Cardinal temperatures and thermal requirements for the initial development of two Brazilian native species

The objective of this work was to estimate the cardinal temperatures and to quantify the thermal requirements for the initial development of seedlings of the native tree species Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana. A field experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 2?12 factorial arrangement (2 tree species and 12 sowing dates), with five replicates. The base, optimum, and maximum temperatures for the development of C. myrianthum were 11.4, 18.1, and 36.6°C, and, for B. orellana, 12.0, 18.4, and 46.4°C. The thermal requirements for the development of C. myrianthum was 66.7°C day per leaf, and, for B. orellana, 82.5°C day per leaf. In the initial development, B. orellana shows a large thermal amplitude and is tolerant to extreme temperatures, while C. myrianthum shows a large thermal amplitude, but a lower thermal requirement and a more rapid development than B. orellana.

Index terms:
Bixa orellana; Citharexylum myrianthum; air temperature; leaf appearance; phenology

Authorship

Mábele de Cássia Ferreira

Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Avenida BPS, no 1.303, Pinheirinho, CEP 37500-903 Itajubá, MG, Brazil. E-mail: mabeleferreira@yahoo.com.br, fabrinabm@gmail.com, gabrielflorencio1797@gmail.com, joao_39_pedro@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal de ItajubáBrazilItajubá, MG, Brazil Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Avenida BPS, no 1.303, Pinheirinho, CEP 37500-903 Itajubá, MG, Brazil. E-mail: mabeleferreira@yahoo.com.br, fabrinabm@gmail.com, gabrielflorencio1797@gmail.com, joao_39_pedro@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6724-7217

Fabrina Bolzan Martins ^**Corresponding author: fabrinabm@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-6168

Gabriel Wilson Lorena Florêncio

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3510-884X

João Pedro Guimarães Cândido Silva

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0691-2663

Liliana Auxiliadora Avelar Pereira Pasin

Centro Universitário de Itajubá, Núcleo de Pesquisa Institucional, Rua Doutor Antonio Braga Filho, no 687, Varginha, CEP 37501-002 Itajubá, MG, Brazil. E-mail: lapasin@gmail.comCentro Universitário de ItajubáBrazilItajubá, MG, Brazil Centro Universitário de Itajubá, Núcleo de Pesquisa Institucional, Rua Doutor Antonio Braga Filho, no 687, Varginha, CEP 37501-002 Itajubá, MG, Brazil. E-mail: lapasin@gmail.com

*Corresponding author: fabrinabm@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (1)
Tables (3)
Formulas (7)

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Figure 1.
Relationship between the accumulated number of leaves on the main stem and the accumulated degree-days, starting from the date of plant emergence to the end of the seedling phase, using the thermal requirements for estimating Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana, in three sowing dates (Sd). Data from each sowing date are represented in an experimental unit chosen randomly. R² adj is the fitted adjusted coefficient of determination, and Syx, the standard estimated error, both are related to the quality of fit of the simple linear regression between the accumulated number of leaves (leaves per plant) and the accumulated degree-days (ºC day).

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Table 1.
Duration and characterization of air temperature, during the experiment, used to estimate the cardinal temperatures for the initial development stages of Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana, in the municipality of Itajubá, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

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Table 2.
Base temperature values (Tb, ºC) for Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana estimated by the different methods.

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Table 3.
Mean values for the thermal requirements in degree-days (ºC per leaf) for the twelve sowing dates of Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana⁽¹⁾.

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Figure 1. Relationship between the accumulated number of leaves on the main stem and the accumulated degree-days, starting from the date of plant emergence to the end of the seedling phase, using the thermal requirements for estimating Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana, in three sowing dates (Sd). Data from each sowing date are represented in an experimental unit chosen randomly. R² adj is the fitted adjusted coefficient of determination, and Syx, the standard estimated error, both are related to the quality of fit of the simple linear regression between the accumulated number of leaves (leaves per plant) and the accumulated degree-days (ºC day).

Table 1. Duration and characterization of air temperature, during the experiment, used to estimate the cardinal temperatures for the initial development stages of Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana, in the municipality of Itajubá, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Sowing date (month/day/year)	C. myrianthum					B. orellana
	Seedling emergence (month/day/year)	Seedling phase⁽¹⁾ (days)	Temperature (°C)⁽²⁾			Seedling emergence (month/day/year)	Seedling phase⁽¹⁾ (days)	Temperature (°C)⁽²⁾
	Seedling emergence (month/day/year)	Seedling phase⁽¹⁾ (days)	T_med	T_max	T_min	Seedling emergence (month/day/year)	Seedling phase⁽¹⁾ (days)	T_med	T_max	T_min
Sd1, 05/12/2015	06/10/2015	162	19.8	27.1	14.0	06/12/2015	209	20.5	27.6	15.2
Sd2, 06/12/2015	07/15/2015	148	20.9	28.2	15.2	07/10/2015	197	21.2	28.2	16.0
Sd3, 07/10/2015	08/05/2015	141	21.7	28.9	16.2	07/28/2015	184	21.7	28.7	16.4
Sd4, 08/11/2015	09/02/2015	120	22.5	29.3	17.5	08/26/2015	170	22.5	29.3	17.5
Sd5, 09/10/2015	10/05/2015	115	23.0	29.4	18.3	09/30/2015	153	23.0	29.4	18.3
Sd6, 10/09/2015	11/04/2015	119	22.9	29.1	18.6	10/19/2015	172	22.9	29.4	18.1
Sd7, 11/13/2015	12/08/2015	122	22.6	29.0	17.9	11/27/2015	168	22.2	28.9	17.3
Sd8, 12/11/2015	01/04/2016	130	22.0	28.7	16.8	12/28/2015	144	21.8	28.5	16.8
Sd9, 01/12/2015	02/07/2016	103	21.4	28.3	16.1	01/27/2016	198	19.3	27.0	13.5
Sd10, 02/11/2016	03/04/2016	140	18.6	26.3	12.7	02/19/2016	189	18.6	26.5	12.6
Sd11, 03/11/2016	03/31/2016	134	17.7	25.8	11.4	03/24/2016	176	18.1	26.4	11.6
Sd12, 04/12/2016	05/05/2016	141	17.3	25.7	10.6	05/03/2016	157	17.5	26.0	10.9

⁽¹⁾Period from plant emergence, when 50% of the seedlings were visible above the soil level, until the end of the seedling phase (plants with 20 accumulated leaves, on average, on the main stem. ⁽²⁾Values obtained from the arithmetic mean of maximum (T_max), minimum (T_min), and medium (T_med) air temperatures.

Table 2. Base temperature values (Tb, ºC) for Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana estimated by the different methods.

Method	C. myrianthum (ºC)	B. orellana (ºC)
Least standard deviation in DD	12	12
Least standard deviation in days	11	12
Lowest coefficient of variation in days	11	12
Lowest coefficient of variation in DD	0⁽¹⁾	12
Regression coefficient	11	12
Relative development	11.5	12
Least standard deviation in DD - modified	11.9	12.1
Least standard deviation in days - modified	5.1⁽¹⁾	6.3⁽¹⁾
Least CV in DD - modified	10.9	12
Regression coefficient - modified	11.2	12
Average	11.4	12

⁽¹⁾Value not used to calculate the Tb average. DD, degree-days. CV, coefficient of variation.

Table 3. Mean values for the thermal requirements in degree-days (ºC per leaf) for the twelve sowing dates of Citharexylum myrianthum and Bixa orellana⁽¹⁾.

Sowing date	C. myrianthum	B. orellana
Sd1	74.18Ca	99.01Db
Sd2	74.83Ca	100.76Db
Sd3	70.25Ca	99.60Db
Sd4	66.30Ca	85.84Cb
Sd5	79.10Da	102.90Db
Sd6	85.13Da	98.06Da
Sd7	82.12Da	97.62Db
Sd8	87.95Da	76.93Ca
Sd9	57.78Ba	76.61Cb
Sd10	48.95Ba	68.45Bb
Sd11	36.46Aa	46.26Aa
Sd12	37.29Ab	41.50Ab
Average	66.69a	82.49b

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters, uppercases in the columns and lowercases in the lines, do not differ by Scott-Knott’s test, at 5% probability.

S D g d = {[\sum_{i - 1}^{n} {(D D - A D D)}^{2} / n - 1]}^{0.5},

C V_{d} = (S D_{d} / \bar{x} d) \times 100,

T_{b} = (\sum_{i = 1}^{n} T_{m e}_{d i} d i \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i} - n \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i}^{2} T_{m e d}_{i}) / [{(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i})}^{2} - n \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i}^{2}]

T_{b} = T - [({(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{i} d_{i})}^{2} - n \sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{i}^{2} d_{i}^{2}) / n \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i}^{2} t_{i} - n \sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{i} d_{i} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i}]

T_{b} = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{m e d i} d_{i}^{2} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{m e d}_{i} d_{i} - \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{m e d i}^{2} d_{i}^{2}}{(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i}^{2} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{m e d i} d_{i} - \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} t_{m e d i} d_{i}^{2})}

T_{b} = \frac{(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} T_{m e d i} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i} T_{m e d}_{i} - n \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i} T_{m e d i}^{2})}{(\sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} T_{m e d}_{i} - n \sum_{i = 1}^{n} d_{i} T_{m e d i})}

T B = (A + B \pm \sqrt{C (D + E + F + G + H + I)}) / J,

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Cardinal temperatures and thermal requirements for the initial development of two Brazilian native species

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[1] *Corresponding author: fabrinabm@gmail.com