Biometry and genetic diversity of paradise nut genotypes (Lecythidaceae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the biometry of fruit and seed, and the diversity of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes. Fruit of 12 paradise nut genotypes were collected from plants in the northern region of the state of Espírito Santo and in the eastern region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data were subjected to the analysis of variance, and means of the different genotypes were compared by Scott-Knott’s mean clustering test. The phenotypic diversity was analyzed using Mahalanobis’ generalized distance, and clustering, by Tocher’s optimization method and the graphical dispersion of canonical variables. The relative contribution of the characters to diversity was assessed by Singh’s method. The paradise nut genotypes differed regarding the morphological characteristics of fruit and seed. Genotype 1 produced the largest number of seed per fruit, and genotypes 2 and 7 produced the largest seed. These genotypes were clustered into different groups, which is indicative of their potential combination for use in genetic breeding programs.

Index terms:
Lecythis pisonis; characterization; divergence; genotypes; sapucaia nut

Authorship

Thuanny Lins Monteiro Rosa ^**Corresponding author: thuannyer@gmail.com

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Florestais e da Madeira, Avenida Governador Lindemberg, no 316, Centro, CEP 29550-000 Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, Brazil. E-mail: thuannyer@gmail.com, carolinepalacio@yahoo.com.br, rodrigosobreiraalexandre@gmail.comUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilJerônimo Monteiro, ES, Brazil Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Florestais e da Madeira, Avenida Governador Lindemberg, no 316, Centro, CEP 29550-000 Jerônimo Monteiro, ES, Brazil. E-mail: thuannyer@gmail.com, carolinepalacio@yahoo.com.br, rodrigosobreiraalexandre@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6979-6914

Caroline Palacio de Araujo

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0259-2543

Rodrigo Sobreira Alexandre

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5248-6773

Edilson Romais Schmildt

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 60, Litorâneo, CEP 29932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil. E-mail: e.romais.s@gmail.comUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilSão Mateus, ES, Brazil Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Rodovia BR-101 Norte, Km 60, Litorâneo, CEP 29932-540 São Mateus, ES, Brazil. E-mail: e.romais.s@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3457-7997

José Carlos Lopes

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Agronomia, Alto Universitário, s/no, Guararema, CEP 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil. E-mail: jcufes@bol.com.brUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilAlegre, ES, Brazil Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Agronomia, Alto Universitário, s/no, Guararema, CEP 29500-000 Alegre, ES, Brazil. E-mail: jcufes@bol.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4880-0547

*Corresponding author: thuannyer@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (1)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1.
Graphical dispersion of the first two canonical variables of 12 paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes, for the biometric characteristics of fruit and seed.

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Table 1.
Localization, geografic coordenates, and dendrometric characteristics of the 12 paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes located in the states of Espírito Santo (ES) and Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil.

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Table 2.
Biometry of fruit and seed of paradise nut genotypes (Lecythis pisonis)⁽¹⁾.

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Table 3.
Relative contribution of traits to the diversity of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes, by Singh’s (1981)SINGH, D. The relative importance of characters affecting genetic divergence. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, v.41, p.237-245, 1981. criterion based on the distance (D2) of Mahalanobis.

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Table 4.
Clustering of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes, using 18 characteristics of fruit and seed, based on the Tocher’s optimization method and Mahalanobis generalized distance.

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Table 5.
Coefficient of phenotypic correlation between the variables of 12 genotypes of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis).

Figure 1. Graphical dispersion of the first two canonical variables of 12 paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes, for the biometric characteristics of fruit and seed.

Table 1. Localization, geografic coordenates, and dendrometric characteristics of the 12 paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes located in the states of Espírito Santo (ES) and Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil.

Genotype	Places (municipality, state)	Geographic coordenates		Altitude (m)	Characteristics
Genotype	Places (municipality, state)	Latitude (S)	Longitude (W)	Altitude (m)	DMC (m)	Height (m)	DAP (cm)	AS (m²)
1	Linhares, ES	19°26'01"	40°01'13"	26	15.4	32.8	41.7	0.13657
2	Linhares, ES	19°26'01"	40°01'13"	26	16.5	33.5	47.0	0.17349
3	Linhares, ES	19°26'01"	40°01'13"	26	18.0	27.0	50.2	0.19792
4	Linhares, ES	19°26'01"	40°01'13"	26	12.5	24.0	36.6	0.10521
5	Linhares, ES	19°29'46"	40°14'32"	27	16.0	29.2	53.4	0.22396
6	Linhares, ES	19°29'46"	40°14'32"	27	14.4	31.5	43.7	0.14998
7	Linhares, ES	19°29'46"	40°14'32"	27	17.2	25.6	38.1	0.11401
8	Linhares, ES	19°30'03"	40°16'39"	39	15.8	27.0	40.6	0.12946
9	Linhares, ES	19°30'03"	40°16'39"	39	17.0	30.5	43.2	0.14657
10	Baixo Guandu, ES	19°23'55"	40°57'11"	533	11.5	29.5	36.8	0.10636
11	Baixo Guandu, ES	19°23'38"	40°56'53"	518	14.9	28.0	41.9	0.13788
12	Itueta, MG	19°23'15"	41°03'34"	168	13.5	26.5	40.4	0.12819

DMC, larger diameter of the crown; DAP, diameter of the tree, at 1.30 m above the soil surface; AS, sectional area, at 1.30 m above the soil surface.

Table 2. Biometry of fruit and seed of paradise nut genotypes (Lecythis pisonis)⁽¹⁾.

Genotype

FL
(cm)

D>F
(cm)

D<F
(cm)

MFD
(cm)

FL/D
>F

FL/D
<F

FL/
MFD

MFWS
(g)

MFWOS
(g)

NSF

WSF

SMF
(g)

100SM
(g)

SL
(mm)

SWD
(mm)

ST
(mm)

SL/
SWD

SV
(cm³)

19.6a

17.7a

16.9a

17.3a

1.10d

1.15d

1.13d

3278a

2913a

39a

1.6a

364a

936e

39.3e

23.0c

19.0b

1.71e

7.08d

19.1a

16.2b

16.0a

16.1b

1.18c

1.20c

1.19c

2871a

2543a

23b

0.0b

327a

1413b

47.2a

26.8a

21.0a

1.76d

8.27b

18.2a

17.4a

16.8a

17.1a

1.04e

1.08e

1.06e

3057a

2732a

25b

0.0b

313a

1226c

39.2e

22.1d

17.6d

1.77d

5.93f

19.5a

17.2a

16.9a

17.0a

1.13d

1.15d

1.14d

2964a

2777a

16d

0.0b

186c

1143d

45.0c

22.7c

18.1d

1.97b

5.80f

20.3a

15.1c

14.5b

14.8c

1.34a

1.40a

1.37a

2388b

2238b

23b

1.3a

160c

695f

37.5f

18.5f

15.2e

2.02b

3.42h

16.2c

14.1c

13.6b

13.9c

1.15c

1.18c

1.17c

1399e

1164e

20c

0.3b

234b

1159d

43.0d

25.5b

21.1a

1.68e

7.98c

19.8a

15.7b

15.5a

15.6b

1.26b

1.27b

2467b

2215b

15d

0.0b

251b

1606a

48.1a

26.3a

20.8a

1.82c

9.24a

16.8c

14.1c

13.8b

14.0c

1.19c

1.22c

1.20c

1662d

1520d

15d

1.2a

142c

938e

37.9f

20.6e

15.5e

1.83c

5.05g

17.9b

14.5c

13.8b

14.2c

1.23b

1.29b

1.26b

2037c

1899c

13d

0.3b

137c

1011e

38.3f

21.9d

18.4c

1.75d

6.46e

19.5a

16.2b

16.0a

16.1b

1.20c

1.22c

1.21c

2652b

2277b

20c

0.1b

270b

1339c

46.2b

22.4c

19.2b

2.07a

9.14a

20.1a

16.9a

16.6a

16.8a

1.18c

1.21c

1.19c

2688b

2427b

21c

0.1b

261b

1249c

45.7b

21.6d

17.3d

2.12a

7.69c

13.9d

12.5d

12.1c

12.3d

1.12d

1.15d

1.13d

1034f

894e

19c

0.0b

140c

735f

34.7g

20.6e

15.5e

1.68e

5.24g

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by the equal letter in the column belong to the same group of means, by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability. FL, fruit length; D>F, largest fruit diameter; D<F, smallest fruit diameter; MFD mean fruit diameter; FL/D>F, fruit length/largest fruit diameter ratio; FL/D<F, fruit length/smallest fruit diameter ratio; FL/MFD, fruit length/mean fruit diameter ratio; MFWS, mass of fruit with seed; MFWOS, mass of fruit without seed; NSF, number of seed per fruit; WSF, withered seed per fruit; SMF, seed mass per fruit; 100SM, 100-seed mass; SL, seed length; SWD, seed with; ST, seed thickness; SL/SWD, seed length/seed with ration; SV, seed volume.

Table 3. Relative contribution of traits to the diversity of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes, by Singh’s (1981)SINGH, D. The relative importance of characters affecting genetic divergence. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, v.41, p.237-245, 1981. criterion based on the distance (D2) of Mahalanobis.

Variable	D2 (S.j)	Value (%)
Fruit length	150.5348	0.68
Larger fruit diameter	1180.4178	5.33
Smaller fruit diameter	1834.0261	8.28
Mean fruit diameter	2430.3227	10.98
Fruit length/larger fruit diameter ratio	99.9090	0.45
Fruit length/smaller fruit diameter ratio	638.5413	2.88
Fruit length/mean fruit diameter ratio	844.4246	3.81
Number of seed per fruit	1061.0421	4.79
Mass of fruit with seed	158.6394	0.71
Mass of fruit without seed	1034.1256	4.67
Seed mass per fruit	236.8680	1.07
Withered seed per fruit	76.1469	0.34
Seed length	2073.8018	9.37
Seed width	5498.3528	24.84
Seed thickness	1162.4949	5.25
100-seed mass	662.6315	2.99
Seed length/seed width ratio	110.5516	0.49
Seed volume	2877.6201	13.00

Table 4. Clustering of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis) genotypes, using 18 characteristics of fruit and seed, based on the Tocher’s optimization method and Mahalanobis generalized distance.

Groups	Genotypes
I	3, 8, 9, 12
II	10, 11
III	2, 6, 7
IV	1
V	4
VI	5

Table 5. Coefficient of phenotypic correlation between the variables of 12 genotypes of paradise nut (Lecythis pisonis).

Trait	D>F	D<F	MFD	FL/D>F	FL/D<F	FL/MFD	NSF	MFWS	MFWOS	SMF	WSF	SL	SWD	ST	100SM	SL/SWD	SV
FL	0.784**	0.786**	0.787**	0.401	0.369	0.382	0.244	0.829**	0.843**	0.433	0.15	0.569	0.097	0.238	0.403	0.639*	0.235
D>F	-	0.993**	0.998**	-0.252	-0.27	-0.267	0.518	0.969**	0.957**	0.734**	0.018	0.494	0.208	0.3	0.442	0.375	0.283
D<F		-	0.998**	-0.243	-0.282	-0.268	0.457	0.959**	0.945**	0.736**	-0.06	0.575*	0.262	0.338	0.52	0.408	0.348
MFD			-	-0.248	-0.276	-0.268	0.49	0.965**	0.952**	0.737**	-0.018	0.534	0.235	0.319	0.48	0.391	0.313
FL/D>F				-	0.983**	0.995**	-0.373	-0.131	-0.091	-0.41	0.228	0.131	-0.172	-0.087	-0.044	0.431	-0.078
FL/D<F					-	0.995**	-0.298	-0.145	-0.1	-0.436	0.337	-0.013	-0.266	-0.157	-0.177	0.369	-0.19
FL/MFD						-	-0.342	-0.144	-0.102	-0.43	0.284	0.057	-0.222	-0.125	-0.112	0.4	-0.138
NSF							-	0.519	0.477	0.732**	0.502	-0.136	0.015	0.092	-0.169	-0.179	0.013
MFWS								-	0.994**	0.709	0.059	0.453	0.186	0.279	0.406	0.35	0.234
MFWOS									-	0.639	0.078	0.42	0.135	0.223	0.362	0.372	0.163
SMF										-	-0.022	0.48	0.549	0.596	0.534	-0.077	0.581
WSF											-	-0.485	-0.428	-0.361	-0.595	-0.051	-0.461
SL												-	0.712**	0.732**	0.895**	0.387	0.801**
SWD													-	0.941**	0.790**	-0.369	0.799**
ST														-	0.773**	-0.257	0.853**
100SM															-	0.134	0.854**
SL/SWD																-	0.003

^**,*
Significant at 1 and 5% probability by the t-test. FL, fruit length; D>F, largest fruit diameter; D<F, smallest fruit diameter; MFD, mean fruit diameter; FL/D>F, fruit length/largest fruit diameter ratio; FL/D<F, fruit length/smallest fruit diameter ratio; FL/MFD, fruit length/mean fruit diameter ratio; NSF, number of seed per fruit; MFWS, mass of fruit with seed; MFWOS, mass of fruit without seed; SMF, seed mass per fruit; WSF, withered seed per fruit; SL, seed length; SWD, seed with; ST, seed thickness; 100SM, 100-seed mass; SL/SWD, seed length/seed with ratio.

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Biometry and genetic diversity of paradise nut genotypes (Lecythidaceae)

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[1] *Corresponding author: thuannyer@gmail.com