Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil

Soares, Bruno Eleres; Ruffeil, Tiago Octavio Begot; Montag, Luciano Fogaça de Assis

doi:10.1590/S1679-62252013000400013

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Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 11 (04) • 2013 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252013000400013 copy

Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The present study was based on the identification of the ecomorphological patterns that characterize the fish species found in tide pools in the Amazonian Coastal Zone (ACZ) in the Pará State, Brazil. Representatives of 19 species were collected during two field campaigns in 2011. The dominance, residence status, and trophic guild of each species were established, and morphometric data were obtained for up to 10 specimens of each species. A total of 23 ecomorphological attributes related to locomotion, position in the water column, and foraging behavior were calculated for the analysis of ecomorphological distance. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was utilized for the evaluation of ecomorphological attributes that explained the variation among species. Mantel Test was used to correlate the taxonomic distance with species' morphological patterns and a partial Mantel Test to analyze the correlation among trophic guilds and ecomorphological patterns, controlling the effects of taxonomic distance among species. The analyses revealed two principal axes of the variation related to locomotion, correlated with the width of the caudal peduncle and the shape of the anal fin, as well as the influence of taxonomic distance on the ecomorphological characteristics of the different species. The dominant and resident species both presented a reduced capacity for continuous swimming. The two principal axes identified in relation to the position of the fish in the water column were correlated with the position of the eyes, the area of the pelvic fin, and body shape, with evidence of the influence of taxonomic distance on the morphology of the species. PCA grouped species with pelagic habits with benthonic ones. In the case of foraging behavior, the two principal axes formed by the analysis correlated with the size of the mouth, eye size, and the length of the digestive tract. Species of different guilds were grouped together, indicating a weak relationship between morphology and foraging behavior, and no relationship was found with taxonomic distance. The resident and dominant species in the tide pools of the ACZ present sedentary habits, with little evidence of the influence of taxonomic distance on the use of habitats or morphology, which was a poor indicator of foraging strategies, and showing that phylogenetically distant species could present similar ecomorphological patterns.

Ecomorphology; habitat use; resource partitioning; intertidal zone; estuaries

Ecomorphological indices	Formula	Related to	Ecological implications
Relative length of the caudal peduncle	RLCP = LCP/SL	Locomotion	High values indicate species with good swimming capacity (Winemiller, 1991).
Relative height of the caudal peduncle	RHCP = HCP/MBH	Locomotion	Low values indicate a reduced potential for maneuverability (Winemiller, 1991).
Relative width of the caudal peduncle	RWCP = BCP/HB	Locomotion	Higher values indicate a better capacity for continuous swimming (Winemiller, 1991).
Relative area of the dorsal fin	RADF = HDF/SL²	Locomotion	Dorsal fins with a greater area provide better stability (Gosline, 1971).
Relative area of the caudal fin	RACF = ACF/SL²	Locomotion	Caudal fins with a greater area are associated with continuous and active swimming (Balon et al., 1986).
Aspect ratio of the caudal fin	ARCF = HCF²/ACF	Locomotion	High values are typical of active and continuous swimmers (Balon et al., 1986).
Relative area of the anal fin	RAAF = AAF/SL²	Locomotion	Higher values indicate greater maneuverability and stability (Breda, 2005).
Aspect ratio of the anal fin	ARAF = LAF²/AAF	Locomotion	High values indicate a greater capacity for forward and backward movements (Breda, 2005).
Relative area of the pectoral fin	RAPCF = APCF/SL²	Locomotion	High values are associated with slow swimming or fishes that inhabit turbulent waters (Watson & Balon, 1984).
Aspect ratio of the pectoral fin	ARPCF = LPCF/APCF	Locomotion	High values are associated with migratory species or fishes that swim continuously (Wainwright et al., 2002).
Compression index	CI = MBH/HB	Position	High values indicate species that inhabit lenthic environments (Watson & Balon, 1984).
Depression índex	DI = HML/MBH	Position	High values indicate species associated with environments near the bottom (Watson & Balon, 1984).
Position of the eye	PE = HE/HH	Position	High values indicate dorsally-positioned eyes, which are normally found in benthic fishes (Pouilly et al., 2003).
Relative area of the pelvic fin	RAPVF = APCF/SL²	Position	Higher values are found in benthic species and lower values in pelagic fishes (Breda, 2005).
Aspect ratio of the pelvic fan	ARPVF = LPVF²/APVF	Position	Higher values indicate pelagic habits, while lower values indicate benthic behavior (Breda, 2005).
Relative length of the head	RLH = HL/SL	Foraging	High values indicate fishes that capture larger prey, and are expected in piscivorous species (Pouilly et al., 2003).
Relative height of the head	RHH = HH/MBH	Foraging	Higher values indicate fishes that capture larger prey and are expected in piscivores (Willis et al., 2005).
Relative breadth of the head	RBH = HB/MBB	Foraging	High values are expected in piscivores or fishes that capture larger prey (Willis et al., 2005).
Relative height of the mouth	RHM = HM/SL	Foraging	High values may indicate fishes that feed on larger prey (Willis et al., 2005).
Relative width of the mouth	RWM = BM/SL	Foraging	High values indicate fishes that feed on larger prey (Winemiller, 1991).
Protrusion index	PI = LOM/LCS	Foraging	Higher values are found in fishes that captures smaller prey (Willis et al., 2005).
Relative area of the eye	RAE = ?*(HE/2)²/SL²	Foraging	Index related to the detection of food items and the use of vision during predatory behavior (Pouilly et al., 2003).
Relative length of the digestive tract	RLDT = LDT/SL	Foraging	Higher values are associated with omnivorous or herbivorous diets (Boyle & Horn, 2006).

Taxon	Catalog number MPEG	N	RA	FO	Dominance*	Residence status	Trophic guild
Order Perciformes
Family Gobiidae
Bathygobius soporator (Valenciennes, 1837)	23463	470	0.36	0.92	Dominant	Permanent (Rosa et al., 1997)	Omnivore (Oliveira-Raiol, 2011)
Family Lutjanidae
Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	23465	393	0.3	0.85	Dominant	Opportunist (Rosa et al., 1997)	Carnivore (Monteiro et al., 2009)
Family Eleotridae
Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849)	23464	86	0.07	0.28	Frequent	Permanent (Miller et al., 1989)	Carnivore (Macieira et al., 2012)
Family Serranidae
Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822)	25582	6	0.00	0.05	Occasional	Opportunist (Cunha et al., 2007)	Carnivore
Rypticus randalli Courtenay, 1967	23468	3	0.00	0.03	Occasional	Opportunist (Cunha et al., 2007)	Carnivore
Family Blenniidae
Omobranchus punctatus (Valenciennes, 1836)	23467	111	0.09	0.44	Frequent	Permanent (Cunha et al., 2007)	Herbivore
Order Anguiliformes
Family Muraenidae
Gymnothorax aff. funebris Ranzani, 1839	23453	13	0.01	0.16	Occasional	Permanent (Macieira, 2008)	Carnivore
Order Batrachoidiformes
Family Batrachoididae
Amphichthys cryptocentrus (Valenciennes, 1837)	23455	5	0.00	0.03	Occasional	Opportunist (Amorim et al., 2010)**	Carnivore (Robertson, 1987)
Batrachoides surinamensis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	23456	3	0.00	0.02	Occasional	Opportunist (Amorim et al., 2010)**	Carnivore (Robertson, 1987)
Thalassophryne nattereri Steindachner, 1876	23457	4	0.00	0.05	Occasional	Opportunist (Amorim et al., 2010)**	Carnivore (Robertson, 1987)
Order Mugiliformes
Family Mugilidae
Mugil aff. hospes Jordan & Culver, 1895	23461	18	0.01	0.10	Occasional	Opportunist (Cunha et al., 2007)	Omnivore (Soyinka, 2008)
Mugil aff. curema Valenciennes, 1836	23460	79	0.06	0.16	Occasional	Opportunist (Cunha et al., 2007)	Omnivore
Mugil sp.	23462	34	0.03	0.04	Occasional	Opportunist (Cunha et al., 2007)	Omnivore
Order Tetraodontiformes
Family Tetraodontidae
Colomesus psittacus Bloch & Schneider, 1801	23471	6	0.00	0.06	Occasional	Transitory (Macieira, 2008)	Carnivore (Krumme et al., 2007)
Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert, 1900	23472	45	0.03	0.12	Occasional	Transitory (Macieira, 2008)	Carnivore
Order Atheriniformes
Family Atherinopsidae
Atherinella cf. brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825	23454	2	0.00	0.01	Rare	Transitory (Barreiros et al., 2004)	Omnivore (Rocha et al., 2008)
Order Clupeiformes
Family Engraulidae
Engraulidae gen.	23458	1	0.00	0.01	Rare	Opportunist (Cunha et al., 2007)	Planktonic herbivore
Order Siluriformes
Family Ariidae
Amphiarius phrygiatus (Valenciennes,1840)	23470	1	0.00	0.01	Rare	Transitory (Araújo, 1988)	Omnivore
Order Gobiesociformes
Family Gobiesocidae
Gobiesox barbatulus Starks, 1913	23459	22	0.02	0.15	Occasional	Permanent (Barreiros et al., 2004)	Carnivore (Pires & Gibran, 2011)

Ecomorphological indices	r Axis 1	r Axis 2
RWCP	0.277	0.822
RADF	0.566	-0.669
ARCF	0.633	-0.277
ARAF	-0.764	-0.544
RAPCF	0.693	-0.394
ARPCF	0.631	0.289
% Explanation	37.689	28.929

Ecomorphological indices	r Axis 1	r Axis 2
CI	-0.400	0.766
DI	0.722	0.374
PE	0.856	0.044
RAPVF	0.0132	0.785
ARPVF	0.348	0.243
% Explanation	30.727%	28.095%

Ecomorphological indices	r axis 1	r axis 2
RLH	0.8601	-0.2113
RHH	0.5881	0.0816
RHM	0.8114	-0.333
RWM	0.6967	0.189
PI	0.5426	0.2413
RLDT	-0.2846	-0.7816
RAE	0.0922	-0.8789
% Explanation	37.333	23.423

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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