Copper use efficiency in soybean cultivars

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of copper use efficiency in soybean cultivars, grown on a typical Ultisol with a high organic matter content, on soil chemical properties and on plant grain yield, nutritional state, and physiological components. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, in a 5×4 factorial arrangement, with five soybean cultivars (TMG 1066RR, BRS 360RR, NA 6262RR, BMX Turbo RR, and BRS 359RR) and four Cu rates (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg^-1). Under the studied soil conditions, the DTPA-TEA and Mehlich-1 extractants were efficient in determining available Cu in the soil. Regardless of the cultivars, Cu application increased grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), number of pods per pot, GY/SDWY ratio, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content. However, Cu use efficiency varied significantly among the different soybean genotypes. Except for Cu, soil chemical attributes and foliar and grain nutrient contents are not influenced by Cu rates nor by soybean cultivars.

Index terms:
Glycine max; DTPA-TEA; Mehlich 1; nutritional state; physiological components; yield components

Authorship

Adônis Moreira ^**Corresponding author: adonis.moreira@embrapa.br

Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/no, Acesso Orlando Amaral, Distrito de Warta, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. E-mail: adonis.moreira@embrapa.br, larissa.moraes@embrapa.brEmbrapa SojaBrazilLondrina, PR, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/no, Acesso Orlando Amaral, Distrito de Warta, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. E-mail: adonis.moreira@embrapa.br, larissa.moraes@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4023-5990

Larissa Alexandra Cardoso Moraes

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7296-2936

Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Ilha Solteira, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: tar.nogueira@unesp.brUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBrazilIlha Solteira, SP, Brazil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus de Ilha Solteira, Avenida Brasil, no 56, Centro, CEP 15385-000 Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. E-mail: tar.nogueira@unesp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1783-3311

Bruna Trovo Canizella

Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Campus Universitário, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. E-mail: bruna_canizella@hotmail.comUniversidade Estadual de LondrinaBrazilLondrina, PR, Brazil Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, Campus Universitário, CEP 86057-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. E-mail: bruna_canizella@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7971-5452

*Corresponding author: adonis.moreira@embrapa.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (5)

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Figure 1.
Available copper in the soil obtained with the Mehlich-1 (A) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-triethanolamine (DTPA-TEA) (B) extractors in response to copper rates after cropping of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars. *Significant by the F-test, at 5% probability.

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Figure 2.
Relationship between the Mehlich-1 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-triethanolamine (DTPA-TEA) extractors, at pH 7.3, in determining available copper in the soil after cropping of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars. *Significant at 5% probability by the F-test.

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Table 1.
Influence of copper rates and genotypes on the chemical attributes of a typical Ultisol after cropping of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), GY/SDWY ratio, number of pods per pot, and grains per pod of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

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Table 3.
Nitrogen, phosphous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc contents in the leaves of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

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Table 4.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc contents in the grains of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

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Table 5.
Photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_s ), intercellular CO₂ (C_i) concentration, transpiration rate (Trmmol), water use efficiency (WUE), and chlorophyll content of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

Figure 1. Available copper in the soil obtained with the Mehlich-1 (A) and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-triethanolamine (DTPA-TEA) (B) extractors in response to copper rates after cropping of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars. *Significant by the F-test, at 5% probability.

Figure 2. Relationship between the Mehlich-1 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-triethanolamine (DTPA-TEA) extractors, at pH 7.3, in determining available copper in the soil after cropping of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars. *Significant at 5% probability by the F-test.

Table 1. Influence of copper rates and genotypes on the chemical attributes of a typical Ultisol after cropping of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars⁽¹⁾.

Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	pH CaCl₂	C (g kg^-1)	P (mg kg^-1)	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Al³⁺	H+Al	CEC	V (%)	S-SO₄^2-	B	Fe	Mn	Zn
Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	pH CaCl₂	C (g kg^-1)	P (mg kg^-1)	-------------(cmol_c kg^-1)-------------						V (%)	-------------(mg kg^-1)-------------
TMG 1066RR
0	7.0	27.3	31.1	0.3	10.1	1.5	0.0	2.0	13.9	85.4	93.0	0.2	58.8	219.8	23.1
2	7.1	24.8	31.5	0.3	9.7	1.6	0.0	2.1	13.7	85.3	56.6	0.2	76.7	224.2	19. 6
4	7.0	25.4	30.6	0.4	9.7	1.6	0.0	2.0	13.6	85.3	66.2	0.2	78.9	228.8	20.3
8	7.1	25.8	32.5	0.3	10.3	1.5	0.0	2.2	14.3	86.1	52.8	0.2	66.4	218.4	18.8
Average	7.1	25.8	31.4	0.3	9.9	1.5	0.0	2.1	13.9	85.5	67.2	0.2	70.2	222.8	20.4
BRS 360RR
0	7.1	25.3	30.0	0.4	9.8	1.5	0.0	2.1	13.6	85.6	52.8	0.2	69.5	206.0	19.6
2	7.0	25.7	30.3	0.2	10.6	1.3	0.0	2.0	14.1	85.9	70.6	0.2	62.9	214.2	20.7
4	7.1	27.1	31.1	0.2	10.5	1.4	0.0	2.1	14.2	86.0	43.8	0.2	62.0	208.6	20.3
8	7.0	24.6	34.0	0.2	9.7	1.2	0.0	2.0	13.1	84.4	43.4	0.2	88.4	223.1	19.1
Average	7.1	25.7	31.4	0.3	10.1	1.4	0.0	2.0	13.77	85.5	52.7	0.2	70.7	213.0	19.9
NA 6262RR
0	7.1	26.2	33.6	0.6	9.5	1.6	0.0	2.2	13.8	85.6	59.5	0.3	69.8	208.7	19.9
2	7.1	24.2	32.0	0.5	9.7	1.7	0.0	2.0	13.9	85.7	50.0	0.3	70.9	216.9	19.2
4	7.1	24.8	31.2	0.5	9.9	1.7	0.0	2.1	14.2	85.9	69.0	0.3	67.8	206.6	19.0
8	7.0	26.5	29.1	0.5	9.9	1.5	0.0	2.0	13.9	85.5	59.5	0.3	69.6	216.8	19.9
Average	7.1	25.4	31.5	0.5	9.7	1.6	0.0	2.1	14.0	85.7	59.5	0.3	69.5	212.3	19.5
BMX Turbo RR
0	7.0	25.8	27.5	0.4	9.4	1.6	0.0	2.0	13.4	85.1	47.6	0.3	77.7	215.1	18.4
2	7.0	27.4	32.9	0.6	9.1	1.6	0.0	2.1	13.3	85.2	61.3	0.3	82.5	219.8	19.1
4	7.0	26.4	30.9	0.3	9.6	1.5	0.0	2.0	13.3	85.2	63.0	0.3	69.7	207.4	19.3
8	7.1	27.3	28.7	0.3	10.2	1.6	0.0	2.1	14.1	86.0	55.6	0.2	63.5	205.6	18.8
Average	7.0	26.7	30.0	0.4	9.6	1.6	0.0	2.0	13.5	85.4	56.9	0.3	73.3	212.0	18.9
BRS 359RR
0	7.0	26.2	32.2	0.3	10.1	1.6	0.0	2.0	13.9	85.7	62.2	0.3	79.8	217.0	19.1
2	7.0	29.8	31.0	0.2	10.0	1.4	0.0	2.1	13.7	85.1	63.7	0.3	57.0	192.1	18.3
4	6.8	25.2	30.0	0.3	9.1	1.5	0.0	2.0	12.8	84.7	58.4	0.4	66.0	212.3	21.6
8	7.0	26.7	33.5	0.3	8.4	1.4	0.0	2.1	12.2	83.2	64.2	0.3	82.9	223.8	21.1
Average	6.9	27.0	31.7	0.3	9.4	1.5	0.0	2.0	13.1	84.7	62.1	0.3	71.4	211.3	20.0
F-test
Cultivar (a)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
Rates (b)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
a × b	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns
CV (%)	8.12	14.71	9.15	9.47	14.19	12	47	11.63	15.44	12.66	9.78	11.46	16.84	15.88	13.62

⁽¹⁾CEC, cation exchange capacity: ∑K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, H+Al; V, base saturation: (∑K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺)/CEC; and CV, coefficient of variation. ^nsNonsignificant by the F-test, at 5% probability.

Table 2. Grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), GY/SDWY ratio, number of pods per pot, and grains per pod of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	GY	SDWY	GY/SDWY	Pods per pot	Grains per pod
Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	-------(g per pot)-------		GY/SDWY	---------(No.)----------
TMG 1066RR
0	19.4	46.1	0.42	64	3
2	24.0	53.5	0.45	70	3
4	24.1	49.9	0.48	61	3
8	21.2	48.3	0.44	61	2
Average	22.2	49.4	0.45	64	3
BRS 360RR
0	20.6	43.4	0.47	49	3
2	21.8	51.5	0.42	65	3
4	23.7	48.1	0.49	61	2
8	23.3	47.9	0.49	62	3
Average	22.4	47.7	0.47	59	3
NA 6262RR
0	16.0	29.2	0.55	37	2
2	17.2	30.6	0.56	41	3
4	18.3	34.9	0.52	48	2
8	18.7	30.1	0.62	37	2
Average	17.6	31.2	0.56	41	2
BMX Turbo RR
0	15.0	33.5	0.45	40	2
2	20.7	30.8	0.67	42	2
4	21.0	40.0	0.52	50	2
8	16.7	35.7	0.47	37	3
Average	18.4	35.0	0.53	42	2
BRS 359RR
0	21.2	38.9	0.54	53	3
2	21.6	42.0	0.51	56	3
4	25.2	41.5	0.61	59	2
8	18.7	36.6	0.51	51	3
Average	21.7	39.7	0.54	55	3
Average
0	18.4	38.2	0.48	52	3
2	21.1	41.7	0.51	54	3
4	22.5	42.9	0.52	54	2
8	19.7	40.6	0.48	50	3
Average	20.4	40.9	0.50	53	3
F-test
Cultivar (a)	*	*	*	*	ns
Rate (b)	*	*	*	*	ns
a × b	*	*	*	*	ns
CV (%)⁽¹⁾	12.52	13.84	13.51	16.43	8.17

⁽¹⁾CV, coefficient of variation. *Significant by the F-test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 3. Nitrogen, phosphous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc contents in the leaves of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	-----------------------(g kg^-1)-----------------------					---------------(mg kg^-1)---------------
TMG 1066RR
0	35.6	3.1	19.9	2.6	3.7	3.2	112.8	66.8	13.5
2	34.2	3.0	18.4	2.2	4.0	3.9	97.9	57.1	15.8
4	31.9	2.9	17.0	1.8	3.0	6.8	81.1	40.1	17.0
8	30.3	2.8	18.4	2.5	3.4	11.7	94.2	59.1	15.2
Average	33.0	2.9	18.4	2.3	3.5	6.4	96.5	55.8	15.4
BRS 360RR
0	32.1	9.0	13.8	2.7	3.2	3.3	119.8	92.5	23.0
2	42.5	9.9	15.8	3.4	2.8	4.0	110.5	106.9	22.2
4	31.3	9.2	13.7	2.7	3.6	4.6	88.2	66.7	19.9
8	32.8	8.6	13.3	2.5	3.7	10.6	92.0	61.5	13.3
Average	34.7	9.2	14.0	2.8	3.3	5.6	102.6	81.9	19.6
NA 6262RR
0	34.4	4.7	19.7	3.1	3.1	5.9	74.1	115.5	20.5
2	27.3	3.1	16.9	2.4	3.1	7.3	29.2	45.6	13.5
4	22.2	3.4	17.9	2.7	3.8	7.6	39.3	64.7	16.5
8	27.4	3.8	19.2	2.3	3.4	9.5	116.8	81.3	15.4
Average	27.8	3.7	18.4	2.4	3.3	7.6	64.9	76.8	16.5
BMX Turbo RR
0	30.5	4.2	18.6	2.2	4.1	4.0	59.7	68.3	12.3
2	29.1	3.9	17.4	2.1	3.6	4.2	102.2	101.4	22.2
4	29.6	5.0	21.4	2.0	3.7	6.8	98.8	80.7	19.8
8	31.2	4.1	21.7	2.0	3.7	10.3	122.5	77.8	16.0
Average	30.1	4.3	19.8	2.0	3.8	6.3	95.8	82.1	17.6
BRS 359RR
0	28.1	4.8	21.0	2.0	3.7	3.6	104.4	90.7	16.3
2	31.9	5.1	21.8	1.7	3.6	5.6	95.7	63.3	17.4
4	31.0	5.6	21.5	1.8	4.8	6.7	89.8	82.6	17.0
8	30.6	5.5	23.0	1.9	3.9	10.8	83.9	78.6	15.6
Average	30.4	5.2	21.8	1.9	3.8	6.7	93.4	78.8	16.6
Average
0	32.1	5.1	18.6	2.5	3.6	4.0	94.2	86.8	17.1
2	33.0	5.0	17.9	2.3	3.4	5.0	87.1	74.9	18.2
4	29.2	5.2	18.3	2.2	3.6	6.5	79.4	67.0	18.1
8	30.4	4.9	19.2	2.3	3.6	10.6	101.9	71.6	15.1
Average	31.2	5.1	18.5	2.3	3.6	6.5	90.7	75.1	17.1
F-test
Cultivar (a)	*	*	*	*	ns	*	*	*	*
Rate (b)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns
a × b	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns
CV (%)⁽¹⁾	12.27	15.41	13.91	9.92	11.63	9.78	18.97	14.96	16.58

⁽¹⁾CV, coefficient of variation.*Significant by the F-test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 4. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc contents in the grains of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	------------------------(g kg^-1)------------------------					---------------(mg kg^-1)---------------
TMG 1066RR
0	35.6	5.3	15.5	2.0	14.2	6.7	99.9	67.7	23.0
2	40.8	5.4	15.2	2.3	19.1	7.3	91.7	77.4	22.2
4	23.5	7.0	17.1	2.5	17.3	9.1	94.8	80.1	29.6
8	30.3	7.2	16.7	2.5	17.7	8.9	105.0	64.4	23.7
Average	32.5	6.2	16.1	2.3	17.1	8.0	97.8	72.4	24.6
BRS 360RR
0	41.2	6.8	17.0	2.3	17.2	8.3	172.6	66.3	27.0
2	36.0	9.7	16.8	2.7	14.0	12.2	185.7	83.4	37.1
4	31.3	5.5	18.1	2.3	15.3	13.7	111.9	49.6	26.6
8	36.5	8.1	16.8	2.9	13.8	10.6	167.2	55.7	19.8
Average	36.3	7.5	17.2	2.5	15.1	11.2	159.4	63.7	27.6
NA 6262RR
0	34.4	5.8	17.1	2.3	12.0	8.1	87.1	45.2	20.5
2	27.3	5.2	16.6	2.7	16.0	11.2	93.6	62.3	20.5
4	25.5	6.2	17.0	2.4	13.0	13.1	87.3	60.0	16.9
8	27.6	8.0	17.7	2.3	15.1	15.7	96.9	69.3	26.5
Average	28.7	6.3	17.1	2.4	14.0	12.0	91.2	59.2	21.1
BMX Turbo RR
0	29.6	6.4	16.9	2.0	15.9	9.6	87.7	45.3	25.6
2	29.1	7.4	17.8	1.6	12.4	10.1	173.1	61.6	12.1
4	28.4	6.5	22.6	1.7	12.2	10.3	92.9	57.0	19.8
8	31.2	6.4	18.6	1.8	12.7	14.6	98.3	46.2	17.8
Average	29.6	6.7	19.0	1.8	13.3	11.2	113.0	52.5	18.8
BRS 359RR
0	27.9	5.3	20.5	1.7	12.2	3.6	97.3	50.7	21.1
2	26.2	3.9	25.6	1.6	11.4	10.5	78.5	52.6	21.0
4	26.7	4.5	26.3	1.8	11.7	10.9	78.1	71.4	20.7
8	26.7	4.0	27.4	1.9	12.8	13.6	92.0	71.2	19.9
Average	26.9	4.4	25.0	1.8	12.0	9.7	86.5	61.5	20.7
Average
0	33.7	5.9	17.4	2.1	14.3	7.3	108.9	55.0	23.4
2	31.9	6.3	18.4	2.2	14.6	10.3	124.5	67.5	22.6
4	27.1	5.9	20.2	2.2	13.9	11.4	93.0	63.6	22.7
8	30.4	6.7	19.5	2.3	14.5	12.7	111.9	61.3	21.6
Average	30.8	6.2	18.9	2.2	14.3	10.4	109.6	61.9	22.6
F-test
Cultivar (a)	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	*	*	ns	ns
Rate (b)	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns
a × b	ns	ns	ns	ns	ns	*	ns	ns	ns
CV (%)⁽¹⁾	7.99	9.65	8.87	9.45	8.23	7.84	11.42	10.63	12.57

⁽¹⁾CV, coefficient of variation.*Significant by the F-test, at 5% probability. ^nsNonsignificant.

Table 5. Photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_s ), intercellular CO₂ (C_i) concentration, transpiration rate (Trmmol), water use efficiency (WUE), and chlorophyll content of five soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in response to copper fertilization rates.

Cu rates (mg kg^-1)	A (μmol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1)	g_s (mol m^-2 s^-1)	C_i (μmol mol^-1)	Trmmol (mmol m^-2 s^-1)	WUE (μmol m^-2 s^-1)	Chlorophyll (mg m^-2)
TMG 1066RR
0	15.16	0.28	260.58	3.37	4.52	201.55
2	16.53	0.32	261.74	3.30	5.06	219.93
4	18.01	0.41	276.01	3.31	5.46	237.61
8	18.62	0.39	258.81	4.32	4.37	206.48
Average	17.08	0.35	264.28	3.58	4.85	216.39
BRS 360RR
0	16.89	0.31	251.92	4.02	4.22	180.08
2	20.71	0.47	262.52	5.46	3.81	210.84
4	17.25	0.38	269.09	5.12	3.35	247.96
8	15.90	0.30	254.87	4.56	3.48	233.13
Average	17.69	0.36	259.60	4.79	3.72	218.00
NA 6262RR
0	17.46	0.66	293.09	6.17	2.83	195.43
2	18.41	0.38	252.84	5.30	3.51	198.46
4	16.63	0.30	249.73	4.89	3.39	233.82
8	14.51	0.29	254.55	4.74	3.11	221.13
Average	16.75	0.41	262.55	5.28	3.21	212.21
BMX Turbo RR
0	12.69	0.16	197.90	3.22	4.14	218.93
2	15.19	0.19	207.16	3.99	3.90	258.71
4	19.20	0.39	259.82	6.36	3.03	235.27
8	19.24	0.40	255.69	6.13	3.17	222.84
Average	16.58	0.28	230.14	4.92	3.56	233.94
BRS 359RR
0	18.23	0.38	262.09	6.09	2.99	205.27
2	18.68	0.39	268.56	6.24	2.99	262.73
4	19.90	0.41	251.16	6.59	3.02	237.19
8	17.17	0.33	250.27	5.64	3.05	237.36
Average	18.50	0.38	258.02	6.14	3.01	235.64
Average
0	16.99	0.39	254.01	4.66	3.93	225.46
2	17.90	0.35	250.56	4.86	3.86	218.50
4	17.29	0.35	260.26	5.17	3.46	224.79
8	17.09	0.34	254.84	5.08	3.44	224.19
Average	17.32	0.36	254.92	4.94	3.67	223.24
F-test
Cultivar (a)	*	*	*	*	*	*
Rate (b)	*	*	*	*	*	*
a × b	*	*	*	*	*	*
CV (%)⁽¹⁾	11.61	12.98	10.44	9.58	12.93	14.22

⁽¹⁾CV, coefficient of variation. *Significant by the F-test, at 5% probability.

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Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
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[1] *Corresponding author: adonis.moreira@embrapa.br