsal portion of flank; blotch somewhat rounded to roughly diamond shaped, and (III) absence of dark blotches on fins. General comments on the identity of Corydoras aeneus are also provided.

Keywords:
Corydoradinae; Corydoras sp. CW16; Osteology; Rio Madeira basin; Taxonomy

Authorship

person Luiz Fernando Caserta Tencatt

Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing

schoolInstituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt@hotmail.com (corresponding author).Universidade Federal de Mato GrossoBrazilCuiabá, MT, BrazilInstituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt@hotmail.com (corresponding author).

0000-0002-8437-4354

person Vandergleison de Carvalho Gomes

Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing

schoolMuseu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ictiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (VCG) dcarvalhojet@hotmail.com.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilMuseu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ictiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (VCG) dcarvalhojet@hotmail.com.

0000-0001-8861-3511

person Hans-Georg Evers

Data curation, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing

schoolPoppenbütteler Weg, 131b, 22399, Hamburg, Germany. (HGE) hans-georg.evers@t-online.de.PoppenbüttelerGermanyHamburg, GermanyPoppenbütteler Weg, 131b, 22399, Hamburg, Germany. (HGE) hans-georg.evers@t-online.de.

0000-0002-6433-2579

Edited-by

Claudio Oliveira

Correspondence

Luiz Fernando Caserta Tencatt luiztencatt@hotmail.com

Competing Interests

The author declares no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt@hotmail.com (corresponding author).Universidade Federal de Mato GrossoBrazilCuiabá, MT, BrazilInstituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Avenida Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, Boa Esperança, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil. (LFCT) luiztencatt@hotmail.com (corresponding author).

Museu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ictiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (VCG) dcarvalhojet@hotmail.com.Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroBrazilRio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilMuseu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Setor de Ictiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Quinta da Boa Vista s/n, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. (VCG) dcarvalhojet@hotmail.com.

Poppenbütteler Weg, 131b, 22399, Hamburg, Germany. (HGE) hans-georg.evers@t-online.de.PoppenbüttelerGermanyHamburg, GermanyPoppenbütteler Weg, 131b, 22399, Hamburg, Germany. (HGE) hans-georg.evers@t-online.de.

Figures | Tables

Figures (13)
Tables (1)

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FIGURE 1 | Corydoras maclurei, holotype, MUSM 70671, 37.0 mm SL, Camanti District, Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru, small stream tributary to the rio Araza, a bigger affluent of the rio Inambari, itself a tributary to the rio Madre de Dios, rio Madeira basin.

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FIGURE 2 | Head osteological pattern in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei, showing (A) general morphology in lateral view (CITL 430, 47.8 mm SL), with (B) the detail of the lateral ethmoid morphology (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, le: lateral ethmoid, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, op: opercle, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 3 | Dorsal view of the head of a c&s paratype of Corydoras maclurei, CITL 430, 47.8 mm SL. Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 4 | Predorsal region of trunk in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei, showing the variation in the distance between the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and the nuchal plate, which ranges from (A) clearly separated from each other (CITL 430, 45.6 mm SL) to (B) separated but nearly contacting (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, np: nuchal plate, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, spn: spinelet. Dotted lines indicate the limits of the tip of the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and anterior tip of the nuchal plate. Red arrows indicate the small platelets between parieto-supraoccipital and nuchal plate. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 5 | Infraorbital series in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views, and (C) suspensorium plus operculum in lateral view of a c&s paratype of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: aa: angulo-articular, d: dentary, hym: hyomandibula, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, mp: metapterygoid, op: opercle, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, q: quadrate. Black arrow indicates the roughly triangular process on middle portion of posterior margin of infraorbital 2, and red arrows indicate inner laminar expansion of both infraorbitals. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 6 | Lateral view of (A) the dorsal-fin spine (38.2 mm SL) and dorsal view of (B) the right pectoral-fin spine (47.8 mm SL), showing the serration patterns in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430). Scale bars = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 7 | Pelvic girdle and caudal skeleton in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430). A. Anterior internal process of basipterygium slightly laterally expanded, and anterior external process not expanded posteriorly (38.2 mm SL); B. Anterior internal process of basipterygium conspicuously laterally expanded, and anterior external process slightly expanded posteriorly (47.8 mm SL); C. General morphology of caudal skeleton, showing the small cartilage (yellow arrow) between upper principal and procurrent caudal-fin rays (38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: bp: basipterygium, ccc: compound caudal centrum, cfr: caudal-fin principal rays, dpcr: dorsal procurrent rays, epu: epural, has: haemal spine, hyp 1–5: hypurals 1 to 5, nes: neural spine, pae: anterior external process, pai: anterior internal process, par: parhypural, pi: dorsal ischiac process, pu 2–4: preural centra 2 to 4, un: uroneural. Red arrows in A and B indicate the dorsal lamina on anterior internal process of basipterygium. Scale bars = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 8 | Uncatalogued aquarium specimen of Corydoras maclurei (A) showing its typical color pattern in life (lateral view), collected in its type-locality (B), a small stream tributary to the rio Araza, rio Madre de Dios basin, rio Madeira basin in Peru.

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FIGURE 9 | Uncatalogued aquarium specimens of Corydoras maclurei (not measured) showing variations of the color pattern in life: specimens can variably present greyish orange (A) or reddish orange (B) ground color of body. In C, the detail of a conspicuously reddish orange dorsal fin. Anterior portion of first dorsolateral body plate typically with orange (D) or yellow (E) bright patch. Photographs (D) and (E) by Ian Fuller.

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FIGURE 10 | Map showing the geographical distribution of Corydoras maclurei (yellow star). The symbol represents more than one locality.

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FIGURE 11 | Ontogenetic series of Corydoras maclurei (bred under aquarium conditions) showing general changes in external morphology and color pattern in specimens with 8.0 mm TL (A), 12.0 mm TL (B), 16.0 mm TL (C), 21.0 mm TL (D), and 28.0 mm TL (E).

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FIGURE 12 | Uncatalogued specimens (not measured) of (A) Corydoras hephaestus and (B) C. melanotaenia photographed alive in lateral view, showing general color and morphological patterns. Photograph (A) by Fernando Dagosta and (B) by Robert McLure.

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FIGURE 13 | Type specimens of Corydoras aeneus, showing the lectotype (A, USNM 1116) and paralectotypes (B, C, USNM 205649 and USNM 92819, respectively) of Hoplosoma aeneum. Red arrows in C indicates the area affected by a malformation on predorsal region of body. Photographs by Sandra Raredon. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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TABLE 1 | Morphometric data of the holotype and 19 paratypes of Corydoras maclurei. SD = Standard deviation.

imageFIGURE 1 | Corydoras maclurei, holotype, MUSM 70671, 37.0 mm SL, Camanti District, Quispicanchi Province, Cusco Region, Peru, small stream tributary to the rio Araza, a bigger affluent of the rio Inambari, itself a tributary to the rio Madre de Dios, rio Madeira basin. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 2 | Head osteological pattern in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei, showing (A) general morphology in lateral view (CITL 430, 47.8 mm SL), with (B) the detail of the lateral ethmoid morphology (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, le: lateral ethmoid, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, op: opercle, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 3 | Dorsal view of the head of a c&s paratype of Corydoras maclurei, CITL 430, 47.8 mm SL. Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 4 | Predorsal region of trunk in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei, showing the variation in the distance between the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and the nuchal plate, which ranges from (A) clearly separated from each other (CITL 430, 45.6 mm SL) to (B) separated but nearly contacting (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, np: nuchal plate, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, spn: spinelet. Dotted lines indicate the limits of the tip of the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and anterior tip of the nuchal plate. Red arrows indicate the small platelets between parieto-supraoccipital and nuchal plate. Scale bar = 1 mm. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 5 | Infraorbital series in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views, and (C) suspensorium plus operculum in lateral view of a c&s paratype of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430, 38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: aa: angulo-articular, d: dentary, hym: hyomandibula, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, mp: metapterygoid, op: opercle, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, q: quadrate. Black arrow indicates the roughly triangular process on middle portion of posterior margin of infraorbital 2, and red arrows indicate inner laminar expansion of both infraorbitals. Scale bar = 1 mm. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 6 | Lateral view of (A) the dorsal-fin spine (38.2 mm SL) and dorsal view of (B) the right pectoral-fin spine (47.8 mm SL), showing the serration patterns in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430). Scale bars = 1 mm. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 7 | Pelvic girdle and caudal skeleton in c&s paratypes of Corydoras maclurei (CITL 430). A. Anterior internal process of basipterygium slightly laterally expanded, and anterior external process not expanded posteriorly (38.2 mm SL); B. Anterior internal process of basipterygium conspicuously laterally expanded, and anterior external process slightly expanded posteriorly (47.8 mm SL); C. General morphology of caudal skeleton, showing the small cartilage (yellow arrow) between upper principal and procurrent caudal-fin rays (38.2 mm SL). Abbreviations: bp: basipterygium, ccc: compound caudal centrum, cfr: caudal-fin principal rays, dpcr: dorsal procurrent rays, epu: epural, has: haemal spine, hyp 1–5: hypurals 1 to 5, nes: neural spine, pae: anterior external process, pai: anterior internal process, par: parhypural, pi: dorsal ischiac process, pu 2–4: preural centra 2 to 4, un: uroneural. Red arrows in A and B indicate the dorsal lamina on anterior internal process of basipterygium. Scale bars = 1 mm. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 8 | Uncatalogued aquarium specimen of Corydoras maclurei (A) showing its typical color pattern in life (lateral view), collected in its type-locality (B), a small stream tributary to the rio Araza, rio Madre de Dios basin, rio Madeira basin in Peru. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 9 | Uncatalogued aquarium specimens of Corydoras maclurei (not measured) showing variations of the color pattern in life: specimens can variably present greyish orange (A) or reddish orange (B) ground color of body. In C, the detail of a conspicuously reddish orange dorsal fin. Anterior portion of first dorsolateral body plate typically with orange (D) or yellow (E) bright patch. Photographs (D) and (E) by Ian Fuller. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 10 | Map showing the geographical distribution of Corydoras maclurei (yellow star). The symbol represents more than one locality. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 11 | Ontogenetic series of Corydoras maclurei (bred under aquarium conditions) showing general changes in external morphology and color pattern in specimens with 8.0 mm TL (A), 12.0 mm TL (B), 16.0 mm TL (C), 21.0 mm TL (D), and 28.0 mm TL (E). open_in_new

imageFIGURE 12 | Uncatalogued specimens (not measured) of (A) Corydoras hephaestus and (B) C. melanotaenia photographed alive in lateral view, showing general color and morphological patterns. Photograph (A) by Fernando Dagosta and (B) by Robert McLure. open_in_new

imageFIGURE 13 | Type specimens of Corydoras aeneus, showing the lectotype (A, USNM 1116) and paralectotypes (B, C, USNM 205649 and USNM 92819, respectively) of Hoplosoma aeneum. Red arrows in C indicates the area affected by a malformation on predorsal region of body. Photographs by Sandra Raredon. Scale bar = 1 mm. open_in_new

table_chartTABLE 1 | Morphometric data of the holotype and 19 paratypes of Corydoras maclurei. SD = Standard deviation.

	Holotype	Low–High	Mean±SD
Standard length (mm)	37.0	22.8–41.1	36.2±3.9
Percentage of standard length
Depth of body	35.4	30.7–35.4	33.4±1.4
Predorsal distance	52.2	47.3–54.6	51.1±2.0
Prepelvic distance	48.4	43.3–51.4	46.9±2.0
Preanal distance	83.8	77.9–84.7	81.5±1.8
Preadipose distance	90.5	81.8–91.7	88.3±2.2
Length of dorsal spine	14.6	12.3–17.9	15.2±1.6
Length of pectoral spine	24.9	18.0–26.9	22.9±2.5
Length of adipose–fin spine	10.3	7.1–10.4	9.2±1.1
Depth of caudal peduncle	15.4	15.1–17.3	15.9±0.5
Length of dorsal–fin base	18.1	11.5–18.1	16.2±1.4
Dorsal to adipose distance	28.1	25.9–31.9	28.4±1.7
Maximum cleithral width	26.2	24.2–29.3	26.1±1.3
Head length	42.7	32.0–52.6	40.6±3.7
Length of maxillary barbel	15.7	5.7–15.7	11.1±3.0
Percentage of head length
Head depth	72.2	58.3–100.0	77.1±7.6
Least interorbital distance	33.5	26.0–46.4	34.0±3.8
Horizontal orbit diameter	17.1	13.0–20.5	17.8±2.0
Snout length	36.7	28.6–46.4	35.9±3.4
Least internarial distance	16.5	13.0–19.6	16.7±1.7

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Cidade Universitária, 86055-900, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Phone +55(43)3371-5151 - Londrina - PR - Brazil
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