Feeding habits of billfishes (Carangaria: Istiophoriformes) in the Ecuadorian Pacific Ocean

Loor-Andrade, Peggy; Pincay-Espinoza, Jonathan; Carrera-Fernández, Maribel; Rosas-Luis, Rigoberto

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-20160162

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ARTICLES • Neotrop. ichthyol. 15 (3) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-20160162 copy

Feeding habits of billfishes (Carangaria: Istiophoriformes) in the Ecuadorian Pacific Ocean

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The feeding habits of Makaira nigricans, Kajikia audax, Istiophorus platypterus (Istiophoridae), and Xiphias gladius (Xiphiidae) in the southeast Pacific Ocean were examined in Manta and Santa Rosa, Ecuador. This study describes the diets of these billfish species, evaluates dietary differences between species, and assesses seasonal differences in diet. A total of 274 M. nigricans, 321 K. audax, 267 I. platypterus, and 252 X. gladius were collected between February 2014 and April 2015. The scombrid Auxis spp. was the most important prey for M. nigricans, K. audax and I. platypterus, while the squid Dosidicus gigas was the most important prey for X. gladius. The results of the ANOSIM confirmed significant differences in feeding habits between the members of the family Istiophoridae and X. gladius. Seasonal differences for I. platypterus also were observed. Billfishes are specialist consumers with a narrow niche breadth (B _a: M. nigricans and K. audax=0.1, I. platypterus=0.05, and X. gladius=0.04).

Keywords:
Feeding strategy; Food partitioning; Istiophoridae; Trophic ecology; Xiphiidae

	Makaira nigricans						Kajikia audax						Istiophorus platypterus						Xiphias gladius
	%F_O	%P_Ni	%N	%P_Wi	%W	% PSIRI	%F_O	%P_Ni	%N	%P_Wi	%W	% PSIRI	%F_O	%P_Ni	%N	%P_Wi	%W	% PSIRI	%F_O	%P_Ni	%N	%P_Wi	%W	% PSIRI
Osteichthyes
Aluterus monoceros	1.2	100	1.2	100	1.2	1.2*	0.6	100	0.6	100	0.6	0.6*
Auxis spp.	57.1	92.1	52.7	91	52	52.3	51.3	85.6	43.9	85	43.6	43.7	75.0	88.8	66.6	89.0	66.8	66.7	2.8	75.0	2.1	70.4	2.0	2.0
Auxis thazard							0.6	100	0.6	100	0.6	0.6	1.0	100	1.0	100	1.0	1.0
Balistes polylepis							1.3	75.0	1.0	69.1	0.9	0.9*
Belonidae							1.3	100	1.3	100	1.3	1.3**	3.0	59.6	1.8	56.7	1.7	1.7
Coryphaena hippurus	1.2	100	1.2	100	1.2	1.2*
Decapterus macrosoma							1.3	75.0	1.0	67.6	0.9	0.9
Etrumeus teres													3.0	32.9	1.0	38.8	1.2	1.1*	1.9	14.6	0.3	6.3	0.1	0.2*
Katsuwonus pelamis	7.1	87.5	6.3	93.5	6.7	6.5	1.9	100	1.9	100	1.9	1.9							1.9	41.7	0.8	34.6	0.6	0.7
Lagocephalus lagocephalus	7.1	86.7	6.2	85.2	6.1	6.1	10.4	59.5	6.2	57.3	6.00	6.1	19.0	64.6	12.3	65.5	12.4	12.4	6.5	74.3	4.8	70.8	4.6	4.7
Merluccius gayi							1.9	86.7	1.7	89.4	1.7	1.7	3.0	76.9	2.3	60.5	1.8	2.1	1.9	53.1	1.0	44.3	0.8	0.9*
Mugil cephalus	6.0	93.3	5.6	95.6	5.7	5.6	1.9	100	1.9	100	1.9	1.9*							1.9	66.7	1.2	61.4	1.1	1.2*
Opisthonema libertate													1.0	100	1.0	100	1.0	1.0*
Pristigenys serrula	1.2	16.7	0.2	3.8	<0.1	0.1**	1.3	62.5	0.8	91.9	1.2	1.0
Scombridae	1.2	100	1.2	100	1.2	1.2	0.6	50	0.3	64.8	0.4	0.4	1.0	33.3	0.3	15.0	0.2	0.2
Scomber japonicus													2.0	22.5	0.5	40.1	0.8	0.6
Thunnus albacares							1.3	57.1	0.7	99.6	1.3	1.0
Uninditified osteichthyes	17.9	90.2	16.1	87.4	15.6	15.9	26.0	84.2	21.9	84.3	21.9	21.9	9.0	71.8	6.5	73.4	7.3	6.9	3.7	37.5	1.4	29.1	1.1	1.2
Cephalopoda
Ancistrocheirus lesueurii	1.2	100	1.2	100	1.2	15.9	26.0	84.2	21.9	84.3	21.9	21.9	9.0	71.8	6.5	73.4	7.3	6.9	3.7	37.5	1.4	29.1	1.1	1.2	1.2*
Argonauta spp.							0.6	50.0	0.3	34.5	0.2	0.3							0.9	50.0	0.5	25.0	0.2	0.3**
Dosidicus gigas	8.3	56.5	4.7	67	5.6	5.1	16.2	66.7	10.8	65.6	10.6	10.7	8.0	49.0	3.9	52.1	4.2	4.0	78.7	89.5	70.4	89.2	70.2	70.3
Hyaloteuthis pelagica																			0.9	22.2	0.2	23.6	0.2	0.2
Liocranchia reinhardti													1.0	12.5	0.1	5.4	0.1	0.1
Loligo sp.													2.0	58.3	1.2	21.7	0.4	0.8**
Onychoteuthidae	1.2	100	1.2	100	1.2	1.2*													1.9	8.5	0.2	6.1	0.1	0.1**
Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis							0.6	100	0.6	100	0.6	0.6							2.8	86.7	2.4	86.7	2.4	2.4
Thysanoteuthis rhombus																			10.2	57.4	5.8	61.1	6.2	6.0**
Uninditified cephalopoda	2.4	100	2.4	100	2.4	2.4	5.8	72.6	4.2	70.6	4.1	4.2	3.0	52.8	1.6	38.9	1.2	1.4	13.9	64.6	9.0	69.2	10.2	9.6

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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