Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

Freitas, Tiago Magalhães da Silva; Prudente, Bruno da Silveira; Montag, Luciano Fogaça de Assis

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0103

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Original article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 20 (1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0103 copy

Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

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ABSTRACT

We assessed the flood pulse effect on the diet composition, trophic niche breadth, and the amount of food intake of two Amazonian auchenipterids with different feeding strategies. Sampling was carried out quarterly (from April/2012 to January/2014) on the middle Xingu River, using gillnets. We measured specimens for standard length and total weight. The specimens’ stomachs were removed, weighed, and had their contents identified. We analyzed 360 stomachs of Auchenipterus nuchalis and 584 of Tocantinsia piresi. The diet of A. nuchalis was mainly composed of aquatic insects and crustaceans, while T. piresi fed on fruits and seeds. The diet composition of both species varied seasonally, but only T. piresi changed its trophic niche breadth in response to hydrological changes, becoming more specialist during the higher water periods (filling and flood). Both species also showed differences in their amount of food intake between hydrological periods, with A. nuchalis feeding more intensely in lower water periods (ebb and dry), while T. piresi in the higher water periods. We evidenced different responses to the hydrological periods for the related species. We emphasize that studies considering the relationship between flood pulse and feeding ecology of the organisms are essential to understanding river floodplain systems’ dynamics.

Keywords:
Amazon basin; Diet; Niche breadth; Siluriformes; Xingu River

Food Items	2012			2013				2014	Total
Food Items	Flood (n=12) (ss=1)	Ebb (n=13) (ss=2)	Dry (n=18) (ss=2)	Filling (n=41) (ss=4)	Flood (n=56) (ss=3)	Ebb (n=0) (ss=0)	Dry (n=32) (ss=1)	Filling (n=46) (ss=3)	Total
ALLOCHTHONOUS
Arachnid					<0.01			<0.01	<0.01
Araneae					<0.01			<0.01	<0.01
Acari									<0.01
Terrestrial insects	33.72	5.46	0.23	25.46	9.52			22.96	7.40
Blattaria					0.85				0.04
Coleoptera adult	19.71	2.10		3.40	1.06			2.63	1.63
Diptera adult	0.32	0.38	0.27	<0.01				1.33	0.26
Odonata adult								0.18	<0.01
Hymenoptera (Formicidae)	14.06	0.01	<0.01	<0.01	6.30			1.05	1.05
Isoptera	1.52				<0.01			0.76	0.05
Trichoptera adult				0.01				0.50	0.02
Terrestrial insect fragments				19.59	0.55			1.22	1.43
AUTOCHTHONOUS
Aquatic insects	59.20	0.19		62.64	90.29		99.99	75.00	76.00
Coleoptera larvae	0.21				<0.01			0.64	0.02
Diptera larvae				0.76	12.56		99.99	0.43	58.53
Ephemeroptera larvae	0.60			50.07	4.40			82.24	11.01
Hemiptera larvae					0.21			4.59	0.20
Heteroptera larvae					0.10				0.00
Neuroptera larvae	9.52				0.12				0.04
Odonata larvae	1.11	0.13			6.56				0.52
Plecoptera larvae					0.10				<0.01
Trichoptera larvae	23.88			0.05	0.00			0.03	0.08
Aquatic insect fragments	13.95			2.93	66.58			0.33	5.12
Crustaceans	7.08	94.35	99.77	11.14	0.19		0.01	0.85	16.50
Amphipoda	15.11	97.39	85.34						17.17
Cladocera								0.01	<0.01
Decapoda (Brachyura)								0.10	<0.01
Decapoda (Caridea)								0.68	0.02
Ostracoda			0.38	21.71	0.60		0.01		2.01
Crustacean fragments			14.00						0.52
Fish			<0.01	0.76				1.19	0.10
Fish scale			<0.01	1.49				3.28	0.28

Food Items	2012			2013				2014	Total
Food Items	Flood (n=75) (ss=5)	Ebb (n=2) (ss=1)	Dry (n=4) (ss=1)	Filling (n=69) (ss=8)	Flood (n=61) (ss=4)	Ebb (n=27) (ss=2)	Dry (n=0) (ss=0)	Filling (n=95) (ss=7)	Total
ALLOCHTHONOUS
Fruit and seeds	99.61	85.99		84.71	99.04	0.03		99.31	98.17
Fruits and seeds	99.76	85.99		92.62	99.44	0.03		99.47	98.95
Other plant fragments	0.08		0.16	0.03	0.42	1.22		0.04	0.15
Branch	0.03			0.02	0.12	0.31		0.02	0.05
Flower	0.02				0.01	0.05		<0.01	0.01
Leaf	<0.01		0.19	<0.01	0.05	0.20		<0.01	0.01
Terrestrial insects	0.04		24.87	1.45	0.01	0.33			0.07
Coleoptera adult	<0.01		8.03	0.28		<0.01		<0.01	0.01
Coleoptera larvae	<0.01			<0.01					<0.01
Diptera	<0.01								<0.01
Hemiptera						<0.01			<0.01
Hymenoptera			3.46	0.09					<0.01
Lepidoptera	<0.01				<0.01				<0.01
Mantodea						<0.01			<0.01
Orthoptera	0.01			0.02	0.01	0.01			0.01
Phasmatodea	<0.01								<0.01
Terrestrial vertebrates				0.02	<0.01	<0.01			<0.01
Amphibia (Anura)					<0.01				<0.01
Birds (Feather)						<0.01			<0.01
Squamata (Colobridae)				0.03					<0.01
AUTOCHTHONOUS
Algae	0.01					<0.01			<0.01
Algae	0.01					<0.01			<0.01
Aquatic insects	0.01		37.40	<0.01		91.95			0.46
Ephemeroptera larvae	<0.01								<0.01
Hemiptera						96.55			0.36
Megaloptera larvae			44.06						<0.01
Odonata larvae	<0.01			<0.01		<0.01			<0.01
Crustaceans	0.22			3.24	0.44	1.23		0.34	0.51
Decapoda (Brachyura)	0.15			3.13	0.34	1.29		0.34	0.43
Decapoda (Caridea)	0.01			<0.01	<0.01				<0.01
Mollusks				0.03		0.01			<0.01
Bivalvia						<0.01			<0.01
Gastropoda				0.03		0.01			<0.01
Fish	0.05	14.01	37.57	10.52	0.09	5.23		0.31	0.64
Characiformes	0.01			0.23	0.01	0.12		0.14	0.06
Gymnotiformes					0.01				<0.01
Siluriformes				1.67		1.04			0.03
Synbranchiformes						0.28			<0.01
Fish fragments	0.01	14.01	44.25	1.89	<0.01	<0.01		0.03	0.07

Species	Periods (Centroid distance)	PERMANOVA				PERMDISP
		Global		Pairwise		Global		Pairwise
		PseudoF	p-value	t	p-value	F	p-value	t	p-value
Auchenipterus nuchalis	Flood (0.173)/ Dry (0.343)	3.805	0.019*	1.705	0.194	0.558	0.740
	Flood (0.173)/ Filling (0.200)			1.356	0.197
	Dry (0.343)/ Filling (0.200)			2.312	0.021*
Tocantinsia piresi	Flood (0.103)/ Ebb (0.425)	6.316	0.002*	3.098	0.012*	10.087	0.003*	5.619	0.001*
	Flood (0.103)/ Filling (0.191)			1.628	0.061			1.858	0.098
	Ebb (0.425)/ Filling (0.191)			2.579	0.021*			3.187	0.005*

MannWhitney pairwise comparison			2012			2013			2014
MannWhitney pairwise comparison			Flood	Ebb	Dry	Filling	Flood	Ebb	Dry	Filling
Auchenipterus nuchalis	2012	Flood		1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000		0.785	1.000
		Ebb			1.000	0.870	0.142		1.000	1.000
		Dry				1.000	0.189		1.000	1.000
	2013	Filling					1.000		0.001*	1.000
		Flood							0.000*	1.000
		Ebb
		Dry								0.004*
Tocantinsia vpiresi	2012	Flood		0.887	0.003*	0.000*	0.000*	0.014*		1.000
		Ebb			1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000		1.000
		Dry				1.000	0.443	0.578		0.020*
	2013	Filling					0.586	1.000		0.000*
		Flood						1.000		0.052
		Ebb								0.479
		Dry

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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