Phenology of <i>Solidago canadensis</i> L. and <i>Delphinium elatum</i> cultivated under greenhouse conditions and association with micro-climate variables

Collaguazo-Lita, Nelly Melissa; Soto, Evelin Estefanía Salazar; Acero, Stalyn Wladimir Tipán; Ayala-Ayala, Michael; Ávila-Salem, María Eugenia; Yumbla-Orbes, María

doi:10.1590/2447-536X.v28i3.2512

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Scientific Article • Ornam. Hortic. 28 (3) • Jul-Sep 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v28i3.2512 copy

Phenology of Solidago canadensis L. and Delphinium elatum cultivated under greenhouse conditions and association with micro-climate variables

Fenologia de Solidago canadensis L. e Delphinium elatum cultivados em casa de vegetação e associação com variáveis microclimáticas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Solidago canadensis L. cv. Tara and Delphinium elatum, the hybrid White River are summer flowers with great agronomic potential. The goal of this study was to establish the phenology of these species grown under greenhouse conditions, as well as to determine the correlation between climatic elements (relative humidity - RH, growing degree-days for development - GDD and soil moisture - SM) with growth variables (stem length and diameter, fresh weight FW - and dry weight - DW) in S. canadensis and D. elatum. The life cycle for S. canadensis and D. elatum ended when reaching 30% of the flower opening, the stem length reached 118.05 and 123.74 cm, at 94 and 77 days, respectively. The growth of both species showed a logistic curve pattern throughout the crop cycle; S. canadensis showed maximum values for absolute growth rate (AGR) and relative growth rate (RGR) at 77 and 42 days after transplanting (DAT), respectively; in contrast to D. elatum which occurred at 77 and 28 DAT. On the other hand, for the correlation between climatic elements and growth variables in S. canadensis, the GDD and RH were directly correlated with both FW and DW, stem diameter and length, while an inverse correlation occurred for SM. D. elatum showed a direct correlation between climatic conditions and growth variables.

Keywords:
canadian goldenrod; delphinium; floriculture; summer flowers

A) Solidago canadensis
Day	Med t (°C)	Max t (°C)	Min t (°C)	RH (%)	SM (cbar)	Global solar radiation (W m^-2)
1	17.8	26.1	9.5	82.9	16.6	116.1
7	17.5	23.7	11.2	81.7	16.8	109.0
14	19.3	27.7	10.8	76.3	21.5	177.2
21	19.4	28.0	10.8	82.2	24.2	147.6
28	20.6	28.6	12.6	82.6	39.7	141.3
35	19.7	27.3	12.0	83.6	15.9	115.7
42	18.3	26.2	10.4	83.4	17.6	120.8
49	18.6	26.0	11.2	86.1	14.1	128.8
56	19.2	28.2	10.3	84.1	21.2	153.9
63	19.8	28.7	10.9	82.1	13.8	153.6
70	19.1	26.6	11.5	83.2	14.2	132.1
77	19.5	28.4	10.6	84.2	20.0	140.0
84	18.1	24.7	11.5	87.3	17.4	88.3
91	17.9	25.9	9.9	83.7	23.6	113.0
94	19.1	28.0	10.2	80.1	14.8	120.8
B) Delphinium elatum
Day	Med t (°C)	Max t (°C)	Min t (°C)	RH (%)	SM (cbar	Global solar radiation (W m^-2)
1	19.2	30.0	8.3	62.0	18.0	127.9
14	18.6	26.5	10.6	77.0	12.5	114.5
28	19.5	28.2	10.8	73.5	12.2	162.4
42	19.9	27.2	12.5	76.7	29.0	124.3
56	18.2	25.5	10.9	82.6	18.9	125.7
70	18.9	27.3	10.6	77.8	46.2	150.9
77	18.2	25.0	11.4	78.9	35.0	134.8

A) Solidago canadensis
DAT	Main stage	Secondary stage	Description
7	1	11	Leaves: 1 Stem: 3.27 cm.
14	1	12	Leafs: 2
	2	22	Buds or suckers: 2
	3	32	Internodes: 2 Stem: 7.42 cm.
21	1	16	Leafs: 6
	2	24	Buds or suckers: 4
	3	36	Internodes: 6 Stem: 12.46 cm.
28	1	18	Leafs: 8
	2	25	Buds or suckers: 5
	3	38	Internodes: 8 Stem: 22.66 cm
	Thinning by removal of suckers from base
35	1	19	Leafs: 12
35	3	39	Internodes: 12, average length of 2.30 cm Stem: 34.51 cm.
	Removal of apical bud
DAB	Main stage	Secondary stage	Description
7	2	25	Longitudinal measurements of lateral budding (flower stems of economic interest) were considered. Main stem: 42.48 cm. Side shoots: 5, 0.47 cm.
14			Main stem: 50.50 cm. Side shoots: 5, 3.64 cm
21			Main stem: 51.51 cm. Side shoots: 5, 15.61 cm
28	5	51	Lateral stems: 26.73 cm. Flower organs: Newly emerged panicles and dark green hue.
35	5	55	Lateral stems: 41.23 cm Flower organs: Panicles with closed buds, dark green hue and short secondary rachis. (4mm).
42		59	Lateral stems: 56 cm. Floral organs: Fully developed panicles and 3cm secondary rachis
49			Lateral stems: 68.01 cm.
56			Lateral stems: 71.44 cm. Flower organs: Slight opening, with a greenish-yellow hue on the petals.
59	6	63	Aerial zone of the plant: 118.05 cm. Lateral stems: 71.44 cm. Floral organs: The set of panicles reached 22.21 cm. Enhanced the beginning of flowering with 30% floral opening, petals and stamens of yellow hue (Figure 1).
B) Delphinum elatum
DAT	Main stage	Secondary stage	Description
14	1	12	Leaves: 2, petiolate and palmatisect with five lobes.
14	3	32	Internodes: 2 Stem: 3.74 cm.
28	1	14	Leaves: 4
28	3	34	Internodes: 4 Stems: 10.92 cm.
42	1	19	Leaves: 10
	3	39	Internodes: 10, 2 cm. Stem: 20.65 cm.
	5	51	Floral organ: The floral bud emerged in the apical zone, 0.70 cm.
56	5	53	Stem: 39.05 cm. Floral organ: 4.62 cm. Slight separation of the lower flower buds from the younger leaves.
63	5	55	Stem: 53.98 cm. Floral organ: 15.10 cm The fourth part of the lower area of the bunch with flower buds separated from each other, arranged alternately, unlike the upper area where the buds were still grouped,
70	6	57	Stem: 64.68 cm. Floral organ: 33.84 cm Visibly separated from the upper leaf of the stem, by an average space of 4.70 cm.
77	6	63	Aerial part of the plant: 123.74 cm. Floral organ: 55.63 cm 30% of flower opening. Flowers with a white hue, with two layers of sepals, an inner layer of eight and an outer layer of five sepals. (Fig. 1)

A) Solidago canadensis
DAT		AGR (g d^-1)	RGR (g g^-1 d^-1)	GDD (°Cd)
1	Seedling			11
7	First leaf development- 1 noticeable internode	0.01	0.07	77
14	Juvenile vegetative phase	0.02	0.07	161
21		0.04	0.08	245
28		0.08	0.08	343
35	Development of 9 or more leaves- 9 or more noticeable internodes (juvenile-adult vegetative stage).	0.13	0.08	434
42	Adult vegetative phase	0.27	0.09	511
49	Transition phase	0.19	0.04	595
56	Transition phase	0.16	0.03	679
63	Start of the panicle emergence	0.74	0.08	770
70	Pre-flowering	0.54	0.04	854
77		1.10	0.06	938
84		0.37	0.01	1015
91		0.42	0.02	1092
94	30% of open flowers (flowering).	0.57	0.02	1128
B) Delphinum elatum
DAT		AGR (g d^-1)	RGR (g g^-1 d^-1)	GDD (°Cd)
1	Seedling			12
14	Development of the second leaf- 2 perceptible internodes	0.02	0.04	161
28	Juvenile vegetative phase	0.16	0.11	343
40	Fase vegetativa juvenil – adulta			494
42	Development of 9 or more leaves- 9 or more noticeable internodes (juvenile-adult vegetative stage).	0.22	0.05	518
48	Transition phase			672
56	Pre-flowering	0.31	0.04	840
70	Pre-flowering	0.88	0.06
77	30% of open flowers (Flowering)	1.99	0.07	917

A) Solidago canadensis
		RH (%)	SM (cbar)	GDD (°Cd)
Aerial section	Fresh weight (g)	0.56**	-0.49**	0.97**
Aerial section	Dry weight (g)	0.5**	-0.45**	0.96**
Stem	Diameter (cm)	0.66**	-0.48**	0.99**
Stem	Length (cm)	0.62**	-0.5**	0.99**
B) Delphinium elatum
		RH (%)	SM (cbar)	GDD (°Cd)
Aerial section	Fresh weight (g)	0.72**	0.89**	0.96**
Aerial section	Dry weight (g)	0.69**	0.88**	0.94**
Stem	Diameter (cm)	0.83**	0.87**	0.99**
Stem	Length (cm)	0.71**	0.91**	0.95**

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[1] * Corresponding author: myumbla@uce.edu.ec

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Phenology of Solidago canadensis L. and Delphinium elatum cultivated under greenhouse conditions and association with micro-climate variables

Fenologia de Solidago canadensis L. e Delphinium elatum cultivados em casa de vegetação e associação com variáveis ​​microclimáticas

Abstract

Fenologia de Solidago canadensis L. e Delphinium elatum cultivados em casa de vegetação e associação com variáveis microclimáticas